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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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CIHM/ICMH 
Microfiche 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Ir.stitute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  rnay  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checlted  below. 


D 


n 

D 
D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


I      I    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 


D 


Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  r^ates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur' 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texts, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film6es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vur  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  peilicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  d6colordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  letached/ 
Pages  dotachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transpftrestce 

Quality  cf  prir 

Qualitd  indgale  de  i'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materif 
Comprend  du  matdriel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I      I  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~\  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  letached/ 

r~y|  Showthrojgh/ 

I      I  Quality  cf  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I      I  Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


^" 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


e 

§tails 
s  du 
lodifier 
r  une 
Image 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library, 

National  Museums  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

BibliothAque 

Musses  Nationaux  du  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  >^oin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  ne.>'?t6  ie  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformite  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  filmfo  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  vne  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commen9ant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  r6duction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  fWmii  A  partir 
de  I'angle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


irrata 
to 


pelure, 


□ 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

:            T                                        ■        -  . , 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

FERNS  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


H 


THE  FERNS    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


COLORED    FIGURES    AND    DESCRIPTIONS. 

WITH  SYAOMYMY  AND  CEOCKAPlllCAL  DISTRIBUTION, 
OF  THE 

FERNS 


(INCLUDING    THE  OPIIIOGLOSSACEM) 
OF  THE 


UNITED    STATES    OF    AMERICA 
AND    THE    BRITISH    NORTH    AMERICAN    POSSESSIONS. 


DANIEL    CADY     EATON, 

PROFESSOR   OF   IIOTANY    IN   VALE  COLLEnE. 

THE  DRAWINGS  BY  J.  H.  EAIERTON  AND  C.  E.  FAXON. 


Vol.  II.  ^^^ 


bos;ton  : 

S.    E.    CASS  I  no,    publisher, 

NATURALISTS'  AGENCY. 

1880. 


064239 


NATION.^L  /A'.JfP.'MS  OF  C.m>!>h 

MUSSES  K\T!^/f:/'.'>;  !JU  CV.SADA 

UtRARY  -  felBtlCTHEQUE 


CorVRIGHT, 

By  S.  E.  CASSINO. 
1880. 


C.  J.  Peters  &  Son,  STBKBorvrEKS, 
Boston. 


LIST  OF  THE  FERNS  FIGURED  AND  DESCRIBED 
IN  THIS  VOLUME. 


Plate      XLVI. 


Aspidium     rigidum,    var.    argutum,   D.    C. 
Eaton. 


Plate      XLIX. 


Plate     XLVI  I.     PelLnea  Wrightiana,  Hooker. 
Pellaea  brachyptera.  Baker. 
Pelloea  Ornithopus,  Hooker. 

Plate  XLVI  1 1.     Gymnogramme  triangiikiris,  Kaulfuss. 
Gymnogramme  hispida,  Mettenius. 

NothoLena  Candida,  Hooker. 
NothoL-cna  Hookeri,  D.  C.  Eaton. 
Cheilanthes  leucopoda,  Link. 
Cheilanthes  argentea,  Kunze. 

Asplenium  thelypteroides,  Michaux. 

Asplenium  myriophyllum,  Presl. 
Asplenium  Bradleyi,  D.  C.  Eaton. 
Asplenium  montanum,  Willdenow. 

LI  I.     Woodwardia  Virginica,  Smith. 


Plate 
Plate 


L. 
LI. 


Plate 


VI  LIST  OF   FERNS   IN    VOLUMF   TWO 

Platu         LI  1 1.     Cystoptcris  fiagilis,  Bcrnhardi. 
Cystopteiis  montana,  Bcrnhardi. 
Cystoptcris  bulbifera,  Bcrnhardi. 

Plaik  LIV.     Pcltea  tcrnifolia,  Link. 

Pcll.ea  atropurpurea,  Link. 
PclK'Ea  jrracilis,  Hooker. 

Plate  LV.     Aspidium  niaryinale,  Swartz. 

Plate  LVI.     Asplcnium  angusti folium,  Michaux. 

Asplcniuni  cicutarium,  Swartz. 

Plate        LVII.     Chcilanthcs  microphylla,  Swartz. 
Chcilanthes  Wrightii,  Hooker. 
Chcilanthcs  Alabamensis,  Kunze. 

Plate       LVHI.     Acrostichum  aureum,  Linnaeus. 

Plate         LIX.     Cryptogram  me  acrostichoides,  R.   Brown. 
Adiantum  tricholcpis,  F^e. 

Plate  LX.     Woodsia  hyperborca,  R.  Brown. 

Woodsia  Ilvcnsis,  R.  Brown. 
Woodsia  glabella,  R.  Brown. 

Plate  LXI.     Woodwardia  radicans,  Smith. 

Plate        LXH.     Aspidium  aculeatum,  Swartz. 

Plate      LXHI.     Nephrolepis  cxaltata,    Schott. 

Polypodium    Plumula.    IL  B.  K. 


Plate 
Plate 
Plate 
Plate 
Plate 
Plate 
Plate 
Plate 


Plate 
Plate 
Plate 


Plate 


Plate 


list  ok  ferns  in  volume  two 

LXIV.  Ptcris  Cretica,  Linii.cus. 

LXV.  Phcj^opteris  hcxagonoptcra,  F^e. 

LXVI.  Aspidium  cristatum,  Swartz. 

LXVII.  Aspidium  Floridanum,  D.  C.  Eaton. 

LXVI II.  Aspidium  spinulosum,  Swartz. 

LXIX.  Aspidium  Boottii,  Tuckcnnan. 

LXX.  Aspidium  patens,  Swartz. 

LXXI.     Woodsia    Oregana,  D.  C.  Eaton. 
Woodsia  obtusa,  Torrcy. 
Woodsia  scopulina,  D.  C.  Eaton. 

LXXI  I.     Onoclea  sensibilis,  Linnaeus. 

LXX  1 1 1.     Onoclea  Struthiopteris,  Hoffmann. 

LXX  IV.     Pellasa  aspera,  Baker. 

Nothoiaena  Parryi,  Parry. 
Cheilantlies  Lindheimeri,  Hooker. 

LXXV.     Phegopteris  polypodioides,  F6e. 
Aspidium  juglandifolium,  Kunze. 

LXXVI.     Asplenium   Filix-foemina,   Bernliardi. 


vu 


IH 


It 


VHI  LIST  O.'    FKKNS    IN    VOLUMIi    TWO 

Plate     LXXVII.     Adiantiim   tiMioruin,   Swartz, 

Plate  LXXVII  I.     Ptcris  lonjjifolia,  Limi.eus. 

Pteris  scrrulata,   Liiin.eus,   Fil. 

Plate      LXXIX.     Chcilanthcs   Fciidlcri,  Hooker. 

Chcilanthos   myriophylla,   Dcsvaux. 
Chcilanthcs  j^fracillima,    D.  C.  Haton. 

Plate     LXXX.     A.splcnium  dcntatum,  Linnaeus. 
Aspidium  mohrioides,  Bory. 
Ccratnptcris  thalictroidcs,   Brongniart. 
Asplcnium  firmum,  Kunze, 

I 

Plati-:  LXXXI.     Ophioj^lossuiu  vulj^atum,  Linnneus. 

Ophioglossum    crotalophoroidcs,    Walter. 
Ophiogloss  im  nudicaulc,  Linnaeus,    Fil. 
Ophioglossum  palmatum,  Plumier. 


{   ; 


FERNS   Ol'   NORTH   AMERICA. 


ix 


CONSPIiCTUS 

OF  Tini 

FERNS  DIZSCRIBHD  IN  THIS  WORK. 

Synopsis  of  the  Genera. 

Cohort  FILICINE^. 

Vascui.au  Cryptogainia  having  leaves  or  fionds  usually  raised  on  a 
stalk,  rising  commonly  from  a  creeping  or  assurgent  or  even  erect  root- 
stock,  antl  bearing  on  the  back  or  margins  sporangia  containing  sjjores 
of  but  one  kind,  which  in  germination  produce  a  minute  cellular  pro- 
thalhis,  on  which  arc  borne  antheridia  and  archegonia,  the  latter  after 
fertilization  producing  a  new  plantlet.  Stems  never  hollow,  u  'i  covered 
with  subulate  leaves. 

ORDER  FILICES. 


Leafy  plants  ;  the  leaves  or  fronds  circinate  in  vernation,  risin„  from  a  root-itock  .uid 
beari'.iK  reticulated  iporanjjia  which  are  homolog;ous  with  leaf-hairs  beiiip;  ontgro  ■  's  ficm 
the  epiikrniis.  '.  .  i  .lallus  abovr;  ground,  green,  inniKccions,  in  some  cases  proclii  ..ig  new 
plants  from  unfertilized  archegon'a.  The  sporangia  are  usually  collectec'  i.  liiile  masses 
call'  '  "r/,  which  are  ofteiic  found  on  the  veins  or  at  tlie  tips  of  the  veins,  and  are  often 
covend  either  by  a  little  scale  {indusiiim)  produced  from  the  epidermal  c-ells,  or  by  a 
general  involucre  formed  from  the  recurved  margin  of  the  frond  or  its  divisions, 

The  cluaracters  of  nil  the  usuiilly  rccoKrized  suborders  nre  indicated  below,  tliou^;h  but  foul 
of  tlicm  nre  represented  in  our  FUjra. 

SUBORDER  I.     POLYPODIACE/E. 

Sporangia  globular,  or  slightly  llattcned  laterally,  collected  in  patches,  lines  or  dots 
of  various  shapes,  stalked,  and  provided  with  a  vertical  incomplete  many-jointed  ring 
which  straightens  at  maturity  and  discharges  the  very  minute  spores,  the  sporangium  open- 
ing by  a  transverse  split  across  the  side  not  occupied  by  the  ring. — Terrestrial  ferns. 

Tribq  I.  ACROSTICIIE.^.  Sporangia  collected  in  large  or  indefinite  masses  on 
the  back  ot  the  frond,  or  entirely  covering  its  ultimate  divisions;  indusium  none. 

I.  Acrostichum.     Sporangia  covering  the  whole  lower  .surface  of  the  frond  or  i>f  some  of 
its  upper  pinna;. 

TniDE  II.  POLYPODIE/E.  Sori  round  or  oblong,  placed  on  the  veins  or  at  the 
ends  of  the  veins;  indusium  none.  Stalk  articulated  to  a  slightly  prominent  knob  of 
the  usually  elongated  cree|!ing  root-stock.     Veins  free  or  variously  reticulated. 


i  I 


X  CONSPECTUS. 

2.  Polypodium.     The  only  genus  of  the  trloe. 

TniBB  III.  GRAMMITIDE^.  Sori  more  or  less  elongated,  without  indusium,  super 
ficial,  placed  on  the  back  of  the  frond  or  m  divisions,  and  usually  following  the  veins, 
or  only  near  the  tips  of  the  latter  and  near  the  margin.  Fronds  sometimes  scaly  or 
tomentose,  or  covered  beneath  with  colored  powder. 

3.  Qymnogramme.      Sori  much  elongated,   following  the  veins,   an.    like   them  often 

branched  or  reticulated. 

4.  Notholeena.     Sori  but  little  elongated,  often  of   very  few  sporangia,  placed  below  tin 

tips  of  the  veins  ne.ar  the  margin  of  the  divisions  of  the  frond. 

Thihe  IV.  VITTARIE^.  Sori  much  elong.ated,  borne  in  a  continuous  furrow  which 
is  often  marginal  or  sub-ni.irginal. 

5.  Vittaria.     Fronds  simple,   narrowly  linear,  the    sporangia  mixed  with  pnraphyses  or 

abortive  sporangia. 

Tribe  V.  PTERIDE.^^.  Sori  close  to  the  margin,  sometimes  extending  partly  down 
the  veins,  covered,  at  least  when  young,  by  an  involucre  opening  inwards  and  either 
consisting  of  iJie  margin  or  produced  from  it. 

6.  Cheilanthes-     Sori  minute,  at  the  ends  of  the  unconnected  veins,  covered  by  a  usually 

interrupted  'nvolucre. —  Small  ferns,  often  woolly,  chaffy  or  pulverulent. 

7.  Pellsea-     Sori  near  the  ends  of  the  veins,  often  confluent.     Involucre  membranaceous, 

continuous  round  the  pinnules.  Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  much  alike  and  smooth  ; 
the  stalk  dark-colored. 

8.  Oryptogramme.     Sori  extending  down  the  free  veins.     Involucre  very  bro.id,  at  length 

flattened  out  and  exposing  the  now  confluent  sori.  Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  unlike, 
smooth;  the  stalk  light-colored. 

9.  Pteris.     Sporangia  borne  on  a  continuous  vein-like  marginal  receptacle,  which  connects 

the  ends  of  the  veins.     Involucre  continuous  round  the  pinnules.     Stalk  light-colored. 

10.  Adiantum-     Sporangia  borne  at  the  ends  of   the  veins,  on    the   under   side   of  the 

retiexed  margin  of  the  fion<l.  Midvein  of  the  pinnules  mostly  eccentric  or  dissipated 
into  forking  veinlots.     Stalk  dark-colored. 

Tribe  VI.  IILECHNE/E.  Sori  more  or  less  elongated,  borne  on  a  fruiting  veinlet  or 
on  a  speci.d  receptacle  jiarallel  to  the  midrib,  either  near  it  or  remote  from  it,  and  pro- 

.  vided  with  a  special  usually  concave  or  arched  indusiuin  atl.ached  to  the  recept.acle 
outside  the  sorus  and  opening  along  the  inner  edge. 

11.  Lomaria.     Sori  continuous    lioin  the  base  of   the  pinna  to  its  apex,  the  receptacle 

nearer  the  margin  than  the  midvein.  Fronds  in  our  species  once  pinn.-ite,  the  fertile 
ones  with  contracted  piiuia). 

12.  Bleohnum.     Sori   continuous   from  the  base  of   the  pinna  to  its  apex,  rarely  inter- 

rupted, the  rccipt.acle  parallel  to  the  midrib  and  close  to  it,  or  sometimes  between  it 
and  tlie  margin.  Involucre  a  special  organ,  never  formed  from  the  margin.  Fronds 
in  our  species  pinnate,  the  pinna;  articulated  to  the  rachis. 

13.  Woodwardia.     Sori   interrupted,   forming  a  chain-like  rn  /  each  side  of  the  midvein. 

Fronds  in  our  species  ample,  compound  ;  the  veins  reticulated. 

Tribe  VII.  ASI'I,ENIF/E.  Sori  more  or  less  elongated,  liorne  on  veins  oblique  to  the 
midvein,  covered  bv  a  special  usually  flattened  indusium  attached  to  the  fertile  vein- 
let  by  one  edge  and  free  on  the  other. 


jtmtmgm 


CONSPECTUS. 


XI 


14.  Asplenium.     Sori  on  the  upper  side  of   the  fertile  veinlets,  less  commonly  on  both 

sides  of  them.     Veins  free  in  our  species. 

15.  Scolopendritun-     Sori  linear,  straight,  confluent  in  pairs,  borne  facing  each  other  on 

coniiguous  veins,  the  two  indusia  meeting  by  their  free  edges  over  the  sporangia,  and 
at  lengtli  disclosing  the  latter  between  them.  Frond  simple  and  veins  free  in  our 
species. 

16.  Oamptosorus.    Veins  reticulated,  many  of    the  sori  continuous  along  two  or  three 

sides  of  the  areoles  and  therefore  bent  or  angled  ;  other  sori  opposite  and  facing  each 
other  in  pairs,  and  some  single  on  either  the  upper  or  lower  sides  of  the  veins. 
Frond  simple,  the  apex  slender  and  elongated. 

Tribe  VIII.  ASPIDIE^.  Sori  round  or  roundish,  on  the  b.ack,  or  sometimes  at  the 
tip  of  the  fertile  veinlets.naked  or  provided  with  a  special  indusium.  Stalk  not  artic- 
ulated to  the  root-stock,  the  tropical  genus  Olcandra  excepted. 

*  Fertile  and  sterile  fronds  nearly  alike;  receptacle  not  elevated. 

4-  Indusium  none. 

17.  Phegopteris.     Sori  dot-like,  minute. 

•t--)-  Indusium  orbicular  or  reniform. 

18.  Aspidium-     Sori  round,  borne  on  the   back  or  at  the  apex  of  the  veinlets  ;  indusium 

attached  at  the  centre  or  at  the  basal  sinus,  free  around  thj  margin.  Pinnae  not 
articulated  to  the  rachis.     Frond  often  decompound. 

19.  Nephrolepis.     Sori  round,  at  th;;  enlarged  apices  of  the  veinlets  ;  indusium  reniform 

with  the  sinus  either  broad  or  narrow.  Pinnae  articulated  to  the  rachis.  Fronds  once 
pinnate. 

H--»-+-  Indusium  fixed  across  the  fertile  veinlet  at  the  lower  side  of  the 
sorus,  ovate  or  roundish,  very  delicate.     Small  ferno. 

20.  Cystopteris.     (Character  of  the  subsection.) 

•*  Sterile  fronds  foliaceous,  the  fertile  frond  with  contracted  and  pod- 
like or  berry-like  divisions. 

21.  Onoolea.     S^Tangia  on  an  elevated  receptacle,  which  is  half  surrounded  at  the  base 

by  an  obsnure  collar-like  indusium. 

Tribe  IX/  VVOODSIE^.  Sori  round,  borne  on  the  veins  ;  indusium  fixed  beneath  the 
sori,  saucer-shaped  and  long-ciliate,  or  at  first  globose  and  at  length  breaking  into 
several  segments. 

22.  Woodsia-     Small  ferns  with   free  veins. 

TniBE  X.  DICKSONIE^.  Sori  roundish,  marginal,  01  submarginal.  Indusium  cup- 
shaped  or  two-valved,  its  outer  part  composed  of  a  reflexed  lobe  of  the  frond,  or 
more  or  less  united  v,;th  it. 

23.  Dioksonia.     Indusium  in  our  species  small,  nearly  globular,  membranaceous.     Frond 

rather  large,  elongated,  decompound. 

SUBORDER   II.  CERATOPTERIDE^. 

Sporangia  globose,  not  collected  in  sori,  scattered  on  longitudinal   veins;  the  ring 
very  broad,  flattened,  nearly  complete,  or  imperfect,  or  obsolete. —  Aquatic  fern. 


in 


n 


XII 


CONSPECTUS. 


i- 
i 
i 


J 


24.  Oeratopteria.     Fertile  fronds  having  tlie  segments  with  strongly  revolute  or  recurved 
margins ;  sterile  fronds  with  bro.uler  segments  ;  veins  closely  reticulated. 

SUBORDER  III.  CYATHEACE^. 

Sporangia  roundish  or  obovate  or  irregularly  cuncate,  borne  on  raised  recept.acles  and 
forming  rouniled  sori  ;  ring  more  or  less  oblique,  commonly  complete  ;  indusium  various, 
usually  cup-like,  or  wanting. — Mostly  tree  Ferns;  none  growing  n.aturally  within  our  limits. 
(The  genera  are  Cyat/iea,  Alsophita,  Heniitelia,  Matonia  and  Diacalpe. 

SUBORDER  IV.   GLEICHENIACE^. 

Sporangia  sessile,  few  in  a  sorus,  provided  with  a  broad  transverse  complete  ring. 
Fronds  rigid,  often  dichotomously  branched  and  producing  axillary  buds.  (Tropical  ferns, 
the  genera  being  Platy:oma  and  Gleichenia,  from  which  Mdrter^ia  is  not  different.) 

SUBORDER  V.  HYMENOPHYLLACE^. 

Sporangia  sessile  on  a  brisllelike  receptacle;  the  ring  transverse  and  complete.  Invo- 
lucres marginal,  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  cup-shaped  or  two-valved.  Mostly  small  ferns 
with  delicately  membranaceous  fronds. 


25.  Trichomanes. 


Involucres  cup-shaped  or  funnel-form. 

SUBORDER  VI.  SCHIZ/EACE^. 


Sporan;;ia  variously  placed,  globose  or  acorn-shaped,  opening  longitudinally  :  the  ring 
an  apical  cap  of  cells  radiating  from  a  central  point  or  minute  circular  space. 

Tribk  I.     LYUODIE.'E.     Sporangia  attached  laterally;  the  gells  of  the  ring  radiating 
from  a  centr.al  point. 

26.  Lygodium.     Sporangia  each  with  a  special  indusium.     Climbing  ferns,  the  fruit  on 

narrow  lobes  of  the  upper  pinna;. 

Trihe  II.     SCinZ.EE/E.     Sporangia  attached  basally  ;   the  cells  of  the  ring  r.idiating 
from  a  circular  space. 

27.  Schizeea.     Sporangia  in   two  or  four  rows  on  the  n.arrow  divisions  of  little   pinnate 

(rarely  digitate)  termin.il  append.agcs  of  the  simple  or  dichotomous  fronds. 

82.  Aneimia.  Sporangi.i  in  two  rows  on  the  narrow  divisions  of  the  panicled  and  long- 
stalked  lowest  pinna;,  oi  on  separate  pan'culate  fronds.     Fronds  pinnately  divided. 

SUBORDER  VII.  OSMUNDACE/E. 

Sporangia  naked,  globose,  short-pedicelled,  reticulated,  opening  into  two  v.ilves  by  a 
longitudnial  slit  and  having  only  a  vestige  of  a  transverse  ring  nea:  the  ape.x. —  Large  ferns, 
the  bases  of  the  stalks  dilated  into  stipuliform  appendages. 

2q.  Osmunda.  Sporangia  borne  on  the  thread-like  divisions  of  a  separate  frond  or  of  a 
special  part  ot  a  frond  ;  the  frc it-bearing  portion  normally  destitute  of  green  coloring 
matter. 

ORDER  OPHIOGLOSSACE^. 

Leafy  plants;  tlie  leaves  (fronds)  simple  or  branched,  often  fern-like,  erect  in  verna- 
tion, developcil  from  underground  buds  formed  from  one  to  three  years  in  advance  either 
within  the  base  of  the  stalk  of  the  old  frond  or  by  the  side  of  it,  bearing  in  special  spikes  or 


CONSPECTUS. 


Xlll 


panicles  subcoriaceous  exannulate  bivalvular  sporangia  formed  from  the  main  tissue  of   the 
fruiting  segments  of  tlie  frond.  Prothallus  underground,  destitute  of  chlorophyll,  monoecious. 

1.  Botrychium.     Frond  with  a  posterior  pinnatifid  or  compound  sterile  fern-lilte  segment 

and  an  anterior  panicled  fertile  segment,  tlie  separate  sporangia  in  a  double  row  on 
the  branches  of  the  panicle.      Bud  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stalk.     Veins  free. 

2.  Ophiogloaaum.     Frond  with  a  posterior  simple  or  forked  or  palmated   sterile  segment 

and  one  or  more  anterior  or  lateral  simple  spikes  of  fructification  ;  the  connate -spor- 
angia in  a  row  along  each  side  of  the  spike.    Buds  exterior  to  the  base  of  the  stalk. 


Synorsis  of  the  Species. 
FILICES. 

I.     ACROSTICHUM.     L. 


I.  A-  aureum,  L.  Tall,  evergreen:  fronds  simply  pinnate  with  elliptical  or  oblong 
pinnx,  having  finely  reticulated  veins  |  sporangia  covering  the  back  of  all  the  ninna;  or  the 
upper  ones  only. —  Vol.  II.  t.  Iviii.   p.  93. —  Florida. 

2.     POLYPODIUM.     L. 

§   I.     Eupoi.YPODiuM.     Veins  free. 

1.  P.  Plumula,  H.  B.  K.  Frond  linear  lanceolate,  3  to  15  inches  long;  pinnatifid 
with  very  numerous  segments  scarcely  one  line  wide  ;  veins  mostly  once  forked. —  Vol.  II. 
t.  Ixiii.  p.  135. — Florida. 

2.  P.  pectinatum,  L.  Frond  lanceolate,  i  to  3  feet  long,  much  narrowed  at  the  base, 
pinnatifid  with  nimierous  segments  2  to  4  lines  wide;  veins  more  than  once  forked. — Vol  I. 
t.  xlii.  p.  317. —  Florida. 

3.  P.  vulgare,  L.  Fronds  evergreen,  subcoriaceous,  2  to  10  inches  long,  ovate- 
oblong  to  oblong-linear,  pinnatifid  into  linear-oblong  obtuse  or  acute  segments,  the  lowest 
ones  rarely  diminished;  veins  branched  into '3  or  4  veinlets. — Vol.  I.  t.  xxxi.  p.  237. — 
Alaska  to  North  Carolina. 

4.  P.  falcatum,  Kellogg.  Fronds  evergreen,  thinnish,  9  to  15  inches  long,  broadly 
Lanceolate,  pinnatifid  into  long-acuminate  serrate  segments  ;  veins  with  3  or  4  veinlets. — 
Vol.  I.  t.  xxvi.  p.  201. —  Oregon  and  California. 

§  2.  GoNtopHi-EDiUM.  Veinlets  more  or  less  reticulated,  forming  one  or  more  rows  of 
areoles  each  side  of  the  midvein,  the  areoles  often  enclosing  a  free  sorifercus  veinlet. 

*  Fronds  smooth. 

5.  P.  Oalifornicum,  Kaulf.  Fronds  thin  or  thickish  in  texture,  3  to  12  inches  long, 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pinnatifid  into  oblong-linear  obtuse  or  acute,  more  or  less  serrate, 
negnients  ;  veins  soniotiines  mostly  free,  but  commonly  forming  a  few  areoles  along  the 
mitlveins  ;   sori  often  oval. —  Vol.  I.  t.  xxxi.  p.  243. —  California. 


ipi 


XIV 


CONSPECTUS. 


6.  P.  Scouleri,  Hook.  &Grev.  Frond  very  thick  and  coriaceous,  cartilaginous- 
margined.  2  to  12  inches  long,  broadly  ovate,  pinnatifid  into  broad  linear-oblong  obtuse 
segments;  areoles  regularly  formed  ;  sori  very  large. —  Vol.  I.,  t.  x.xvi.,  p.  193. —  British 
Columbia  to  California. 

•  •  Fronds  scurfy  beneath  with  oppressed  scales. 

7.  p.  inoanum,  Swartz.  Fronds  evergreen,  contracted  when  dry,  scurfy  beneath 
with  roundish  or  ovate  peltate  scales,  nearly  smooth  above,  i  to  6  inches  long  ;  pinnatifid 
into  oblong  obtuse  entire  segments ;  areoles  rare  in  the  plant  of  the  U.  S.  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxvi., 
p.  197. — Indiana  and  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

§  3.  PiiLEBODiUM.  Veins  forming  narrmo  empty  areoles  along  the  midveins,  and  outside 
of  these  larger  ones  commonly  enclosing  two  veinlets  which  bear  a  sorus  at  their  united  tips  ; 
outside  of  these  are  numerous  empty  areoles. 

S.  p.  atireum,  L.  Fronds  subcoriaccous,  smooth,  usually  glaucous  beneath,  i  to  3 
feet  long,  ovate  ;  pinnatifid  into  very  large  oblong-lanceolate  somewhat  wavy-margined  seg- 
ments ;  sori  large,  forming  one  or  two  rows  each  side  themidveins. — Vol.  I.,  t.  xvi..  p.  115. 
— Florida. 

§  4.  Campvloneuron.  Primary  veins  running  straight  from  tin  midrib  to  the  mar- 
gin^ connected  by  several  rows  of  arched  transverse  veinlets,  the  areoles  with  free  often  soriferous 
veinlets  extending  from  the  inner  sides  of  the  areoles. 

9.  P-  Phylliti  is,  L.  Frond  chartaccous,  smooth,  i  to  3  feet  long,  linear-lanceolate, 
entire  ;  areoles  in  from  6  to  12  rows,  sori  in  a  double  row  between  the  primary  veins. — 
Vol.  I.,  t.  .xlii.,  p.  321. — Florida. 

3.  GYMNOGR/xMME,    Desv. 

1.  Q.  triangruUaris  Kaulf.  Fron<ls  deltoid  or  pentagonal,  2  to  j  inches  long  and 
nearly  as  wide,  pinnate  with  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  pinna,  the  lowest  pair  much  the  largest ; 
lower  surface  covered  with  yellow  or  white  powder. — Vol.  II.,  t.  xlviii.,  p.  15. —  British 
Columbia  to  California. 

2.  Q-  hisp  da,  Mett.  Fronds  pentagonal,  i  to  3  inches  broad  and  long,  pinnate  with 
once  or  twice  pinnatifid  pinnae,  the  lower  pair  much  the  largest ;  upper  surface  hispid  ;  lower 
surface  tomentose. — Vol.  II.,  t.  xlviii.,  p.  19. — Western  Texas  to  Arizona. 

4.  NOTHOL/ENA,     R.  Brown. 

*  Fronds  scaly  beneath. 

1.  N.  sinuata,  Kaulf.  Fronds  coriaceous,  6  to  24  inches  high,  narrowly  oblong-linear, 
pinnate,  piniiaj  numerous,  roundish  or  ovate,  obtuse,  often  sinuate  or  sinuately  lobed,  lower 
surface  covered  witii  ovate  ciliated  scales ;  upper  surface  more  or  less  scaly  also. — Vol.  I., 
t.  xxxix.,  p.  293.  — Texas  to  Arizona. 

*  Fronds  tomentose  beneath. 

^-  Fronds  pinnate  with  pinnately  lobed  pinnce. 

2.  N.  ferruginea,  Hook.  Fronds  line.ir-lanceolate,  4  to  12  inches  long,  .sub- 
coriaceous,  grayish  villous  above,  he.ivily  tomentose  beneath  ;  pinntE  numerous,  oblong-ovate, 
half  an  inch  long,  pinnatifid  into  little  oblong  lobes. — >  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxix.,  p.  297. — Western 
Texas  to  Arizona. 


CONSPECTUS. 


XV 


+-  •»-  Fronds  3  or  4  limes  pinnate  with  minute  roundish  crowded  ultimate  segments. 

3.  N-  Parryi,  Eaton.  Fronds  2  to  4  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  tripinnate  ; 
ultimate  segments  one  line  long,  above  covered  with  entangled  whitish  hairs,  beneath  with  a 
fine  and  heavy  pale-brown  tomentum.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxiv.,  p.  209.  Southern  California, 
Arizona  and  Southern  Utah. 

4.  N.  Newberryi,  Eaton.  Fronds  3  to  6  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  tri- 
quadripinnate ;  ultimate  segments  1-2  103-4  of  a  line  long,  covered,  most  densely  beneath, 
with  a  web  of  very  fine  wlmish  hairs.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxi.Y.,  p.  301. —  Southern  California. 

*  Fronds  covered  beneath  with  a  -white  or  yelloiv  poivder. 

■*-  Fronds  once  pinnate,  the  pinna  with  sessile  segments ;  inferior  basal  segments  of  the 
lowest  pinncE  elongated  and pinnatifid,  the  other  segments  entire  or  nearly  so. 

5.  N.  Candida,  Hook.  Froi.d  2  to  4  inches  long,  deltoid-ovate,  second  pair  of  pinnae 
larger  than  the  third  pair;  color  ol  powder  mostly  white  with  us,  yellow  farther  south. — Vol. 
[I.,  t.  xlix.,  p.  21. — Western  Texas  to  southern  California.     (See  end  of  conspectus.) 

6.  N.  Hookeri,  Eaton.  Frond  2  to  2  1-2  inches  long  and  broad,  pentagonal,  lowest 
pair  of  priinary  pinnas  nearly  as  large  as  the  rest  of  the  frond  ;  the  second  pair  smaller  than 
the  third;  powder  mostly  yellowish. — Vol.  II.,  t.  xlix.,  p.  25. — Western  Texas  to  Arizona. 

■t-  ^-  Fronds  T,  to  c,  times  pinnate;  primary  and  secondary  pinme  distinctly  stalked ;  ultimal! 
pinnules  very  small,  oval  or  2-ylobed. 

7.  N.  Fendleri,  Kunze.  Frond  2  to  5  inches  long,  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  4  to  5 
times  pinnate;  racliis  and  all  its  branches  flexuous  and  zigzag,  the  pinnsE  alternate;  ulti- 
mate pinnules  i  to  2  lines  long. — Vol.  I.,  t.  ix.,  p.  65.  — Colorado  to  Arizona. 

8.  N.  dealbata,  Kunze.  Frond  i  to  3  inches  long,  triangular-ovate,  3  to  4  times  pin- 
nate ;  rachis  and  branches  straight,  the  pinnx  mostly  opposite;  ultimate  pinnules  scarcely  a 
line  long. — Vol.  I.,  t.  ix.,  p.  6U. — Missouri  to  Arizona. 

*  *  *  •  Frond  naked  beneath,  pinnately  compound. 

I 

9.  N.  tenera.  Gillies.  Frond  i  to  4  inches  long,  oblong  or  pyramidal-ovate,  1-3- 
pinnate  ;  ultimate  segments  i  to  2  lines  long,  ovate  or  sub-cordate,  obtuse,  smooth  and  green 
on  both  surfaces. — Vol.  I.,  t.  xliii.,  p.  335. — Southern  Utah. 

5.    VITTARIA,  Smitii. 

I.  V.  lineata,  Swartz.  Fronds  commonly  pendent,  narrowly  linear,  i  to  3  feet 
long,  scarcely  twolines  wide,  smooth,  sub-coriaceous  ;  sori  sunken  in  two  deep  intraniarginal 
furrows  ;  sproangia  mixed  with  twisted  ribbon-like  parapliyses. — Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxviii.,  p.  289. — 
Florida. 

6.    CHEILANTHES,  Swartz. 

§  I.     AniANTOPStS.     Involucres  separate,  one  to  each  fertile  vcinlet. 

I.  C-  Celifornioa,  Melt.  Frond  3  to  4  inches  long,  deltoid-ovate,  smooth,  deli- 
cately quadripinnatifid  ;  ultimate  pinnules  lanceolate,  very  acute,  incised  or  serrate  ;  invo- 
lucres crescent-shaped,  pl.aced  in  the  sinuses  between  the  teeth. —  Vol  I.,  t.  vi.,  p.  45. — 
California. 

§  2.  F.ucHEiLANTiiES.  Involucrcs  more  or  less  confluent,  usually  extending  over  the  apices 
of  several  veinlels,  but  seareelv  continuous  all  round  the  segment ;  segments  not  bead-like. 


II  iii 


III 


XVI 


CONSPECTUS, 


*  Segments  of  the  frond  smooth  or  slightly  hairy. 


2.  O.  Wrightii,  Hook.  Fronds  2  to  3  inches  loiig,  ovateoblong,  sinootli,  lieibaccous, 
pinn%te  ;  pinnx  iiliout  live  pairs,  deltoid-ovate,  bipinnatilid;  segments  oblonj;,  incisec' ;  involu- 
cres lierljaceous,  terminal  on  the  ultimate  segments. — Vol.  1 1.,  t.  Ivii.,  p.  85 — .Western  Texas 
to  Arizona. 

3.  O- vi  oida,  Davenport.  Fronds  3  to  5  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  herbaceous, 
viscid  and  minutely  glandular,  pinnatj  ;  pinncc  5  to  6  pairs,  deltoid,  bipinnatifid  ;  involucres 
herbaceous,  terminal  on  Iho  ultimate  segments. —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xii.,  p.  85. —  California. 

4.  O-  Alabamensis,  Kunze.  Fronds  3  to  8  inches  long,  chartaceous,  smooth,  lanceo- 
late, bipinnate  ;  piuiiiu  numerous,  oblong-lanceolate  ;  pinnules  triangular-oblong,  rather  acute, 
often  auriculate  or  lobed  ;  involucres  pale,  rather  bro.nl,  sub-coriaceous.^ — Vol.  II.,  t.  Ivii., 
p.  89. — Virginia  to  Alabama  and  Texas. 

5.  O.  microphylla,  Swarlz.  Fronds  4  to  to  inches  long,  chartaceous;  sparingly 
pubescent  beneath,  oblong-lanceolate  or  somewhat  pyramidal,  bipinnate  ;  pinnules  ovate- 
ob  ong,  obtuse,  entire  or  pinnately  incised,  involucres  narrow,  scarcely  ditTerent  from  the 
texture  of  the  frond,  interrupted  or  sub-continuous. — Vol.  II.,  t.  Ivii.,  p.  81.. —  Florida  and 
New  Mexico. 

*  *  Segments  decidedly  hairy  or  glandular,  Imt  not  tomentose. 

6.  O.  vestlta,  Swartz.  Fronds  5  to  12  inches  long;  herb.aceous,  hirsute  with  ailiculated 
and  pointed  rusty  hairs,  olilong-lauccolato.  bipinnate;  pinnules  oblong-ovale,  obtuse,  toothed 
or  incised,  the  ends  of  the  lobes  reflexed  and  forming  herbaceous  involucres. — Vol.  I.,  t. 
ii.,  p.  13. — New  York  to  Georgia  and  westward  to  Kansas. 

7.  C.  CoopersB,  F.atou.  Fronds  3  to  3  inches  long,  herbaceous,  hirsute  with  articulated 
and  often  gland-bearing  viscid  hairs,  ovate-lanceolate,  bipinnate  ;  pinnules  roundish-ovate, 
crenate  and  incised  ;  involucres  herbaceous,  formed  of  the  ends  of  the  lobes. — Vol.  I.,  t.  ii., 
p.  7. —  C.ilifornia. 

8.  O.  leuoopoda,  Link.  Fronds  3  to  4  inches  long  and  broad,  bro.ully  deltoid  or 
pentagonal,  viscidly  puberulent.  3-4- pinnate  ;  pinnules  ovate,  obtuse,  divided  into  rounded 
lobules  which  are  rede.tod  to  form  herbaceous  involucres. — Vol.  II..  t.  xlix.,  p.  29. — 
Western  Texas. 

§  ^.  I'uvsAi'l'Etiis.  Involucres  continuous  around  the  greater  part  of  the  margin  of 
the  I'cry  miuutc  and  bead  like  ultimate  segments ;  fronds  2-^-pinnate,  the  lower  surface 
tomentose  or  scaly. 

*J^ronds  tomentose  beneath,  but  not  scaly. 

■*-    Upper  surface  smooth. 

9.  0-  gracillima,  Katon.  Fronds  mostly  2  to  4  inches  long,  linear-oblong,  bipinnate 
or  partly  tripinnale  ;  pinnules  crowded,  oblong-oval,  about  one  line  long,  very  woolly 
beneath;  involucres  yellowish-brown,  rather  broad. — Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxix.,  p.  247.  —  Oregon 
and  California. 

•♦-  -1-   (Tpper  surface  pubescent  or  somewhat  tomentose. 

=  Fronds  only  2  to  4  iuclies  long. 

10.  O-  lanuginosa,  N\itt.  Frond  ovate-lanceolate,  tripinnate  or  bipinnate  with 
pinnatitid  jiinindes  ;  ultimate  segments  less  than  a  line  long;  upper  surface  scantily  tomen- 
tose. ihe  lower  surface  mailed  with  jointed  woolly  hairs  ;  involucres  herbaceous,  very  narrow. 
—  Vol.  I.,  t.  vi.,  p.  41. —  Rocky  Mts.  of  British  America  to  Illinois  and  -Arizona. 


ii  m 


CONSPECTUS. 


xvii 


y 


h 


n.  =  Fronds  4/0  12  inches  long,  or  longer. 

11.  O.  tomentosa,  Link.  Stalks  hairy  ;  fronds  S  to  15  inclies  long,  oblong-lanceolate, 
both  surfaces  webby-tomentose  with  whitish  hairs,  tripinnatc  ;  nltimato  segments  roundish 
obovate,  1-2  to  34  of  a  line  long;  involucres  whitish,  continuous  rountl  the  segment. — 
Vol.  I.,  t.  xlv.,  p.  345. —  Virginia  to  Missouri  and  Texas. 

12.  O.  Eatoni,  Baker.  Stalks  with  narrow  scales  as  well  as  hairs  ;  fronds  4  to  9 
inches  long,  oblong-lanccolate,  above  woolly-pubescent,  beneath  inatted-tomcntose  and  partly 
scaly,  tripinnate  ;  ultimate  segments  half  a  line  long,  rounded-obovate  ;  margins  continuously 
recurved,  the  edge  membranaceous.     Vol.  I.,  t.  xlv.,  p.  349. —  Colorado  to  Arizona. 

•  *  Fronds  I'ery  tomentose  beneath,  the  tomcntum  mixed  loith  ciliated  scales. 

13.  C.  Lindiieimeri,  Hook.  Root-stock  slender,  creeping ;  fronds  3  to  5  inches  long, 
above  whitish  tomentose,  beneath  covered  with  ciliate  scales  passing  into  tomcntum,  3-4 
pinnate  ;  ultimate  segments  1-4 of  a  line  long,  very  densely  crowded;  involucre  very  narrow, 
herbaceous. —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxiv.,  p.  213. —  Texas  to  Arizona. 

•  ♦  *  Fronds  very  scaly  beneath,  tomcntum  scanty  or  none, 

^-  Scales  nearly  entire ;  root-stock  slender. 

14.  C.  Fendleri,  Hook.  Scales  of  root-stock  loose,  nerveless  ;  frond  3  to  6  inches 
long,  tripinnate  j  ultimate  pinnules  rounded  and  entire  or  obovate  and  2-3  lobed  ;  scales 
broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  sometimes  sparingly  ciliate  at  the  base. —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxix.,  p. 
241. —  Colorado  to  Arizona. 

^-  -I-  Scales  conspicuously  ciliated. 

15.  0.  myriophylla,  Desv.  Root-stock  short,  often  nodose,  covered  with  strongly 
nerved  scales;  fronds  3  to  8  inches  long,  3-4  pinnate;  ultimate  segments  roundish  or 
roundish-obovate,  sometimes  3-lobed,  covered  bencalh  with  ovate  ciliated  scales,  and  some- 
times more  or  less  hairy  on  one  or  both  surfaces. —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxix.,  p.  243. — Western 
Texas  to  California. 

i6.  O.  Clevelandii,  Eaton.  Root-stock  cord-like,  covered  with  strongly  nerved  scales; 
fronds  4  to  6  inches  long,  3-4  pinnate,  covered  beneath  with  fulvous-brown  closely  imbricated 
elegantly  ciliated  scales  ;  upper  surface  smooth;  ultimate  segments  roundiih. —  Vol.1.,  t. 
xii.,  p.  89. — Southern  California. 

§  A.     Aleuritopteris. 
with  -white  or  yellotv  poxvder. 

17.  O.  argentea,  Hook.  Fronds  i  to  4  inches  long,  deltoid-ovate,  pedately  tripartite 
with  pinnatifid  divisions,  the  lobes  entire  or  crenately  lobed  ;  powder  varying  from  white  to 
yellow;  involucres  scarious. —  Vol.  II.,  t.  xlix.,  p.  31. — Alaska. 

7.  PELL^A,   Link. 

§  I.  Chf.iloplecton.  Fronds  herbaceous  or  sub  coriaceous  ;  veins  clearly  visible  ;  invo- 
lucre broad  and  usually  covering  the  sporangia  till  they  are  fully  ripe. 

1.  P-  Braweri,  Eaton.  Root-stock  short,  densely  covered  with  narrow  fulvous  chaff ; 
fronds  membranaceous,  2  to  6  inches  long,  simjjly  pinnate  with  mostly  unequally  3-lobed 
p'nnsB. —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xliii,  p.  331. —  California  to  Utah  and  Colorado. 

2.  P.  gracilis.  Hook.  Roolstock  very  slender,  creeping,  nearly  naked  ;  fronds  very 
delicate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  oblong-ovate,  pinnate  with  a  few  once  (>r  twice  plnn.atilid 
pinnos;  segments  oblong  or  obovate  ;  involucres  broad  and  delicate. —  Vol.  II.,  t.  liv.,  p.  65. 
— Labrador  to  Colorado. 


Involucres  various,  confluent  or  distinct ;  fronds  covered  beneath 


XVlll  CONSPECTUS. 

§2.  Allosorus.  Pronds  sub-coriaceous  or  coriaceous ;  veins  rather  obscure ;  involucre 
conspicuous. 

*  Pinnules  obtuse,  or  at  least  rot  mucronate. 
+-  Fronds  only  1-2  pinnate. 

3.  P.  atropurpurea,  l'"(Se.  Frond  6  to  13  iiicliL-s  long,  evergruen,  nearly  smooth, 
ovatclanceolale,  usually  bipinnate  below,  simpler  upwards  ;  pinnules  oval  to  linear-oblong, 
6  lines  to  2  iiiehes  long. —  Vol.  II.,  t.  liv.,  p.  61. —  Canada  to  Arizona. 

4.  p.  aspera,  Haker.  Fronds  4  to  6  inches  long,  harsh  and  minutely  roughened  on 
the  upper  surface,  oblong-lanceolate,  liipinnate  ;  pinnules  2  to  3  lines  long,  oblong,  often 
auriculate  or  somewhat  lobed.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ix.tiv.,  p.  205. —  Texas  iind  New  Mexico. 

■(-  -t-   Fronds  often  j,-^  pinnate. 

3.  p.  andromedsBfolia,  Fie  Stalks  light-colored  ;  fronds  commonly  8  to  12  inches 
long,  smooth  and  glaucescent,  ovate,  oftenest  tripinnate  ;  ultimate  pinnules  2  to  5  lines  long, 
oval,  sub-cordate  and  emarginate,  the  edges  often  much  revolute. — Vol.  I.,  t.  xxvii.,  p.  203. 
California. 

6.  p.  pulohella,  Fie.  Stalks  blackish  ;  fronds  4  to  6  inches  long,  smooth,  deltoid- 
ovate,  4 -pinnate  at  the  base;  ultimate  pinnules  i  to  3  lines  long,  cordate  ovate,  the  edge 
often  much  revolute. —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xi.,  p.  81. — Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

*  Pinnules  decidedly  acute  or  mucronate. 
•I-  Fronds  rarely  more  than  tivice  pinnate. 

7.  P.  temifolia,  Link.  Fronds  3  to  9  inches  long,  linear-oblong,  pinnate  ;  pinna 
uniformly  trifoUolate,  pinnules  obovate-oval  or  linear-obovate. —  Vol.  II.,  t.  liv.,  p  59. — 
Western  Texas. 

8.  P.  Wrightiana,  Hook.  Fronds  4  to  8  inches  long.  Lanceolate  to  triangular-ovate, 
bipinnate  ;  pinnie  lonijer  than  broad,  having  3  to  13  oval  or  oblong  oval  pinnules,  fertile  ones 
with  ihe  margins  rolled  in  to  the  midvein. — Vol.  II.,  t.  xlvii.,  p.  5.  —  Colorado  to  southern 
California. 

9.  P.  brachyptera,  B.ikci  Fronds  4  to  S  inches  long,  narrowly  linoar-ohlong,  bi- 
pinnate ;  pinna;  very  short,  often  broader  than  lo'ig  ;  pinnules  few  to  a  pinna,  crowded, 
oblong-linear,  3  to  6  lines  long. —  Vol.  II.,  t.  xlvii.,  p.  9.—  California. 

Jr-  -t-  Fronds  normally  tripinnate. 

10.  P.  Omithopus,  Hook.  Fronds  4  to  12  inches  long,  rigid,  somewhat  glaucescent, 
broadly  ovate-lanceolate,  tripinnate  ;  primary  pinnte  spreading  ;  ultimate  segments  mostly  in 
threes,  like  the  cl.iws  of  a  bird's  foot,  scarcely  two  lines  long,  the  margins  rolled  into  the 
midvein. — Vol.  11.,  t.  xlvii.,  p.  11. — California. 

11.  P.  densa,  Hook.  Fronds  i  1-3  to  2  inches  long,  ovfttc,  closely  tripinnate;  ulti- 
mate segments  linear,  3  to  6  linos  long,  sessiL',  sterile  ones  serrated. — Vol.  I.,  t.  xi.,  p.  77. 
—  Oregon  and  California. 

§  •^,  Pl.vtvi.o.mA.  Texture  coriaceous,  usually  caiutalinf;  Ihe  veins;  ultimate  segments 
broad  and  flat,  the  involiii-ni  narrow  and  at  length  hidden  by  the  conjluent  sporangia. 

12.  P.  Brldgesii,  Hook.  Fronds  3  to  6  inches  long,  linear-oblong,  simply  pinnate; 
piini;E  sub-sessile,  ^1  uioi'scent,  Drhicnlir  or  siib-cordate,  4  to  5  lines  long;  fertile  ones  often 
conduplicate. — Vol.  I.,  t.  xlii.,  p.  327. — California. 


s 

■ 

i 

■■i 

ii 
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iii 

W 

CONSPECTUS. 


XIX 


13.  p.  flexuoaa,  Link.  Fronds  6  to  30  inches  long,  ovateoblong,  2-3-i)innatc ;  rachis 
flexnoiis  or  zigzag,  pinna;  clfflexcd  ;  ultimate  pinnules  5  to  10  lines  long,  roundish-ovate  or  sub- 
cordate,  very  obtuse;  margin  at  first  recurved.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxvii.,  p.  207.  —  Tex-as  to  Arizona. 

8.     CRYn'OGRAMME,  R.  Brown. 

I.  C.  aorostiohoides,  R.  lir.  I'ronds  2  to  4  inches  long,  chartaccous,  ovate,  closely  2-4- 
])innate ;  pinnules  ov.ate  or  obovate,  .idnate-deciirrent,  those  of  the  fertile  fronds  narrower  and 
longer,  the  involucres  very  broad;  sori  extending  far  down  the  veinlets.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  lix., 
1),  99.  —  Arctic  America  to  California  and  I^ke  Superior. 

9.     ITERIS,  L. 

•  Fronds  simply  pinnate. 

1.  P.  longifolia,  L.  Kronds  i  to  3  feet  long,  lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnate  ;  pinnx  very 
many,  several  inches  long,  linear,  often  sub-cordate  at  the  base.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxviii.,  p.  235. — 
I'lorida. 

*  •  Frpiids  cliislfied,  the  lower  pinna  branched,  the  upper  ones  simple  and  linear,  and  the 
terminal  one  very  long. 

2.  P.  Cretica,  L.  Fronds  4  to  12  inches  long,  charUceous;  rachis  winged  only  in  the 
upper  p.irt ;  pinna;  willi  a  narrow  cartilaginous  thread-like  border,  sterile  ones  serrated,  the 
teeth  pellucid.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixiv.,  p.  141.  —  Florida. 

3.  P.  serrulata,  L.  fil.  Fronds  4  to  1 2  inches  long,  membranaceous ;  rachis  conspicu- 
ously winged  ;  pinna;  destitute  of  cartilaginous  border,  sterile  ones  serrulate  with  herbaceous 
teeth.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxviii.,  p.  239.  —  South  Carolina  and'Alabania. 

•  •  •  Root-stock  cord-like  ;  fronds  scattered,  ternate,  the  divisions  decompound. 

4.  P.  aquilina,  I..  Frond  often  very  large,  sub-coriaceous,  broadly  triangular,  primary 
divisions  stalked  ;  piimx  mostly  pinnately  lolied  with  several  to  many  rather  short  obtuse  lobes, 
and  with  a  sometimes  very  long  sub-entire  apex.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxv.,  p.  263.  —  Common  almost 
everywhere. 

10.    ADIANTUM,  L. 

•  Frond  pyramidal,  the  rachis  continuous  to  the  terminal  pinnule, 
+-  Pinnules  smooth,  not  separately  deciduous. 

1.  A.  CapilluB- Veneris,  L.  Fronds  9  to  18  inches  long,  often  pendent,  ovate  or  ovate- 
ianceolate,  2-3-pinnate  at  the  base ;  jiinnules  wedge-obovate  or  rhomboid,  J-i  inch  long, 
deeply  and  irregularly  incised;  involucres  lunulate  or  transversely  oblong.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxvii., 
p.  281.  —  Virginia  .and  Florida  to  California. 

2.  A.  emarginatum.  Hook.  Fronds  6  to  12  inches  long,  mostly  erect,  bro.idly  ovate, 
2-3-pinnate  .at  the  b.ase ;  i)innules  roundish  or  semicircular,  5-2  inches  bro.ad,  slightly  lobed ; 
involucres  transversely  elongated.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxviii.,  p.  285.-^  California  and  Oregon. 

■^  •*-  Pinnules  hairy,  not  separately  deciduous. 

3.  A.  tricholepis.  Fie.  Fronds  6  to  12  inches  long,  deltoid-ovate,  3-4-i)innate  at  the 
base  ;  pinnules  roundish  with  a  truncate  or  sub-cordate  base,  3  to  0  lines  broad,  rarely  lobed, 
softly  hairy  on  both  surfaces ;  involucres  both  roundish  and  elongated  on  the  same  pinnules.  — 
Vol.  II.,  t.  lix.,  p.  103.  —  Western  Texas  and  possibly  California. 


i 

i 

i|! 

ill 


XX  CONSPECTUS. 


■  Pinnules  smooth,  articulated  to  their  pelivlfs,  and  at  length  separately  deciduous 


4.  A.  tenerum,  Swarl/..  I'Vomls  a  foot  long  or  lon^jcr,  broadly  dcltoicl-ovate,  3-4-pinnate 
ut  the  base  ;  ])inniiles  6  (o  10  lines  lonj;,  rlioniboiil,  more  or  less  lobcd  on  the  upper  anil  outer 
margins;  involucres  shorl-oblong  or  luniilale.  —  Vol.  II.,  t,  Ixxvii.,  p.  231.  —  I'lorida. 

•  •  Stalk /or/ted  at  tlic  lop,  the  branches  recuiTcd,  ami  Scaring  sereral  pinnate  divisions  on 
the  upper  side. 

5.  A.  pedatum,  L.  Frond  often  a  foot  broad  ;  primary  divisions  6  to  14,  bearing  numerous 
oblong  or  triangular-oblong  pinnules,  wliieh  have  the  lower  margin  entire,  and  the  upper  more  or 
less  lobed  ;  involucres  oblong-lunate  or  transversely  linear.  —  Vol.  I.,  ^  xviii.,  p.  135.  —  From 
New  Urunswick  to  California  and  Alaska. 

II.    LOMARIA,  WiLLD. 

I.  L.  Spicant,  Desv.  Fronds  8  to  24  inches  long,  narrowly  linear-Ianreolate,  i)iunatifid 
to  the  rachis  into  very  numerous  oblong  or  oblong-linear  entire  orcrenulate  segments  ;  those  of 
the  taller  fertile  fronds  longer  and  narrower ;  involucres  near  the  margin,  but  distinct  from  it.  — 
Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxii.,  p.  249. 

12.     BLECHNUM,  L. 

I.  B.  serrulatum,  Richard.  Fronds  i  to  5  feet  long,  oblong-linear,  simply  piimate  ;  pinnae 
several  inches  long,  linear  or  oblong-linear,  finely  serrulate,  glossy  above,  articulated  to  the 
rachis;  involucres  closely  parallel  to  the  midrib.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xix.,  p.  141.  — Florida. 

13.    WOODWARDIA,  Smith. 

•  Fronds  dimorphous,  the  fertile  ones  with  very  narrow  segments,  the  sterile  more  leaf-like. 

1.  W.  angUBtifolia,  Smith.  Root-stock  creeping,  elongated  ;  sterile  fronds  6  to  12  inches 
long,  ovate-oblong,  pinnately  lobed  into  a  few  tongue-shaped  netted-vcined  segments  connected 
by  a  broad  wing  on  the  raciiis  ;  fertile  fronils  taller  and  having  very  narrow  almost  disconnected 
segments.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxii.,  p.  165.  —  Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  Louisiana ;  also  in  Arkansas. 

•  *  Fronds  not  dissimilar. 

2.  W.  Virginica,  Smith.  Root-stock  creeping,  often  very  long ;  fronds  i  to  3  feet  long, 
oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pimiate  ;  pinnx  numerous,  4  to  8  inches  long,  linear-lanceo- 
late, pinnately  lobed  into  numerous  ovate-obtuse  segments ;  areoles  in  a  single  series  each  side  of 
the  midvcins.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  lii.,  p.  45.  —  Canada  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  .Arkansas  and 
Louisiana. 

3.  W.  radicans,  Smith.  Root-stock  short  and  stout,  very  chaffy;  fronds  2  to  10  feet 
high,  sub-coriaceous,  oblong-ovate,  pinnate  ;  pinnx  4  to  15  inches  long,  i  to  4  broad,  deeply 
pinnatifid  into  numerous  triangular-lanceolate  iiointed  serrate  and  sometimes  pinnately  lobed 
segments;  veins  forming  a  few  areoles  outside  of  the  fertile  ones.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixi.,  p.  117. — 
California. 

14.     ASPLENIUM,  L. 

§  I.  EuASPLENiu.M.  Indiisium  straight  or  nearly  SO ;  rarely  a  few  of  them  are  double  or 
diplazioid. 

*  Frond  simple,  entire  or  serrate. 

I.  A.  serratum,  L.  Fronds  i  to  2V  feet  long,  3  to  4  inches  broad,  line.ar-oblanccolate, 
narrowed  to  the  base,  crenulate-serrate  ;  midrib  stout ;  veins  oblique,  free,  closely  parallel ;  sori 
very  long  and  narrow.  — Vol.  I.,  t.  iii.,  p.  17.  —  Florida. 


V-      ] 

\ 

■ '     \ 

i 

1 

1 

\ 

I! 

CONSPECTUS. 


XXI 


*  •  Small  ferns  ;  fronds  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  only  near  the  base. 

2.  A.  pinnatifldum,  Niitt.  Fronds  4  to  9  inches  long,  lanreolnte-acuminate  from  a 
broad  and  sub-hastate  base,  pinnatifid ;  lower  lobes  roundisli  ovate,  rarely  caudate,  sometimes 
distinct,  the  upper  ones  very  short,  and  passing  into  llie  long  and  slender  acuniination  of  the 
frond ;  veins  always  free.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  viii.,  p.  61. —  Pennsylvania  to  Alabama  and  Missouri. 

3.  A.  ebenoides,  k.  R.  S*',olt.  Fronds  4  to  9  inches  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate 
near  the  base,  pinnatifid  above;  the  apex  elongated  and  slender,  often  proliferous,  as  are  the 
lanceolate  pinnae  and  segments.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  iv.,  p.  25.  —  Connecticut  to  Alabama. 

•  •  •  pronds  once  pinnate,  the  pinna  sometimes  toothed  hut  not  again  divided. 

■*-  Small  ferns  with  a  green  or  greenish  rachis. 

4.  A.  viride,  Hudson.  Fronds  2  to  5  inches  long,  linear-lanceolate,  herbaceous,  pinnate  ; 
pinnx  numerous,  2  to  4  lines  long,  short-stalked,  roundis'.--ovate  or  ovate-rhomboid,  more  or 
less  cuneate.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxvi.,  p.  275.  —  New  lirunswick  ai. '  Northern  New  England  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

5.  A.  dentatum,  L.  Fronds  4  to  6  inches  long,  obi.  .ig-linear,  herbaceous,  pinnate  ; 
pinnx  few,  distant,  4  to  6  lines  long,  moderately  long-stalked,  roundish-obovate  or  ovate-rhom- 
boid, cuneate  at  the  lower  side  of  tlie  base,  truncate  at  the  upper,  obtuse  ;  those  of  the  lower 
sterile  fronds  rounder.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Lx-xx.,  p.  249.  —  South  Carolina  to  Florida. 

6.  A.  flrmum,  Kunze.  I'ronds  4  to  8  inches  long,  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  broadest  at 
base,  pinnate ;  pinnx  usually  few,  the  lower  ones  I  to  3  inches  long,  half  an  inch  wide,  oval  to 
rhomboid-lanceolate,  crenatc  or  serrate,  often  acuminate,  lower  side  of  base  excised,  the  upper 
truncate  and  parallel  to  the  rachis.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxx.,  p.  259. —  Florida. 

M-  -I-  Small  ferns  having  a  dark  and  often  polished  rachis,  and  somewhat  rigid  fronds 
with  numerous  pinna:. 

7.  A.  Trichomanea,  L.  Fronds  usually  4  to  6  inches  long,  narrowly  linear,  jjinnate ; 
pinna;  sub-sessile,  roundish-oval  or  oval-oblong  from  an  obtusely  cuneate  or  truncate  base,  entire 
or  crenulate,  rarely  incised,  falling  separately  from  the  persistent  rachis. — Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxvi.,  p. 
271.  —  Can.ida  to  ("alifornia. 

8.  A.  parvulum.  Mart.  &  Gal.  Fronds  4  to  10  inches  high,  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate, 
])innate  ;  iiinna;  2  to  6  lines  long,  rigid  and  thickish,  mostly  opposite,  sub-sessile,  more  or  less 
dcllexed,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  crenulate,  auricled  on  the  upper  sitle,  the  lower  ones  on  both 
sides;  sori  as  near  the  margin  ?.s  the  midvein.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxvi.,  p.  279.  —  Virginia  to  New 
Mexico. 

9.  A.  ebeneum,  Alton.  F'ronds  9  to  18  inches  high,  linear-oblanceolate,  i)innate  ;  pinnte 
6  to  18  lines  long,  firmly  inembranaccous,  mostly  alternate,  sessile,  spreading,  oblong  or  oblong- 
linear,  somewhat  auricled,  crcnately  scirato  or  incised ;  sori  near  the  midvein.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  iv., 
p.  21.  —  Canada  to  Florida  and  Indian  Territory. 

K-  -I-  H-  Tall  ferns  with  a  green  and  herbaceous  rachis  and  narrowly  lanceolate  pinnoe. 

10.  A.  angustifolium,  Michx.  Fronds  2  to  4  feet  high,  herbaceous,  lanceolate,  pinnate  ; 
puiiiK  numerous,  2  to  4  inches  long,  lanceolate-acuminate,  minutely  serrulate ;  those  of  the 
fertile  fronds  narrower ;  sori  slightly  curved,  very  numerous,  often  confluent  when  ripe.  —  Vol. 
U.,  t.  Ivi.,  p.  73.  —  Canada  and  Wisconsin  to  Tennessee  and  perhaps  Georgia. 


it 


XXii  CONSPECTUS. 

*  •  •  •  Fiviuh  more  than  once  finnale  or  pinnatijiii. 

*-  Small /cms  with  sui-toriaceous  fronds  and  forkin)^  vtinUls, 

-•  Ultimate  segments  very  few,  long  and  narrow. 

II.  A.  aeptentrionale,  lIolTin.  Kroiuls  },  to  6  iiiclns  hi^^li,  tlio  stalk  alternately  forked  ; 
branrlit's  widoniiix  iiitu  a  tVw  ( j  to  5)  viTy  narrowly  <  iiiuali-  and  aniininati'  onliro  or  sparingly 
tuotlied  segments ;  veins  closely  parallel ;  sori  elungated,  \  to  ^  to  a  segment.  — Vol.  .'.,  t.  xv., 
p.  III.  — Colorado  and  New  ^Iexi^o. 

^  —  Ultimate  segments  wider  and  shorter. 

13.  A.  Ruta-muraria,  I..  Kronds  i  to  2.]  inehes  long,  deltoid-ovate,  Inxly  2-,vP'nnnte 
at  the  base,  the  divisions  alternate  ;  ultimate  segments  few,  stalked,  2  to  5  lines  long,  from  nar- 
rowly eimeate  to  runndish-obovate,  crenale  or  toothed  or  incised  at  the  apex;  veins  forking ; 
sori  2  to  4  on  a  segment.  —  Vol.  1.,  t.  xv.,  p.  107.  —  Vermont  to  Tennessee. 

13.  A.  montanum,  Willd.  Fronds  2  to  .\  inches  long,  siili-coria(eoMs,  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late from  a  liroad  base,  pinnate  ;  pinnai  ovale  or  ovate-oblong,  the  lower  ones  largest  and  pin- 
nately  cleft  into  a  few  i)blong-rhomboid  or  ovate  cut-toothed  lubes,  the  npper  ones  gradually 
simpler.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  li.,  p.  41.  —  New  York  to  .'Mabama. 

14.  A.  Bradleyi,  ICaton.  I'ronds  4  to  7  inches  long,  mcmiiranaceoiis,  oblong-lanceolate 
to  linear-oblong,  pinnate  ;  pinnii;  rather  numerous,  the  lower  ones  no  larger  than  the  middle 
ones,  all  short-st.ilked,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  toothed,  or  in  large  fronds  pinnatilkl  into  oblong 
toothed  lobes.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  li.,  p.  39. —  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to  Arkansas. 

•»-  4-  Tall  ferns  with  herbaceous  pinnate  fronds,  and  long  pinnalcly-lobed  pinna. 

15.  A.  thelypteroidea,  Michx.  Fronds  i.J  to  3  feet  long,  lanceolate,  membranaceous, 
slightly  hairy,  pinnate ;  pimia;  spre.iding,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  lobes 
crowded,  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  serrulate  ;  indusia  mos'ly  single,  silvery-white  when  young.  — 
Vol.  II.,  t.  1.,  p.  3,5.  — New  lirunswick  to  Wisconsin  and  Alabama. 

^-  4-  ^-  I''ronds  vety  delicate,  i-ypinnate,  veins  single  in  the  ultimate  segments  or  lobes. 

16.  A.  myriophyllum,  Presl.  Fronds  spreading,  3  to  8  inches  long,  delic.ttely  mem- 
branaceous, lanceolate,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  1-3-pinnatc  ;  pinnules  2  to  4  lines  long, 
simple  and  obovate  or  else  cut  into  a  few  obovate  segments.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  li.,  p.  37.  —  Florida. 

17.  A.  oioutarium,  Sw.irtz.  I'ronds  erect,  6  to  15  inches  long,  niembran.aceous,  ovate- 
lanccol.ite,  2-3-pinnate ;  lower  pinn.-c  dellexed  ;  |)innules  rhomboid-ovate,  more  or  less  deeply 
cleft  into  several  linear-oblong  lobes,  the  larger  of  these  again  lobed.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ivi.,  p.  77. — 
Florida. 

§  2.  AruvKlu.M.  Indusia  variously  cuivcd,  often  crossing  the  fertile  vcinlct  and  continued 
a  short  distance  dojvn  on  the  other  side  of  it. 

i«.  A.  Filix-fcemina,  liernh.  Fronds  i  to  3  feet  long,  softly  membranaceous,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  2-3-pinnatc  ;  pinnules  adnate  to  the  secondary  rachis,  ovate  to  elongated-lanceolate, 
variously  toothed  or  incised;  indusia  lacerate-ciliate.  —  Vol.11.,  t.  Ixxvi.,  p.  225.  —  Common 
almost  everywhere. 

15.     SCOLOPENDRIUM,  Smith. 

I.  S.  vulgare.  Smith.  I'Vonds  sim|)lc,  6  to  iS  inches  long,  i  to  2  inches  wide,  oblong- 
ligulate  from  a  deeply  cordate  base.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxii.,  p.  247.  —  Canada,  Central  New  York, 
and  Tennessee. 


CONSPF.CTUS. 


XXUI 


16.     CAMITOSORUS,  Link. 


I.  O.  rhiiophyllUB,  Link.  Kroiids  iisiially  d  to  i  j  inrlics  long,  sub-coriaceous,  evergreen, 
gruliially  narrowed  iVoin  a  conlalc  ami  iiinro  or  loss  auriclcil  base  to  a  Ioiik'  ami  slender  iicumi- 
nation,  wliii  li  often  roots  at  the  end  and  thus  forms  a  new  plant.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  viii.,  p.  55. — 
Canadii  to  Alabama  and  Kansa.s. 


17.     PHl'GOFri'RIS,  FifK. 


•  Fronds  triangular,  hairy  or  piiheriiknt,  the  racliis  inlrrriipkdly  winded  by  the  adnate 
basal  icf^mcnts  of  the  pinmc ;  roots  to<k  lord/ilie. 

1.  P.  polypodioides,  I'Ve.  Krond  3  to  8  inches  long,  longer  than  broad,  twice  pin- 
natilV.1  i  secondary  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  cremilate  ;  sori  near  the  margin.  —  Vol. 
II.,  t.  Ixxv.,  p.  217.  —  (Ireenland  and  Alaska  to  the  Middle  States. 

2.  P.  hexBHonoptera,  I''i?e.  Frond  7  to  ij  inches  long,  bro.ider  than  long,  twice 
pinnatil'id  ;  secondary  scgmei\ts  entire  or  ( renately  toothed,  or  the  larger  ones  elongated  and  pin- 
nately  lobe<l  ;  some  of  the  sori  remote  from  the  iniu-gin.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixv.,  p.  147.  —  Canada  to 
I'loriila  and  I-ouisiana. 

•  *  Fronds  triangular,  tcrnatf,  the  primary  divisions  stalked ;  rachis  not  winged ;  root- 
stock  very  slender. 

3.  P.  Dryopteria,  Via.  Fronds  smooth  and  thin,  4  to  10  inches  wide  .md  long  ;  lateral 
divisions  divergent ;  all  triangular  and  pinnate,  the  pinna;  pinnatilid  into  oblong,  obtuse,  entire 
or  even  pinnately  iobed  segments;  lowest  inferior  pinna  of  the  lateral  divisions  e(iMal  to  the 
second  pinna  of  the  middle  division.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxi.,  p.  157.  — Arctic  America  to  Oregon, 
Ohio,  and  the  Eastern  States. 

4.  P.  oaloarea,  Ft*c.  Fronds  minutely  glandular  anil  somewhat  rigid,  4  to  8  inches 
wide  anil  long  ;  lateral  divisions  ascending;  all  triangular  and  pinnate,  the  pinna;  pinnatilid  into 
olilong  obtuse  or  even  pinnatuly-lobed  segments;  lowest  inferior  i)inna  of  the  lateral  divisions 
equal  to  the  third  pinna  of  the  middle  division.  —  Vol.  II.,  p.  277.  —  Minnesota. 

•  •  •  Rootstoek  short  and  thick ;  fronds  oblong-lanceolate,  !>i-pinnate  or  nearly  so. 

5.  P.  alpestris,  Mett.  Fronds  i  to  2  feet  long ;  oblong-lanrx'olate,  i)innate  with  deli- 
cately bi-pinnalilld  deltoid-lanceolati;  pinna; ;  i)innules  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  doubly 
incised  and  toothed.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxiii.,  p.  171.  —  Ilritish  Columliia  to  California. 


18.    ASPIDIUM,  SwAKTz. 


Jndiisiiitn   roundish-reniform   or  orbicular  with  a 


§  I,    DRVonERis  or  Nfphrodium. 
narrow  sinus. 

•  Fronds  membranaceous,  decaying  in  autumn,  rather  tall,  pinnate  with  closely  pinnatifid 
pinnce  ;  veins  simple  or  once  forked,  normally  free. 

•I-  Root-stock  cord-like,  elongated,  bearing  scattered  fronds. 

1.  A.  Noveboracense,  Swartz.  Fronds  i  to  2  feet  long.  lan<  eolatc,  narrowed  from  the 
middle  to  the  base,  minutely  ciliate  and  hairy  ;  jiinna:  sessile,  lanceol.nte,  lobes  oblong,  olituse, 
entire ;  veins  almost  always  simple  ;  sori  near  the  margin ;  inilusium  ilelicate,  hairy  or  glandu- 
lar.—  Vol.  I.,  t.  vii.,  p.  49.  —  New  Brunswick  to  Wisconsin  .and  North  Carolina. 

2.  A.  Thelypteris,  Swartz.     I'ronds  i  to  3  feet  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  rarely  narrowed 


XXIV 


CONSPECTUS. 


at  the  base,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent ;  pinnse  short-stalked,  lanceolate ;  lobes  oblong-ovate, 
obtuse,  mostly  entire ;  lower  veins  or  all  of  them  forked,  sori  not  near  the  margin ;  indusia 
delicate. — Vol.  I.,  t.  xxx.,  p.  233.  —  Lake  Winnipeg  to  Louisiana  and  Florida. 

•t-  ^-  Root-stock  short,  bearing  clustered  fronds. 

—•  Fronds  conspicuously  narroKcd  at  the  base.   - 

3.  A.  Nevadense,  Eaton.  Fronds  i  to  3  feet  long,  narrowly  lanceolate ;  pinnae  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  segments  3  to  5  lines  long,  scarcely  one  line  broad,  oblong,  entire  or  sparingly 
toothed,  rcsinous-dottcil  and  slightly  hairy  beneath  ;  veins  mostly  simple ;  sori  near  the  margin ; 
indusia  minute,  glandiilar  and  hairy.  —  Vol.  L,  t.  x.,  p.  73.  —  California. 

4.  A.  Oreopteris,  Swartz.  Fronds  i  to  3  feet  long,  lanceolate ;  pinnaj  lanceolate  from 
a  broad  base  ;  segments  3  to  6  lines  long,  about  2  lines  broad,  oblong,  entire  or  crenulate, 
"jlandular  beneath ;  veins  often  forked;  sori  near  the  margin;  indusia  fugacious.  —  Vol.  IL,  p. 
273.  —  Unalaska. 

5.  A.  oonterminum,  Willd.?  Root-stock  erect;  fronds  1  to  4  feet  long,  lanceolate, 
rather  rigid,  very  short-slulked  ;  pinna;  sessile,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  segments  2  to  4 
lines  long,  oblong,  obtuse,  subililcatc,  resinous-dotted  and  slightlv  hairy  beneath  ;  veins  simple ; 
son  near  the  margin  ;  imlusia  glandular  and  hairy,  evanescent.  —  Vol.  IL,  p.  278.  —  F'lorida. 

=  =  Fronds  scarcely  narrowed  at  the  base. 

6.  A.  patens,  Swartz.  Fronds  i  to  3  feet  long,  oblong-ovate,  acuminate ;  pinna;  linear- 
acuminate,  incised  from  half  to  throe-fourths  of  the  way  to  the  midrib;  segments  obliquely 
oblong,  rather  acute,  basal  ones  largest ;  veins  simple,  the  lowest  ones  of  adjacent  segments  some- 
times united  ;  sori  rather  remote  from  the  margin  ;  indusia  pubescent.  —  Vol.  IL,  t.  l.\x.,  p.  i8i. 
—  Florida  to  California. 

•  •  Fronds  firmly  membranaceous  or  sub-coriaceous,  o/tcn  ejvrgreen;  some  0/  the  veins 
pinnatety  branching  or  more  than  once  forked,  ahvays  free. 

+-  Fronds  large,  pinnate  viith  piiinatifid pinna:  ;  indusia  flat,  persistent. 

7.  A.  cristutum,  Swartz.  Fronds  smooth,  linear-oblong  or  oolong-lanccoIatc,  slightly 
narrowed  towards  the  base,  i  to  1  feet  long ;  fertile  ones  tallest ;  pinnic  triangular-oblong,  the 
lowest  ones  ♦riancular-ovate  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  mostly  closely  jilaced  ;  sori  midway  from 
the  margin  to  the  midvin. — Vol.  IL,  t.  Ixvi.,  p.  153.  —  Newfoundland  to  Arkansas. 

8.  A.  Floridanum,  E.aton.  Sterile  fronds  I'ke  those  of  the  last ;  fertile  fronds  with  the 
lower  and  shorter  ])inna;  triangular-lanceolate  and  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  upper  pinnx  alone 
fertile,  longer  and  narrower  and  with  usually  remote  oblong  obtuse  (Tcnulate-toothed  pinnules 
sessile  on  a  narrowly  winged  secondary  rachis;  sori  as  in  the  last.  —  Vol.  XL,  t.  Ixvii.,  p.  159. — 
Florida  to  Louisiana. 

9.  A.  Goldianum,  Hooker.  Fronds  smooth,  broadly  oblong-ovate  ;  i  to  2. V  feet  long; 
pinnoe  mostly  broadest  in  the  middle,  5  to  8  inches  long,  i  to  2^  broad ;  segments  numerous, 
oblong-linear,  slightly  falcate,  crenate  or  serrate ;  sori  near  the  midvein  ;  indusia  very  large, 
orbicular  with  a  narrow  sinus.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  x!.,  p.  305.  —  Canada  to  Kentucky. 

^_  ^_  Fronds  large,  sub-coriaceous,  twice  pinnate  near  the  base,  but  the  upper  pinnules 
confluent  on  the  secondary  rachis;  indusium  firm,  convex,  persistent.  Stalks  very  chafly  with 
large  scales. 

.=  Sori  not  close  to  the  margin  of  the  segments. 


-!"|ll|l  JUJ 


CONSPECTUS. 


XXV 


10.  A.  Filix-mas,  Swartz.  Fronds  i  to  3  feet  long,  broadly  oblong-lanceolale,  somew  hat 
narrowed  towards  the  base ;  pinnae  lanceolate-acuminate  from  a  broad  base ;  pinnules  or  seg- 
ments oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  toothed  or  incised,  not  glandular  but  sometimes 
slightly  chaflfy  beneath  ;  sori  near  the  midvein,  commonly  only  on  the  lower  half  of  each  seg- 
ment.—  Vol.  I.,  t.  xli.,  p.  311.  —  Canada  and  North-western  Michigan,  Dakota,  and  Colorado. 

11.  A.  rigidum,  Swartz.  Fronds  i  to  2  feet  long,  glandular  beneath,  ovate-lanceolate, 
scarcely  narrowed  at  the  base ;  pinna;  oblong-lanceolate ;  pinnules  or  segments  oblong,  obtuse 
or  acute,  doubly  serrate  or  incised,  very  veiny ;  sori  near  the  midvein,  indusium  glandular.  — 
Vol.  II..  t.  xlvi.,  p.  I.  —  Oregon  and  California. 

=  =  Sori  very  dose  to  the  margin. 

12.  A.  marginale,  Swartz.  Fronds  i  to  2  feet  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  not  glandular; 
lower  pinnx  triangular-lanceolate,  upper  ones  narrower ;  segments  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate 
crenately  toothed  or  lobed,  obtuse  or  sub-acute  ;  sori  near  the  margin ;  indusia  very  firm,  often 
lead-colored.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Iv.,  p.  69.  —  New  Brunswick  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  southward 
to  Alabama. 

4-  ^-  -1-  Fronds  large,  firmly  membranaceous,  fully  twice  pinnate;  indusia  rather  small, 
less  firm,  flat,  at  length  shrivelled  or  deciduous. 

13.  A.  epinulosum,  Swartz.  Fronds  i  to  3  feet  long,  all  alike,  ov.ite  to  ovate-oblong, 
but  little  narrowed  at  the  base ;  pinncn  short-stalked,  the  lowest  ones  triangular-lanceolate,  upper 
ones  gradually  narrower ;  pinnules  oblong,  pinnate  or  pinnately  incised  with  spinulose-serrate 
lobes;  indusium  ei.hcr  smooth  or  glandular.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixviii.,  p.  163.  —  Newfoundland  to 
British  Columbia  and  Oregon,  extending  southward  to  Arkansas  and  North  Carolina. 

14.  A.  Boottii,  Tuckcrman.  Fronds  i  to  2J  feet  long ;  sterile  ones  smaller  and  sim- 
pler ;  fertile  ones  elongated-lanceolate,  somewhat  narrowed  at  the  b.ise ;  the  lowest  pinnx 
tria.'gular-ovate,  upper  ones  longer  auJ  narrower;  pinnules  oblong-ovate,  sharply  serrate 
with  spinulose  teeth,  the  lower  ones  often  pinnatifid;  indusium  minutely  glandular.  —  Vol.  II., 
t.  Ixix.,  p.  175.  —  New  England  to  Delaware. 

indusia  very 


Fronds  small,  bi-pinnate  with  small  and  crowded  pinm. 


large,  persistent. 

15.  A.  fragrans,  Swartz.  I'ronds  4  to  10  inches  long,  very  chaffy,  glandular  and 
aromatic,  lanceolate,  narrowed  towards  the  base ;  pinnules  i  to  2  lines  long,  oblong,  obtuse, 
adn."*e  by  a  dec  irrent  base;  indusia  very  large,  imbricating,  orbicular  with  a  very  narrow 
sinus.  —  Vol.  I.,  t  xxiii.,  p.  175.  —  Arctic  America  to  Lake  Superior  and  the  mountains  of  New 
York  and  New  England. 

•  •  •  Fronds  sub-coriaceous,  pinnate  with  pinnatifid  pinnce ;  loiver  veins  forming  angular 
areoles  along  the  midrib,  the  rest  simple  and  free. 

16.  A.  uni turn,  var.  glabrum,  Melt.  Root-stock  long  and  cord-like,  blackened ;  fronds 
I  to  2  feet  long,  rigid,  sub-coriaceous,  smooth ;  pinnae  pinnatifid  half  way  to  the  midrib  into 
rounded  or  obtuse  lobes ;  lower  veins  of  contiguous  lobes  united ;  indusium  commonly  smooth. 
—  Vol.  I.,  t.  xiii.,  p.  93.  —  Florida. 

§  2.  PoLVSTicHUM.  Indusium  orbicular  and  entire,  fixed  by  the  depressed  centre  or  short 
central  stalk  to  the  middle  of  the  sorus  ;  pinntc  and  pinnules  often  auricled  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  base ;  veins  free.    Fronds  mostly  evergreen. 


™^!WW»>B??!"^!'I'W 


XXVI 


CONSPECTUS. 


,  *  Fronds  simply  pinnate. 

■(-  Stalks  very  short,  i  to  j  inches  long. 

17.  A.  Lonohitis,  Swartz.  I'roiKls  6  to  18  inches  long,  linear-lanceolate  ;  pinniB  broadly 
lanceolate,  falcate,  sharply  spinulosc-serrate,  the  lower  oneii  symmetrically  triangular  and  shorter, 
the  upper  ones  strongly  auriclcd.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxii.,  p.  161.  —  Arctic  America  to  Canada,  NortK- 
western  Michigan,  anil  Utah.  ■ 

-1-  -1-  Stalks  at  least  severe  I  inches  long. 

18.  A.  acrostiohoides,  Swartz.  Fronds  1  to  2  feet  long,  lanceolate  from  a  scarcely 
narrowed  bise ;  pinn;c  nearly  smooth,  oblong-lanceolatc,  auricled,  the  lowest  ones  decurveil,  the 
rest  spreading  or  upwardly  falcate,  serrulate  with  bristle-pointed  teeth,  or  serrate,  or  even  incised  ; 
fertile  fronds  with  tlie  tipper  pinnM  contracted  and  covered  with  sori.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxiv.,  p.  257. 
—  New  linuiswict  to  \\'isconsin,  .Arkansas,  and  .Mabania. 

ig.  A.  munitum,  Katilf.  Fronds  i  to  5  feet  long,  lanceolate,  slightly  narrowed  at  the 
base  ;  pinnte  \ery  many,  often  chaffy  beneath,  nsiially  linear-acuminate,  very  shar[)ly  and  often 
doubly  serrate  with  incurved  aculeate  teeth,  auricled,  all  or  the  upper  ones  fertile  but  not  con- 
tracted ;  sori  abundant.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxv.,  p.  187.  —  British  Columbia  to  California. 

*  *  Fronds  pinnate  zuith  pinnatifid pinnee,  or  am  tivicc  pinnate. 

20.  A.  mohrioides,  Bory.  Fronds  4  to  1 2  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnate  ; 
pinnic  6  to  18  lines  long,  often  iml)ii<'ated,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  pinnately  lobe<l  or 
even  again  i>innate,  the  serratures  not  aculeate ;  indusia  very  large  and  often  imbricated.  — 
Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxx.,  p.  251.  —  California. 

20.  A.  aculeatum,  Swart/..  Fronds  r  to  2  feet  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  normally  bi-pin- 
nate,  but  often  only  pinnate  with  deeply  pinnatifid  ])innx  ;  pinnaj  lanceolate,  acute  ;  segments 
from  rlioniboid-oval  an<l  continent  to  triangular-ovate,  auricled  and  incisely-serrate  ;  teeth  acu- 
leate or  aristate  ;  indusia  not  imbricated.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixii.,  p.  123.  —  New  linuiswick  to  Penn- 
sylvania, Lake  Siiix'rior  and  California. 

S  3.  CvRiOMifM.  Indusia  as  in  i  Polystichiim.  F'vnds  simply  pinnate ;  the  veinlcts 
more  or  less  anastomosing  in  o/>li</ue  or  irregular  areoles. 

22.  A.  juglandifolium,  Kunze.  Fronds  4  to  12  inches  long,  cori.if:cous,  smooth  above, 
simply  pinnate  ;  pinun',  few,  sliort-stalked.  o\ate-oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate,  obtusely  truncate 
or  sul)-cor(late  at  the  base,  serrate,  acute  ;  sori  in  two  irregular  rows  between  the  midrib  and  the 
margin.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxv.,  p.  221. — -Western  Texas. 

ig.     NF.PHROLFiPIS,  Sciiott. 

I.  N.  exaltata,  Schott.  Fronds  2  to  6  feet  long,  2  to  4  inches  wide,  linear  in  outline, 
sim])ly  pinnate  ;  pinn;e  sessile,  oblong- linear  and  slightly  falcate,  auriculate  on  the  n])per  side  of 
the  base  ;  sori  sub-marginal  ;  indusia  roundish-reuiforni  or  sometimes  merely  curved.  — Vol.  II., 
t.  Ixiii.,  p.  I2g. —  Florida. 

20.     CYSTOITERIS,  Berniiardi. 

1.  C.  fragilis,  I'crnh.  Fronds  (>  to  12  inches  long,  broadly  laiveolale,  tisually  bi-pinnate ; 
pinna;;  ol)long-o\ate,  pointed  ;  ])iinniles  o\ate  or  oblong,  variously  toothed  or  incised.  —  Vol.  II., 
t.  liii.,  i>.  49.  —  .Ml  North  .America. 

2.  C.  bulbifera,  I'.eruh.     Fronds  6  inches  to  over  2  feet  long,  commonly  tapering  from  a 


CONSPECTUS. 


XXV 11 


broad  base  to  a  long  and  narrow  apex,  often  bearing  Ijulblcts  at  the  base  of  the  pinnse  or  else- 
where, bi  i)innate ;  |)innules  oblong,  obtuse,  more  or  less  toothed  or  lobed.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  liii., 
p.  55.  —  Canada  to  Tennessee  ami  Arkansas. 

3.  C.  montana,  IJernh.  Root-stock  excessively  slender ;  fronds  3  to  5  inches  long,  ovate- 
l)entag(  lal,  delicately  3-4-pinnate  ;  pinnules  incised,  the  teeth  mostly  eniarginately  bi-denlate.  — 
Vol.  II.,  t.  liii.,  p.  53.  — Labrador  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  IJritish  .\nierii:a. 

21.     ONOCLEA,  L. 

1.  O.  senaibilis,  L.  Sterile  fronds  2-15  inches  long,  triangular-ovate,  pinnatifid  ;  seg- 
ments sinuate  or  sinuately  lobed  ;  veins  reticulated  ;  fertile  fronds  bi-pinnate  ;  pinnules  rolleil  up 
into  berry-like  bodies.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxii.,  p.  195.  —  New  lirunswick  to  Dakota,  1-ouisiana  and 
Florida. 

2.  O.  Struthiopteris,  HolTniann.  Sterile  fronds  1  to  10  feet  high,  broadly  lanceolate, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  pinnate  with  many  linear-lanceolate  pinnatifid  jjinna;  ;  veins  free  ;  fertile 
fronds  shorter,  pinnate  with  jiod-like  or  somewhat  articulated  pinn;e.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxiii.,  p.  201. 
—  New  lirunswick  to  the  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  to  the  Middle  States. 


22.     WOODSIA,  R.  Bkown. 

•  Stalks  ohscurcty  articulated  some  distance  from  the  base  ;  fronds  chaffy  or  smooth,  never 
glandular ;  indusium  dii'idcd  into  slender  hairs  nearly  to  the  center. 

1.  W.  grlabella,  R.  I'rown.  I'Vonds  1  to  4  inches  long,  very  delicate,  smooth,  linear- 
lanceolate,  pinnate;  pinnx  i  to  3  lines  long,  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  crenately  lobed. — Vol.  II., 
t.  Ix.,  p.  1 15.  —  .\rclic  America  to  the  mountains  of  New  York  and  Northern  New  England. 

2.  W.  hyperborea,  R.  Urown.  Fronds  2  to  6  inches  long,  nearly  smooth  or  sparingly 
paleaceous-hirsute,  oblong-lanceolate,  i)innate  ;  pinna;  3  to  0  lines  long,  triangular-ovate,  obtuse, 
pinnately  lobed. — ^Vol.  II.,  t.  Ix.,  p.  107.  —  ISritish  .America  and  the  nortliern  parts  of  New 
England  and  New  York. 

3.  W.  Ilvensis,  R.  lirown.  Fronds  2  to  6  inches  long,  very  chalTy  and  pubescent  with 
paleaceous  hairs,  lanceolate,  |iinnate  ;  ])inna;  6  to  9  lines  long,  oblong-ovate,  rather  ac'iite,  ])inna- 
tifid  into  rather  numerous  oblong  often  crenatetl  lobes.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ix.,  p.  iii.  —  liritish 
America  to  the  Middle  States. 

•  •  Stalks  not  articulated ;  fronds  ;^landular-puhcscent  or  smooth,  not  chaffy. 

^-  Indusium  0/  a  few  l<road  set;inents,  at  first  co'rcrint;  the  sorus. 

4.  W.  obtusa,  'Torrey.  Fronds  8  lo  15  inches  long,  broadly  lan<eolate,  minutely  glandu- 
lar, pinnate  or  nearly  bipinnate  ;  jiinnie  triangular-ovate  or  triangular-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  seg- 
ments oblong,  obtuse,  crenately  toothed  :  indusia  at  first  sub-globose,  afterwards  sjilitting  into  a 
few  concave  toothed  segments. — Vol.  II.,  t.  lx\i.,  j).  189.  —  New  ICiigland  to  (Jeorgia  and 
Indian  Territory  ;  also  in  liritish  Columbia. 

■*--  H-  Indusium  of  irry  narrow  sci;mcnts,  or  reduced  to  minute  cilia,  never  covering  the 


sorus. 

5.  W.  scopulina,  Eaton, 
jointed  hairs  and  stalked  glands 
oblong-ovate  and  civnulat 
hairs. — Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxi.,  p.  193 


I'Vonds  4  to  8  inches  long,  puberulent  beneath  with  minute 
oblong-ovate,  pinnate  with  deeply  iiinnatifid  pinniu,  the  lobes 
indusia  deeply  cleft  into  narrow  segments  terminating  in  jointed 
Minnesota  and  Colorado  to  Oregon  and  California. 


m 


■      '    l-\\ 

1 

.  :      it! I  lip 


XXVI  n 


CONSPECTUS. 


6.  W.  Oregaua,  Eaton.  Very  much  like  the  last,  but  with  smooth  fronds,  the  fertile 
taller  than  the  sterile,  and  the  indiisium  reduced  to  a  few  moniliform  hairs. — Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxi., 
p.  185.  —  British  Columbia  to  Lake  Superior,  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

23.     DICKSONIA,  L'HiiiuTiER. 

I.  D.  pilosiuBOula,  Willd.  Fronds  i  to  3  feet  long,  lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  long- 
acuminate,  delicately  herbaceous,  hairy  anil  minutely  glandular,  nearly  or  quite  bi-pinnate  with 
pinnatifid  and  cut-toothed  rhomboid-ovate  segments ;  involucres  marginal,  minute,  cuplike.  — 
Vol.  I.,  t.  xliv.,  p.  339.  —  New  Brunswick  to  Alabama,  and  westward  at  lea.st  to  Indiana. 

24.    CERATOPTERIS.  Brongniart. 

I.  C.  thaliotroides,  Brongn.  Plant  floating,  succulent;  sterile  fronds  from  simple  to  tri- 
])innate  witii  large  deltoid-ovate  segments,  having  finely  reticulated  veins ;  fertile  fronds  taller, 
more  compound,  the  segments  long  and  narrow.  —  Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixx.x.,  p.  255. 

25.     TRICHOMANES,  L.,  .S.mith. 

I.  T.  Petersii,  Gray.     Fronds  2  to  6  lines  long,  runeate-obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
entire  or  somewhat  lobed,  narrowed  into  a  slender  stalk  as  long  as  the  frond  ;  veins  forked,  aris- 
ing from  a  midvein ;  involucre  solitary,  terminal,  funnel-form.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxiv.,  p.  183. 
bama. 


-Ala- 


2.  T.  radicans,  .Swartz.  Frond  4  to  8  inches  long,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  bi-])in- 
n.atifid  with  toothed  or  lobed  divisions  ;  involucres  terminal  on  the  lobes,  tubular-funnel-form, 
slightly  two-lipped.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxiv.,  p.  1 79.  —  Kentucky  to  Alabama. 

26.     LYGODIUM,  SwARTZ. 

I.  L.  palmatum,  Swartz.  Fronds  climbing  from  2  to  4  feet  high,  the  stalk  and  rachis 
very  slender  ;  pinnaj  in  pairs  on  short  common  petioles  ;  sterile  ones  palmalely  4-7-lol)ed,  i  to  2 
inches  broad;  fertile  ones  decompound,  the  ultimate  divisions  very  narrow.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  i.,  p.  i. 
—  Massachusetts  to  Tennessee  and  F'lorida. 

27.  SCHIZ/EA,  Smith. 

I.  S.  pusilla,  I'ursh.  Sterile  fronds  linear,  very  slender,  tortuous,  i  inch  long,  \  of  a  line 
wide  ;  fertile  ones  1  to  4  inches  higli,  consisting  of  a  slender  stalk  bearing  a  minute  pinnate  fertile 
appendage  at  the  top.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxiv.,  p.  185  and  II.,  p.  275.  —  New  Jersey,  Nova  Scotia,  and 
Newfoundland. 

28.  ANEIMIA,  Swartz. 

1.  A.  Mexicana,  Klotzsch.  Sterile  fronds  4  to  9  inches  long,  deltoid-ovate,  simply 
pinnate  with  a  few  large  ovate-acuminate  jjinna; ;  fertile  fronds  l.aving  the  two  lowest  pinna;  con- 
verted into  long-stalked  jianicles  of  fructification,  otherwise  like  the  sterile. — Vol.  I.,  t.  xiv., 
p.  99.  —  Western  Texas. 

2.  A.  adiantlfolia,  Swartz.  Sterile  frontls  6  to  1  2  inclies  long,  deltoid-ovate,  2-4-pinnate 
with  obovate  or  cuneate  often  lobed  segments  ;  fertile  fronds  having  the  two  lowest  pinnse 
converted  into  long-stalked  panicles,  as  in  the  last.  —  Vol.  1.,  t.  xiv.,  p.  103. —  I'lorida. 


CONSPECTUS. 


XXIX 


29.     OSMUNDA,  L. 

•  Sterile  fronds  fully  bi-pinnate  with  separate  pinnules. 

1.  O.  regalis,  L.  Fronds  i  to  several  feet  long;  the  sterile  ones  bi-pinnate  with  oval  or 
oblong-lanceolate  pinnules,  the  fertile  like  the  others,  but  having  the  upper  pinnse  converted 
into  a  panicle  of  fructiScation.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxviii.,  p.  209.  —  Newfoundland  to  Louisiana. 

•  •  Sterile  fronds  pinnate  with  deeply  pinnatifid  pinna. 

2.  O.  Claytoniana,  L.  Fronds  2  to  4  feet  long ;  sterile  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  short- 
pointed  ;  pinna;  with  numerous  ovate-oblong  obtuse  segments ;  fertile  fronds  taller  than  the 
others,  and  having  several  of  the  middle  pinnaj  contracted  and  bi-pinnate,  devoid  of  leaf-green 
and  covered  with  blackish-green  sporangia.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xxix.,  p.  219.  —  Newfoundland  to  Lake 
Winnipeg,  and  southward  to  North  Carolina. 

3.  O.  cinnamomea,  L.  Fronds  i  to  4  feet  long;  sterile  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  long- 
pointed  ;  pinnoe  with  numerous  ovate-oblong  obtuse  segments ;  fertile  fronds  usually  with  no 
green  tissue,  but  all  the  pinn.ne  contracted  and  bi-pinnate,  and  covered  with  cinnamon-brown 
s|)orangia.  —  Vol.  1.,  t.  xxix.,  p.  227. —  Newfoundland  to  VVisconsin,  and  southward  to  Louisi- 
ana and  Florida. 


OPHIOGLOSSACE-ffi. 

I.     BOTRYCHIUM,  Swartz. 


§  1.  EunoTRVCHiuM.  Base  of  stalk  ^vhich  encloses  the  bud  closed  on  all  sides.  Sterile 
division  more  or  less  fleshy,  the  cells  of  the  epii'  straight. 

*  Sterile  division  of  the  frond  usually  placed  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the  plant.  Frond 
never  hairy. 

+-  Sterile  division  once  pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  the  pinna  never  pinnately  lobed. 

1.  B.  Lunaria,  L.  Plant  4  to  10  inches  high,  very  fleshy ;  sterile  division  sessile  near  the 
middle  of  the  plant,  ob'ong  or  ovate,  pinn.u  or  lobes  semilunar  from  a  broadly  cuneate  base, 
the  sides  concave,  the  outer  margin  crenate  or  even  incised. — Vol.  L,  t.  v.,  p.  29.  —  From 
Colorado  and  Now  England  nonliwaril. 

2.  B.  boreale,  Milde.  Plant  2  to  7  inches  high,  very  fleshy;  steiile  division  sessile  above 
the  middle  of  the  jilant,  cordate-ovate,  pinnately  cleft ;  divisions  few,  often  somewhat  imbricated, 
rounded-ovate  from  a  narrow  base,  entire  or  slightly  lobed.  —  Vol.  L,  t.  v.,  p.  37.  —  Unalaska. 

•f-  ■)-  Sterile  division  in  fully  developed  fronds  mostly  bi-pinnatifid. 

3.  B.  matricariaefolium,  AI.  Braun.  Plant  2  to  12  inches  high,  moderately  fleshy; 
sterile  division  placed  high  up  on  the  plant,  usually  distinctly  stalked,  oblong,  ovate  or  even 
deltoid,  in  small  forms  pinnate  with  roimdish-ovate  lobes,  in  larger  plants  bi-pinnatifid,  the  lobes 
oblong-ovate  and  obtuse.  —  Vol.  L,  t.  xvii.,  p.  129.  —  New  England  to  Lake  Superior. 

4.  B.  lanceolatum,  Angslr.  Plant  2  to  10  inches  high,  scarcely  fleshy;  sterile  division 
high  up  on  the  plant,  sessile,  deltoid,  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  with  oblique  oblong-lanceolate 
acute  segments.  —  Vol.  L,  t.  v.,  p.  33.  —  New  Brunswick  to  Colorado ;  also  in  Unalaska. 


11  m 


11 


I' 


XXX  CONSPECTUS. 

••  Sterile  division  placed  low  dmvn  on  the  plant. 

5.  B.  simplex,  Hitchcock.  Plant  smooth,  fleshy,  2  to  0  inches  high  ;  sterile  division 
short-pel ioleil,  varying  from  simple  and  ronnclish-obovate  and  2  to  3  lines  long,  to  triangular 
ovate  and  deeply  3-7d()lied,  or  even  to  fully  lernate  with  incised  divisions;  segments  hroadly 
oliovate-cuneale  or  somewhat  lunate;  fertile  division  1-2-pinnate.  —  Vol.  I.,  t.  xvii.,  p.  i2[. — • 
New  Driinswick  to  California. 

6.  B.  ternatum,  Swartz.  Plant  sparsely  hair)',  fleshy,  4  to  1 2  inches  high  ;  sterile  segment 
long-])etiole(l  from  ne.ir  the  base  of  the  plant,  broadly  deltoid,  ternate  and  variously  decom- 
pound ;  ultimate  segments  from  roundish-reniform  and  sub-entire  to  ovate-lanceolate  and  doubly 
incised;  fertile  division  2-4-pinnate. — Vol.  I.,  t.  xx.  and  xx-*.,  p.  147.  — All  North  .America. 

§  2.  OsMUNixjprERis.  Base  of  stalk  which  encloses  the  bud  open  along  one  side.  Sterile 
division  membranaceous,  the  cells  of  the  epidermis  flexuous. 

7.  B.  Virginianum,  Swartz.  Plant  sparsely  h;>'ry,  8  to  24  inches  high  ;  sterile  divisions 
sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  plant,  broadly  triangular,  ternate ;  primary  pinn.e  short-stalked,  1-3 
times  |)innatifid  ;  secondary  pinn.x.'  ovate-lanceolate ;  ultimate  segments  toothed  at  the  ends ; 
fertile  division  2-4-])innate.  — Vol.  I.,  t.  xxxiii.,  j).  253.  —  New  lirunswick  to  Washington  Terri- 
tory and  Oregon,  southward  to  Florida  anti  'I'exas. 

2.     OPHIOGLOSSUM,  L. 

•  Sterile  division  of  the  frond  entire  ;  spikes  solitary. 

1.  O.  vulgatum,  L.  Fronds  from  a  slender  root-stock,  2  to  12  inches  high,  mostly  soli- 
t.iry ;  sterile  segment  sessile  ne.ir  the  middle,  ovate  or  elliptical,  i  to  3  inches  long  ;  mi<lvein 
indistinct  or  none;  veins  forming  small  areoles  enclosed  in  larger  ones.  —  Vol.  11.,  t.  I.\xxi., 
]).  261.  —  Canada  to  .Arizona;  also  in  Unala,ska. 

2.  O.  crotalophoroides,  Walter.  Fronds  2  to  6  inches  high,  usually  several  from  a 
tuberous  root-stock  ;  sterile  segment  set  below  the  middle,  cordate-ovate,  6  to  18  lines  long,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  into  a  short  petiole;  midvein  none,  areoles  all  sm.ill. — Vol.  II.,  t.  Ixxxi., 
p.  265.     South  Carolina  anil  Florida  to  Louisiana. 

3.  O.  nudica»ile,  L.  fil.  Fronds  i  to  6  inches  high,  usually  several  from  a  slightly  tuber- 
ous root-stock  ;  sterile  segments  5  to  9  lines  long,  elliptic.il-ovate,  .acute  at  both  ends,  sub- 
sessile  near  the  base  of  the  frond;  midvein  more  or  less  distinct,  areoles  all  small.  —  Vol.11., 
t.  Lxxi.,  p.  2O7.  —  South  Carolina  to  .Mabama  and  F'lorida. 

•  •  Sterile  division  of  the  frond  palmately  lobed ;  spikes  several, 

4.  O.  palmatum,  Plumier.  Fronds  4  to  1 2  inches  long,  several  from  a  tuberous  root- 
sto.,k,  long-stalked,  from  a  cuneate  b.ise  broadly  expanded  iipwards  and  palmately  2-1 1 -lobed  ; 
lobes  tongue-shaped,  several  inches  long;  spikes  several  from  near  the  base  of  the  frond.  —  Vol. 
II.,  t.  Ixxxi.,  p.  269.     F'lorida. 


CONSPECTUS. 


XXXI 


ADDENDUM. 


Cj.  Notholeena  Grayi,  D.ivenport.  Root-stock  short,  creeping,  covered  with  rigid  nar- 
row blackisli  scales  ;  stalks  i  to  3  inclics  K)ng,  slender,  terete,  glandular  pubenilcnt,  and,  like  the 
racliises  .ind  lower  surface  of  the  pinnules,  more  or  less  chalTy  with  delicate  lanceolate  ciliated 
scales ;  fronds  2  to  5  inches  long,  scarce'iy  an  inch  broad,  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnate  ;  pinna; 
rather  distant,  ovate,  or  the  lower  ones  deltoid-oiate,  but  no  longer  than  the  others,  all  ])innately 
divided  into  a  few  oblong  obtuse  more  or  less  falcate  segments,  the  lowest  ones  largest  and 
somewhat  lobed,  the  rest  crenate  or  entire  ;  upper  surface  dotted  with  whitish  glancls,  lower 
surface  sprinkled  with  white  ';eraccous  powder;  margins  slightly  recurved  ;  sprrangia  sub-mar- 
ginal and  brownish.  —  Davenport  in  ISuUetin  of  Torrey  liotan.  Cllub,  incd.  —  Mountains  of  south- 
east Arizona,  \V.  M.  Courtis,  1880.  Also  collected  many  years  ago  !n  Sonora,  Mexico,  by 
A.  Schott.  'I'he  fronds  being  both  chalTy  and  pulveraceous  beneath  make  it  very  distinct.  It 
comes  too  late  for  description  even  in  the  "  Additions  and  Corrections  "  of  this  work. 


SUMMARY. 

Cicnera 29 

Species ,138 

OphioguissacK/K  :  — 

(leuera a 

Species     ..............  11 

Total,  Ferns  :  denera 31 

Species 149 


li 


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lin-MHiiiii 


PijVii;  XLVI. 

ASPIDIUM   RIGIDUM,  var.  ARGUTUM,  D.  C.  Eaton. 

Rigid  Wood-Fern. 

AspiDiuM  RIGIDUM,  var.  ARGUTUM:  —  Root-stock  stout, 
rather  short,  ascending',  very  chaffy;  stalks  a  span  to  a  foot 
long,  erect,  rigid,  chaffy  with  ample  bright-ferruginous  pointed 
scales;  fronds  in  a  crown,  half-evergreen,  firm-membranaceous 
or  sub-coriaceous,  smooth  and  green  above,  paler  and  more  or 
less  glandular  beneath,  one  to  two  feet  long,  ovate-lanceolate 
or  triangular-lanceolate,  usually  fully  bipinnate;  pinn.'e  broadly 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  lowest  ones  widest  but  scarcely  shorter 
than  the  middle  ones;  pinnules  oblong,  pinnately  incised  or 
doubly  serrate  with  spinulose  teeth,  conspicuously  veiny;  veins 
much  branched;  sori  large,  nearer  the  midrib  than  the  mar- 
gin; indusia  firm,  convex,  orbicular,  \yith  a  very  narrow  sinus, 
the  edge  bearing  short-stalked  glands. 

Aspidium   rigidum,   var.    argulum,    Eaton,    Ferns   of    the    South-West, 

P-  333- 
Aspidium  argutum,  Kaulfuss,  Eniim.  Fil.,  p.  242.  —  Hooker  &  ARNorr, 
Bet.  Beechey's  Voyage,   p.   162.  — Tourey,    Pacif.    R.    Rep.,   iv., 
p.   160;  vii.,  p.  21. 


llllpl*' 


2  FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Lastrea  ar^ita,  Bi^\ckenridge,  I'ilices  of  U.  S.  Expl.  Exp.,  p.  196. — 
J.  Smith,  in  Seemann's  Bot.  Voy.  H.  M.  S.  Herald,  p.  238, 
342.  —  Eaton,  in  Bot.  Me.x.  Boundary,  p.  235. 

Ijistrca  rigida,  larger  and  more  developed,  Mdouk,  Nat.  Pr.  Brit.  Ferns. 

Ncphrodium  rigidum,  ?  var.  Atnericatium,  HooKy^v.,  Brit,  Ferns,  t.  16; 
Sp.  Fil.,  iv.,  p.   120. 

Aspidiuvt  rigidiim,  Miloe,  Fil.  Eur.  et  Atl.,  p.   126. 

Hypodcmatiwn  Cali/ornicum,  Fee,  MS.  fide  Milde. 

Had.  —  Rocky  hillsides  and  canons,  often  in  copses,  from  Oregon 
and  California  to  the  Sierra  Madre  of  North-Western  Mexico.  One 
of  the  commonest  ferns  of  California,  but  most  abundant  west  of  the 
Coast  Ranges,  though  occurring  as  far  east  as  Plumas  County.  Mr. 
John  Smith,  in  the  voyage  of  the  Herald,  reports  it  as  found  in  Pan- 
ama and  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  but  there  is  reason  to  suspect  some 
error  either  of  identification  or  of  locality.  It  was  first  discovered  in 
California  by  Ciiamisso,  probably  near  San  Francisco.  Hartweg's  No. 
2039,  from  the  vicinity  of  Monterey,  should  be  considered  this  species 
rather  than  .,-/.  Filix-ntas,  to  which  it  is  referred  in  Planke  Hartwegi- 
ance.  The  type  is  found  in  Europe,  and  in  the  Mediterranean  coun- 
tries. 

Description.  —  The  root-stock  of  this  fern  is  stout,  as- 
cending, and  very  chaffy  with  large  ovate-acuminate  Hght- 
brown  scales.  The  stalks  arc  terminal  on  the  root-stock,  and 
are  similarly  chaffy.  Their  adherent  bases  rcnain  on  the 
root-stock  several  years  before  they  finally  decay.  In  the 
section  of  a  large  stalk  I  find  five  roundish  fibro-vascular 
bundles,  two  larger  than  the  rest,  and  all  surrounded  by 
very  narrow  circles  of   sclerenchyma. 


1 11 

Y 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  3 

The  fronds  are  from  one  to  two  feet  long,  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  somewhat  triangular-lanceolate  in  outline,  and  usually 
bipinnate.  They  are  nearly  or  perhaps  quite  evergreen,  since 
good  specimens  were  collected  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains 
by  Professor  Brewer  in  January.  The  texture  of  the  fronds 
is  thickish,  much  as  in  the  eastern  A.  marginale,  which  this 
species   resembles  a  good   deal   also   in   its   chaffy   stalk   and 

ft 

massive  rhizoma.  Thr  color  of  the  fronds  is  a  deep  green 
on  the  upper  surface,  but  rather  paler  beneath,  where  also 
they  are  very  frequently  minutely  glandular.  The  lowest 
pinnae  are  but  little  shorter  than  the  others,  but  are  rather 
broader  at  the  base,  so  that  they  are  triangular-lanceolate, 
while  those  in  the  middle  of  the  frond  are   oblong-lanceolate. 

The  pinnules  or  secondary  pinnae  are  ovate-oblong  or  ob- 
long, from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  and  very  variable 
in  their  serration  or  incising,  being  now  simply  serrate  with 
sharp-pointed  teeth,  but  more  frequently  doubly  serrate,  and 
not  seldom  pinnately  incised  with  doubly  serrate  lobes.  The 
venation  is  likewise  variable,  but  is  usually  much  branched, 
so  that  a  veinlet  extends  to  the  point  of  every  tooth.  The 
veinlets  arc  very  conspicuous  on  the  lower  surface  of  the 
frond,  and  are  marked  on  the  upper  by  faint  depressions. 

The  fruit-dots  arc  arranged  in  a  single  row  each  side  the 
midveins  of  the  pinnules,  and  are  much  nearer  the  midvein 
than  the  margin.  The  indusia  arc  very  large,  usually  convex, 
orbicular,  and  provided  with  a  deep  but  very  narrow  sinus. 
They  bear  numerous  stalked  glands  around  the  margin.    The 


!  Miiii 


4  FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 

sporangia  have  a  ring  of  from  fifteen  to  seventeen  joints. 
The  spores  are  bean-shaped,  and  have  a  decidedly  roughened 
or  wrinkled  surface. 

This  fern  is  very  fragrant  in  drying,  so  that  a  few 
fronds  of  it  will  serve  to  perfume  a  whole  bundle  of  dried 
plants.  It  has  a  larger  and  broader  frond  than  the  European 
A.  rigidum,  but  certainly  presents  no  points  of  specific  dis- 
tinction; and  some  of  the  Oregon  specimens  collected  by 
Mrs.  Summers  near  the  Willamette  River  are  so  nearly  typ- 
ical rigidum  that  they  would  not  be  challenged  if  mixed  with 
European  specimens.  In  the  South  of  Europe  is  a  paler  and 
less  acutely  serrated  form  of  the  same  species,  the  A.  palli- 
dum, of   Link. 

Plate  XLVI. — Aspidium  rigidum,  var.  argututn.  The  specimen 
represented  was  collected  in  Santa  Cruz  County,  California,  by  Dr. 
L.  G.  Yates.  Fig.  2  is  a  fertile  pinnule,  enlarged.  Fig.  3,  a  sterile 
pinnule  from  one  of  the  lower  pinnae,  enlarged.  Fig.  4,  a  magnified 
indusium.     Fig.  5,  a  spore. 


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FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Pij\TE  XLVIL  — Fig.  1-3. 

PELL^A  WRIGHTIANA,  Hooker. 

Wright's  Cliff- Brake. 

Pell^a  Wrightiana:  —  Root-stock  short,  thick,  nodose, 
densely  chaffy  with  very  narrow  dark-brown  scales;  stalks 
clustered,  dark-purplish  or  almost  black,  polished,  rigid,  four 
to  six  inches  long ;  fronds  about  as  long  as  the  stalks, 
from  lanceolate  to  triangular-ovate  in  outline,  bipinnate ;  pin- 
nae nearly  sessile,  spreading;  pinnules  coriaceous,  smooth, 
green  above,  slightly  glaucous  beneath,  almost  sessile,  at 
most  about  six  pairs;  those  of  the  sterile  fronds  roundish- 
oval,  three  to  five  lines  long,  two-thirds  as  broad,  rounded 
or  even  subcordate  at  the  base,  the  apex  obtuse,  but  with  a 
minute  subulate  semi-pellucid  cartilaginous  point  or  mucro ; 
those  of  the  fertile  fronds  rolled  in  nearly  to  the  midvein,  and 
therefore  very  narrow,  often  longer  than  the  sterile  ones  and 
curved    upwards,  similarly  mucronatc. 

PellcBu  IVngk/iaua,  Hookkk,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.  142,  t.  cxv.,  j9.  — Porter 
&  Coulter,  Syn.  Flora  of  Colorado,  p.  153.  —  Eaton,  Ferns 
of  the  South-West,  p.  321. 

Pel/aa  loftffimucronata.  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.    143,  t.  cxv.,  A. 


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6  FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 

Pellaa   WeddcUiana,  Ffe,  8me  Mem.,  p.  74. 

Pcllaa  niHcronata,  Eaton,  in    liot.    Mex.    Boundary,  p.    233,    in    part. — 
HooKEK  &  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.   1^8. 

Hab.  —  Western  Texas  and  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
Wright,  Nos.  2130  and  2131,  Bramdeoee,  Rotiiuock,  Mrs.  Sumner,  etc. 
Also  in  Bolivia.  It  occurs  mostly  in  exposed  rocky  places,  especially 
in  caiions.  Attributed  also  to  California  in  Synopsis  Filicmn,  but  prob- 
ably through  some  error,  as  I  have  seen  no  true  P.  IVriglUiana  from 
that  State. 

Description. — This  fern  has  a  somewhat  woody  branched 
and  knotted  root-stock,  which  is  densely  covered  with  fuscous- 
brown  scales,  linear-acuminate  in  shape,  denticulate  along  the 
edges,  and    mostly  provided  with   a    rigid    blackish    midnerve. 

The  stalks  are  very  numerous,  and  persist  long  after  the 
fronds  have  been  broken  off:  they  are  almost  black,  but  with 
a  vinous  tinge,  wiry,  rigid  and  highly  polished.  They  are 
rounded  at  the  back,  and  flattened  or  slightly  furrowed  in 
front.  The  section  shows  a  firm  exteri.  :  sheath,  within  which 
is  brownish  parenchyma,  and  in  the  middle  a  single  rather 
large  fibro-vascular  bundle,  which  is  in  general  roundish  in 
form,  but  has  a  sharp  furrow  opposite  the  flattened  side  of 
the  stalk. 

The  fronds  are  rigidly  coriaceous,  green  above,  paler  and 
somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  and  in  the  native  home  of  the 
fern  probably  evergreen.  They  are  four  to  eight  inches  long, 
strictly  bipinnate,  and  vary  in  outline  from  oblong-lanceolate 
to    deltoid-ovate.      The    primary    pinna-    are    commonly   from 


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lliii  : 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


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nine  to  fifteen  on  each  side,  and  are  usually  arranged  in  op- 
posite pairs.  A  few  of  the  highest  pinnae  are  simple;  then 
come  a  few  which  are  either  trifoliate,  or  else  composed  of 
five  pinnately  arranged  pinnules,  and  the  rest  are  pinnate 
with  from  two  to  eight  pinnules  on  each  side.  The  basal 
pinnules  are  so  close  to  the  main  rachis  that  the  pinnae 
scarcely  have  perceptible  stalks,  and  the  pinnules  generally 
are  also  almost  sessile.  The  longest  pinnae  of  the  broadest 
fronds  are  not  more  than  two  inches  long,  and  in  the  nar- 
rower fronds  the  longest  pinnae  are  only  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  long. 

The  pinnules  of  sterile  fronds  are  roundish-oval,  slightly 
cordate  at  the  base,  and  tipped  with  a  minute  cartilaginous 
point  at  the  apex.  They  are  three  or  four  lines  long,  and 
two-thirds  or  three-fourths  as  broad.  In  the  fertile  fronds 
the  pinnules,  which  are  also  mucronate,  have  their  edges 
rolled  in,  often  so  far  as  to  meet  at  the  midvein.  The  mar- 
gin is  a  little  thinner,  and  paler  in  color  than  the  rest  of  the 
pinnule.  The  veins  fork  several  times,  so  that  the  ultimate 
veinlets  are  very  close  together.  The  sori  are  borne  on  the 
veinlets  near  their  tips,  and  are  completely  hidden  by  the 
involute  margins.  The  spores  are  globose,  and  obscurely 
trivittate. 

Two  of  the  species  originally  described  by  Sir  W.  J. 
Hooker  are  now  considered  as  slightly  different  forms  of  the 
same  thing.  The  plant  figured  by  Mr.  Faxon  in  our  plate 
is  Hooker's  P.  longimucronata.       The  original    P.  IVrightiana 


I'  '.I'/ir 


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8 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


has  shorter  pinnae,  with  fewer  and  rather  longer  pinnules, 
and  is  identical  with  P.  l^Vaidclliana,  of  Fee,  a  specimen  of 
which  was  sent  to  me  by  that  learned  Pteridologist.  But 
the  two  forms  differ  very  slightly,  and  are  connected  by  in- 
termediate forms ;  so  that  Mr.  Baker  has  done  well  in  unit- 
ing them  in  Species  Filictim,  though  the  name  he  has  chosen, 
although  given  by  myself,  I  must  regard  as  not  to  be  re- 
tained under  the  generally  accepted  laws  of  nomenclature. 
Moreover,  my  original  Allosoytis  mucronattis  was  founded  on 
small  Californian  specimens  of  P.  Ornithopus,  of  Hooker, 
and  it  was  afier  the  publication  of  Hooker's  species  of  Pel- 
Icca  that  I  proposed,  in  the  Botany  of  the  Mexican  Bounda- 
ry, to  unite  his  three  species  under  the  name  of  Pelleea 
mucronata. 

Some  of  Mr.  Brandegee's  Colorado  specimens  show  a 
slight  tendency  to  become  tripinnate ;  and  it  must  be  con- 
fessed that  it  is  not  easy  to  show  any  very  clear  distinction 
between  the  present  species  and  P.  Ornithopiis  on  one  side, 
and  P.  tcrnifolia  on  the  other. 

Plate  XLVII.  —  Fig.  1-3.  Pelleva  Wrightiana,  from  Arizona,  col- 
lected by  Professor  Rothrock.  ['"ig.  2  is  a  pinnule,  the  margin  partly 
turned   back,   to  show  the  veinlets  and  the  sporangia.     Pig.  3,  a  spore. 


iiiiilii; 


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til  ;i;iai'i'!r 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


Pi,ATr  XLVII.  — Fig.  4-6. 

PELLyEA  BRACHPYTERA,  Baker. 

Strict  Cliff-Brake. 

Pell^a  brachyptera:  —  Root-stock  short,  knotted,  chaffy 
with  very  narrow  ferruginous  denticulate  scales;  stalks  six 
to  eight  inches  long,  erect,  wiry,  blackish  and  shining;  fronds 
nearly  as  long  as  the  stalks,  rigid,  narrowly  oblong-linear  in 
outline,  bii_ innate;  pinnae  several  pairs,  sessile,  ascending  or 
almost  oppressed,  very  short,  often  broader  than  long;  pin- 
nules five  to  thirteen  to  a  pinna,  three  to  six  lines  long,  very 
closely  placed,  coriaceous,  grccnish-glaucesccnt,  oblong-linear, 
mucronulate,  the  edges  much  rolled  in,  making  the  pinnules 
nearly  terete;  veins  mostly  twice  forked;  sporangia  near  the 
ends  of  the  veinlets,  covered  by  the  revolute  margins  of  the 
pinnules. 

Pellaa  brachyptera,  IUker,  Syn.  Fil.,  ed.  ii.,  p.  477.  — Davenport,  Cat- 
alogue of  die  Davenport  Herbarium  of  Nortli  American  Ferns, 
p.   16. 

Platyloma  brachypkrum,  Moore,  in  Gardener's  Chronicle,  Feb.  i,  1873, 
p.    141. 

Pcllcca  Ornithopiis,  var.  brachyptera,  Eaton,  in  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey 
Botanical  Club,  iv,  p.   16;   Ferns  of  the  South-West,  p.  322. 


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iiiii'ii 


10 


FURNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Plalyloma  bcllum,  Mdork,  in  Gardener's  Chronicle,  I'eb.   15,  1873,  p.  213. 
Pellica  bclia,  Hakkk,  Syn.    Fil.,  eii.  ii.,  p.  477. 

Hah. —  Rocky  places  in  the  Sierra  of  California,  at  4000  feet  ele- 
vation, HoLANDER,  collected  in  1869.  Also  sent  by  Mrs.  I'uisiI'KR 
Ames,  and  Mrs.  K.  M.  Austin,  and  by  Messrs.  KELi-oat;  &  Harford 
(No.   1169). 

De-SCRiption  :  —  This  has  a  very  similar  root-stock  and 
habit  of  growth  to  P.  IVriglitiana  and  P.  Oriiit/iopus,  and 
may  quite  possibly  be  ultimately  united  with  both  of  them. 
The  fronds  are  more  strict  in  habit  than  either  of  them,  and 
are  mainly  distinguished  by  having  comparatively  short  and 
erect  or  ascending  pinna,'.  While  the  fronds  are  normally 
bipinnate,  a  few  two-parted  or  three-parted  pinnules  are  not 
unfrequently  produced,  and  render  the  separation  from  /'.  Of- 
nitlwpus  very  difticuU.  Moore's  P.  bcUum  seems,  from  the 
description,  to  be  only  a  smaller  and  still  more  constricted 
form  of  Pcllcca  bnuliyptcia,  which,  according  to  Mr.  Bolander's 
observations,  produces  larger  and  less  constricted  fronds  when- 
ever the  rocks  on  which  it  grows  arc  moistened  by  spray, 
as  happens  sometimes  where  an  aqueduct  is  carried  along  a 
mountain  side.     I   have  seen  no  sterile  fronds. 

Plate  XLVIL,  Tig.  4-6. — Pcllcca  bracliyptcni,  drawn  from  a  plant 
collected  on  hills  near  Mill  Creek,  Plumas  County,  California,  by  Mrs. 
Ames.  Y'\<g.  5  is  a  pinnule,  enlarged,  and  showing  the  venation  and 
sporangia.     Fig.  6,  a  spore. 


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iiiiii|i!:j 


I'liKNS   OF   NORTH   AMKKICA. 


II 


Plate  XI,VII.  — Fk;.  7-10. 

PELL^A  ORNITHOPUS,  Hooker. 

Bird-foot  Cliff-Brake. 

Pell^a  Ornithopus:  —  Root-stock  short,  thick,  nodose, 
densely  chaffy  with  very  narrow  dark-brown  scales ;  stalks 
clustered,  rather  stout,  dark-purplish  or  almost  black,  polished, 
rigid,  two  to  ten  inches  long ;  fronds  four  to  twelve  inches  long, 
very  rigid,  broadly  ovate-lanccolatc  in  outline,  when  fully  de- 
veloped tripinnate;  primary  pinn.x"  spreading,  or  obliquely  as- 
cending, linear,  the  lower  ones  one-fourth  to  one-third  the 
length  of  the  frond,  bearing  from  a  few  up  to  sixteen  pairs 
of  usually  trifoliolate,  but  sometimes  varying  to  simple  or  to 
five-to-seven-foliolatc,  nearly  sessile  pinnules ;  ultimate  seg- 
ments or  pinnules  commonly  only  one  and  a  half  to  two 
lines  long,  coriaceous,  slightly  glaucous  beneath,  roundish- 
quadrate  in  the  rare  sterile  fronds,  and  with  the  margins 
rolled  in  to  the  midvein  in  the  fertile  fronds,  mucronulate. 

Pcllcca  Ornithopus,  IIookek,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.  143,  t.  cxvi.,  A.  —  Hooker 
&  Bakkh,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  149.  —  Eatokt,  Ferns  of  the  South-West, 
p.  322.  —  Davenport,  Catal.,  p.   16. 

AUosorus  audromcdfffoliusy  Hookek,  in  Planloe  Hartwegiance,  p.  342, 
(No.  2042),  not  of   Kaulfuss. 


12 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i;i 


wm^' 


iiiiii 

m 


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Allosorus  mucronalus,  Katon,  in  Silliman's  Journal,  July,  1856,  p.  138. — 

ToKREY,  Facif.  R.  Rep.,  iv.,  p.   160. 
PcUaa  niucrofiata,  Eaton,  in  Bot.   Mex.   Boundary,  p.  233,   in   part,  not 

of  Fee. 

Hau.  —  California,  common  on  dry  exposed  rocks  from  Mendocino 
County  to  San  Diego.  Also  on  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer.  Professor 
Brewer  notes:  "This  species  is  abundant  on  the  very  dry  mountains 
in  the  \vestern  part  of  the  State; — grows  often  in  tufts  in  the  rocks, 
where  it  receives  no  moisture  whatever  for  several  months  in  the  sum- 
rr.cr.  and  is  exposed  to  an  intensely  scorching  sun," 

Description: — The  root-stock  of  this  fern  probably  at- 
tains a  length  of  three  or  four  inches:  it  is  more  or  less 
branched,  the  branches  often  being  short  and  nodose,  giving 
the  root-stock  a  somewhat  knotted  appearance.  It  has  a 
dense  covering  of  narrow  cinnamon-brown  scales,  some  with 
a  strong  blackish  midnerve,  and  others  on  the  same  root-stock 
without  midnerve,  but  all  more  or  less  denticulate  along  the 
edges,  especially  towards  the  tips. 

The  stalks  are  clustered  on  the  knots  of  the  root-stock, 
and  near  its  end,  and  rise  to  a  height  of  from  two  or  three 
inches  to  nearly  a  foot.  They  are  singularly  rigid  and  wiry, 
as  are  the  general  and  partial  rachiscs.  In  the  largest  ex- 
amples they  are  fully  the  tenth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Their 
color  varies  from  nearly  black  to  purplish-brown  or  dark- 
cinnamon-browii.  Hxcept  at  the  very  base  they  are  devoid 
of  chaff.  One  specimen  from  Long  Valley,  Mendocino  County, 
has  on  the  upper  part  several  short  and  thorn-like,  but   blunt 


I 

V 


f  ^I'i 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


13 


pro^^ubcrances ;  reminding  one  of  the  aculeate  stalk  occasion- 
ally seen  in  tropical  ferns.  The  section  shows  a  very 
thick  exterior  woody  sheath,  and  in  the  middle  a  single  fibro- 
vascular  bundle,  which  is  roundish-triangular,  and  has  slight 
furrows  along  the  three  sides,  the  deepest  one  along  the 
side  next  the  anterior  side  of  the  stalk,  which  is  slightly 
flattened. 

The  fronds  are  usually  about  half  as  long  again  as  the 
stalks,  and  are  broadly  ovate-lanceolate  or  deltoid-lanceolate 
in  outline.  The  fronds  of  mature  plants  are  regularly  tripin- 
nate.  The  primary  pinur-e  are  elongated,  and  commonly  form 
an  angle  of  about  sixty  degrees  with  the  rachis,  though 
sometimes  they  spread  horizontally,  and  at  others  they  rise 
very  obliquely.  The  lowest  pair  of  secondary  pinn.TC  are 
placed  very  close  to  the  main  rachis.  The  secondary  pinnae 
vary  from  five  to  sixteen  pairs,  normally  they  are  trifoliolate 
and  resemble  the  three  toes  of  a  bird's  foot,  whence  the  very 
appropriate  name  given  to  this  species  by  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker. 
But  in  very  small  specimens,  such  as  those  on  which  my 
Allosoyus  vmcronatus  was  founded,  the  secondary  pinnre  are 
often  simple,  and  then  the  plant  approaches  P.  IVriglttiana 
with  inconvenient  proximity.  In  very  large  plants,  like  those 
collected  by  Dr.  Kellogg  in  Mendocino  County,  some  of 
the  secondary  pinn.c  are  more  or  less  elongated,  and  become 
pinnately  fivc-to-seveii-foliolate.  The  ultimate  pinnules,  in  all 
the  native  specimens  which  I  have  seen,  are  less  than  three 
lines  long,  and  have  the  edges  rolled  in  revolutely  almost  or 


il1 


:i!i 


i'l 


I 


"fill 


i  if 


111  'i  i  1 


iiii!!'"' 


14 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


quite  to  the  midrib,  entirely  concealing  the  sporangia,  which 
are  borne  on  the  upper  part  of  the  very  obscure  forking 
vcinlets. 

Plants  cultivated  in  the  moister  atmosphere  of  eastern 
conservatories  have  the  pinnules  less  revolute,  and  sometimes 
quite  flat  and  destitute  of  sporangia.  The  pinnules  have 
then  much  of  the  roundish-quadrate  form  seen  in  Pellcea 
Wrightiana,  but  are  considerably  smaller,  even  when,  as  is 
often  the  case,  the  fronds  are  only  twice  pinnate.  Plants  of 
this  kind  pass  for  P.  bella  among  florists,  but  have  probably 
little  to  do  with  Platyloma  bellwn  of  Moore.  I  am  under 
obligations  to  Hon.  J.  Warren  Merrill  for  a  full  set  of  cul- 
tivated forms  of   this  species. 

Plate  XLVIL,  Fig.  7-10.  —  Pcllaa  Oniithopiis,  drawn  from  a  plant 
sent  by  Mrs.  Ei.lwood  Cooper  from  Santa  Barbara.  Fig.  8  is  a  pair 
of  the  secondary  pinna;.     Fig.  9,  a  pinnule.     Fig.   10,  a  spore. 


iiiilll^ 


vhich 
rking 

istern 
times 
have 
Wlcea 
as  is 
ts  of 
bably 
inr'er 
cul- 

plant 
1  pair 


liillili! 


T^].U.    XIMLE. 


t 
1 

f 

i 
1    f'i 

1 

li 

.  ^. 


3Y.NfN0GRAMME  TR1/\NGl]LARIS,  Kaidl. 


6-11  (JYMNOGPAMME  iiI3i-^iDA,  Muu. 


XLvm, 


PIDA,  Moll. 


'  *'i  1, 


i 


II 


itllllll 


Hi" ' 


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illl" 


ill 
ill 


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FERNS   or    NORTH   AMERICA. 


15 


Pi^TE  XLVIII.  — Fig.   1-5. 

GYMNOGRAMME  TRIANGULARIS,  Kaulfuss. 

California  Gold-Fern. 

GvMNOGRAMME  TRIANGULARIS!  —  Root-stock  short,  Creep- 
ing, chaffy  with  dark-brown  lanceolate-acuminate  rigid  scales; 
stalks  tufted,  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  high,  terete,  wiry,  blackish- 
brown,  polished;  fronds  deltoid  or  pentagonal,  two  to  five 
inches  long,  and  nearly  as  broad,  pinnate;  the  lower  pair  of 
pinnae  much  the  largest,  triangular,  broadest  on  the  lower 
side,  obtusely  bipinnatifid,  the  rest  oblong  or  lanceolate,  more 
or  less  pinnatcly  lobed  or  incised ;  segments  rounded-obtuse, 
crenated;  upper  surface  smooth  or  minutely  granular;  lower 
surface  coated  with  a  yellow  or  white  ceraceous  powder; 
veins  free,  pinnated ;  veinlets  forked  and  in  the  fertile  fronds 
covered  with  lines  of  sporangia,  which  as  they  mature  burst 
through  the  colored  powder,  and   at   length   often    obscure    it. 

Gymnogrammc  tnangnlaris,  Kaulfuss,  Enuni  Fil.,  p.  73.  —  Hooker  & 
Grevillk,  Ic.  Fil.,  t.  cliii.  —  Hooker  X.  Aunoit,  Hot.  Beechcy's 
Voyage,  p.  162,  405.  —  Pkesl,  Teat.  Pterid.,  p.  218.  —  Hooker, 
Fl.  Am.-Bor.,  ii.,  p.  259;  Fil.  Exot.,  t.  x;  Sp.  Fil.,  v.,  p.  146. — 
Brackenkidge,  Fil.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  p.  23.  —  Torrey,  Pacif 


i6 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


;lii 


R.   Rep.,   iv.,    p.    i6o,   vii.,    p.    22. —  Hooker  &  Baker,   Syn. 
Fil.,  p.  384.  —  Eaton,  in  Bot.  Me.x.    Boundary,   p.   235;   Ferns 
of  the  South-West,  p.  304.  —  Davenport,  Catalogue,  p.   11. 
Gymnogramme  Oregona,  Nuttall,  MS.  in  herb. 

Var.  viscosa : —  Frond  ovate-pyramidal  in  outline  ;  primary  pinnae 
rather  distant ;  upper  surface  viscid,  as  if  varnished ;  powder  of  the 
lower  surface  creamy-white.  —  Gymnograimne  viscosa  and  G.  pyramidala, 
Nuttall,  MS.  in  the  herbaria  at  Kew  and  at  Philadelphia. 

Had.  —  Common  on  rocky  hills  nearly  throughout  California,  and 
extending  northward  to  Oregon  and  perhaps  still  farther.  It  was  col- 
lected on  Guadalupe  Island  by  Dr.  Palmer,  and  is  .said  in  Synopsis 
Filictim  to  occur  on  Vancouver  Island  and  in  Ecuador.  It  was  first  found 
near  San  Francisco  by  Chamisso,  and  has  since  been  gathered  by  nearly 
every  botanist  who  has  visited  or  resided  in  California.  Specimens  with 
the  powder  on  the  under  surface  very  pale  yellow,  or  even  silvery-white, 
are  not  uncommon.  Of  the  variety  viscosa,  I  have  seen  only  Nutfall's 
specimens,  and  some  from  San  Diego  collected  by  Mr.  Cleveland,  or 
sent  by  Mr.  George  C.  Wool.son. 

Description: — The  root-stock  i.s  rarely  more  than  one  or 
two  inches  long,  and  is  rather  slender,  but  covered  with  the 
broken  bases  of  old  stalks,  so  that  it  looks  stouter  than  it 
really  is.  The  chaff  is  moderately  abundant,  and  consists  of 
little  lanceolate-acuminate  fuscous-brown  rather  rigid  scales, 
composed  of  irregularly  oblong  cellules,  and  entire  on  the 
margins.  Some  of  the  scales  have  a  strong  blackish  mid- 
nerve,  and  in  others  no  midnerve  can  be  seen. 

The  stalks  are  clustered  on  the  root-stock,  and  vary  much 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


17 


in  length  and  thickness.  They  are  most  frequently  about  a 
span  long  and  half  or  three-fourths  of  a  line  thick.  Their 
color  is  dark-brown,  sometimes  almost  black,  and  they  have 
a  high  polish,  like  the  stems  of  most  Adianta.  All  that  I 
have  seen  are  perfectly  smooth,  but  some  Oregon  specimens, 
collected  by  Douglas,  and  figured  in  Icones  Filicum,  have  the 
stalks  sparingly  aculeate.  The  section  shows  a  firm  exterior 
sheath,  and  a  single  central  roundish  fibro-vascular  bundle, 
the  ducts  being  arranged  in  a  figure  resembling  the  right  and 
left  wings  of  a  butterfly. 

The  fronds  are  commonly  three  or  four  inches  long,  and 
almost  as  wide.  Though  they  were  originally  described  as 
"  triangular,"  their  form  is  nearly  pentagonal,  witl,  a  deep 
sinus  on  the  lower  side,  where  the  fronds  rest  on  the  stalk. 
The  rachis  is  narrowly  wing-margined  between  the  lowest 
pinnae  and  the  next  pair,  and  more  broadly  winged  above. 
The  lowest  pinnae  are  very  much  larger  than  the  next  pair, 
and  have  the  segments  on  the  lower  side  much  elongated.  The 
rest  of  the  pinna:  decrease  regul.Tly  upwards  from  the  second 
pair.  The  second  pair  are  pinnately  lobed  with  oblong  obtuse 
lobes,  and  the  upper  ones  are  less  and  less  lobed,  and  so  pass 
into  the  short  and  rounded  lobes  of  the  apex.  The  upper 
surface  of  the  frond  is  usually  dark-green  and  smooth;  rarely 
it  is  minutely  glandular,  and  in  van  viscosa  it  is  viscid,  as  if 
varnished  with  some  adhesive  material.  The  powder  on  the 
lower  surface  is  most  frequently  deep  golden  yellow,  but  pass- 
es gradually  to  white.     It  is  readily  shaken  off  from  the  living 


i'i;! 


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:  ^^ 


111    ■      I; 


I 


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i8 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


fronds,  and  seems  to  consist  of  minute  elongated  grains  or 
spicules  of  wax,  which  is  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  and 
melts  on  the  surface  of  hot  water. 

The  veins  arc  free,  and  several  times  forked  from  a 
midvein.  In  the  fertile  fronds  they  bear  the  sporangia  in 
long  lines,  which  become  broader  as  the  spores  ripen,  and 
not  rarely  entirely  cover  the  under  surface  of  the  frond.  The 
spores  are  roundish-tetrahedral,  and  faintly  trivittate. 

The  genus  Gyfiinogramme^  is  characterized  by  having 
the  naked  sori  oblong  or  linear,  following  the  course  of  the 
veinlets,  and,  like  them,  either  simple  or  forked,  pinnated,  or 
variously  anastomosing.  There  are  nearly  one  hundred  species 
in  the  genus,  of  which  only  two  are  known  in  the  United 
States,  and  three  in  Europe.  The  subgenus  Ceroptefis  includes 
the  species,  six  or  seven  in  number,  which  have  fronds  coated 
beneath  with  colored  powder.  Several  of  these  are  well  known 
in  cultivation  under  the  name  of  Gold-Ferns  and  Silver-Ferns. 


Plate  XLVIII.,  Fig.  1-5. —  Gytnnogrammc  triani^ularis.  I'iy.  i  is 
a  plant  from  Santa  Barbara,  sent  by  Mrs.  Cooi'ek.  Fig.  2,  a  segment 
of  one  of  the  lower  pinnae.  Fig.  3,  a  part  of  a  segment,  more  mag- 
nified. Fig.  4,  a  spore.  I-'ig.  5  is  the  variety  riscosa,  sent  from  .San 
Diego  by  Mr.  D.  CLKViiL/\ND. 

'The  i\nmc  of  the  genus  was  originally  written  Gymnogramma,  a  neuter  noun, 
but  was  changed  to  the  feminine  form  for  sullicienl  reasons  hy  Sprengel  ami  Kunze. 
See  the  note  under  Cryptogrammc,  a  precisely  parallel  case,  in  Hooker's  Species  Fill- 
cum,  ii.,  p.  126.  • 


FERNS   OF    NOKIH    AMERICyV. 


»9 


Plate  XLVIII.  — Fig.  6-ii. 

GYMNOGRAMME  HISPIDA,  Mettenius. 

Hispid  Gymnogramme. 

Gymnogramme  HISPIDA :  —  Root-stock  very  slender,  creep- 
ing, somewhat  chafly;  stalks  scattered,  four  to  six  inches 
long,  grayish-brown,  puberulent;  fronds  pentagonal,  one  to 
three  inches  long  and  broad,  hispid  above,  beneath  tomentose 
and  chaffy  along  the  rachis  and  midveins  with  very  narrow 
hair-like  scales,  pinnate;  lower  pair  of  pinnc-c  much  the  larg- 
est, unequally  triangular,  again  pinnated;  the  remaining  pinnae 
and  the  lower  pinnules  of  the  first  pair  pinnatcly  lobed;  the 
lobes  rounded  and  obtuse,  the  basal  ones  adnatc  to  the  rachis 
or  the  midrib,  forming  an  interrupted  wing  alternating  with 
the  pinna;  or  principal  segments;  veins  obscure,  all  free,  sori 
in  long  lines  along  the  veinlets,  hidden  by  the  tomentum. 

Gymnogramme  hispida,  Mktiknius,    MS.  —  Kuhn,  in    Linnaea,  xxxvi.,  p. 

72.  —  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  ed.    ii.,  p.  516.  —  Eaton,    Ferns  of  the 

South-West,  p.  305. 
Neurogramtne  pcdata,   Eaton,   in   Bot.    Mcx.    Boundary,   p.  235,  not  of 

Link. 
Gymnogramme  pedala,  Eaton,  in  Robinson's  Clieck-list,  not  of  Kaulfuss. 
Gymnogramme  podophylla,    Hookkk,  Sp.    Fil.  v.,  p.    152,  as  to  the   New 

Mexican  plant. 


20 


FERNS   OF   NORTH    AMF.RICA. 


mi' 


Hah.  —  First  collected  liy  Chaki.ks  WkUiin  in  1849  on  a  journey 
from  Western  Texas  to  Kl  Paso,  in  New  Mexico.  The  collectors  of 
the  Mexican  l^oundary  Survey  found  it  along  the  Rio  Grande,  the  San 
Pedro  antl  the  Gila,  mostly  on  rocks.  I  have  also  received  specimens 
collected  at  Camp  Bowie,  by  Mrs.  .Sumner,  near  Camp  Grant,  Arizona, 
by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Smith,  and  in  Central  Arizona  by  Clarenck  King  and 
by  Dr.  Pai.mek. 

Dhscription. — This  little  fern  has  been  confounded,  first 
with  Gyninogramnie  pcdata,  from  which  it  differs  in  having  a 
smaller  frond,  with  obtuse  lobes  and  a  denser  tonientum  be- 
neath, a.  stalk  without  lustre,  and  an  elongated  root-stock,  and 
secondly  with  G.  podopiiylhi,  from  which  the  free  veins  suf- 
ficiently distinguish  it. 

The  fronds  have  the  same  five-angled  shape  as  those  of 
G.  triangularis,  but  have  peculiar  lobe-like  wings  along  the 
rachis  and  midribs  between  the  pinnae  and  the  principal  seg- 
ments, and  are  hispid  with  straight  white  jointed  hairs  on  the 
upper  surface,  and  both  tomcntose  and  somewhat  paleaceous 
beneath.  The  veins  are  difficult  to  examine,  but  by  soaking  a 
piece  of  a  frond  in  hot  water,  and  then  scraping  off  the  to- 
mentum,  etc.,  they  may  be  seen  to  be  free  and  forking. 

Plate  XLVIII.,  Fig.  6-1 1. —  Gymnogramme  kispida.  The  draw- 
ing is  mainly  taken  from  Mr.  King's  specimens.  Fig.  7  shows  a  half- 
denuded  segment ;  Fig.  8,  a  scale  of  the  rachis ;  Fig.  9,  a  hair  from  the 
upper  surface,  and  Fig.  10,  a  little  of  the  tomentum,  from  the  under 
surface. 


F>it<;    XTJX. 


iNV.  UilL-' Lj^-d'-U-*!.      -.'J-WMi  '11  'r-\t    ^ 


4  -  7  NOTHC^ L/€NA  HOCKF  h  l,  D.C .  Eaton.       2-14  GHFT^  AT^l^'^ 


S-n    GHEILAtmiBS  LEUC'  ;      '  /■.,  ^i  i 

■  AKOFN^^/VKiinz. 


XIJX. 


.nrf^a,' 


11  hvm 


il    '    1 


■4 


lltii 


FERNS  OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


21 


Plate  XLIX.  — Fig.  1-3. 

NOTHOL^NA  CANDIDA,  Hooker. 

Bright  Notholsena. 

NoTHOL/ENA  CANDIDA: — Root-stock  Creeping,  the  scales 
narrow,  rigid  and  nearly  black;  stalks  tufted,  three  to  six 
inches  long,  wiry,  black  and  shining;  frond  not  so  long  as 
the  stalk,  deltoid-ovate  in  outline,  pinnate;  pinnae  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  base,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lowest  pair  having 
the  inferior  basal  segments  much  elongated  and  again  pinnat- 
ifid, the  other  pairs  gradually  decreasing  to  the  apex  of  the 
frond;  segments  oblong,  slightly  curved,  obtuse,  minutely 
glandular  above,  beneath  covered  with  white  or  yellow  cera- 
ceous  powder,  except  on  the  blackish  midribs;  margins  slight- 
ly rcvolutc,  but  not  covering  the  intra-marginal  line  of  dark- 
brown  sporangia. 

Nolholfena  Candida,  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.  116,  and  v.,  p.  no. — 
Eaton,  Ferns  of  the  Soiith-VVest,  p.  307. 

Notholeena  su/phurca,  J.  Smith,  in  Secmann's  Bot.  Voy.  H.  M.  S.  Her- 
ald, p.  233;  Ferns,  IJritish  and  Foreign,  p.  173. — Hooker  & 
Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  373. 

Notholaiia  pulvcracea,  Kunze,  in  Linnaen  xiii.,  p.  135,  and  xviii.,  p. 
338.  — LiEDMANN,  Mex.  Bregn.,  p.  63.— Eaton,  in  Bot.  Mex. 
Boundary,  p.  234. 


liiim 


n    «"ii;i'i,. 


22 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Notholfrna  ctetacca,  LiKnMANN,  Mcx.  lircgn.,  p.  64. 

Cluilanthcs  Candida,  Maktf.xs  &  Gai.eotti,  Syn.  Fil.  Mcx.,  t.  20,  f.  1,  a, 

(only  this  figure,  according  to  Kunze,  the  description  at  p.  73 

and  the  principal  figure  belonging  to  another  fern). 
Aleitriioplcris  Candida,  Fee,  and  A.  crctacca,  Foukniek,  PI.  Mex.,  Crypt., 

p.    121. 
Plcris  su/f>kurca,  Cavami.i.es,  "Prrel.   1801,  n.  667."  —  Swartc,  Syn.  Fil., 

p.    103,  Jidc  a  licit. 
Ceropkris  vtonosiiclia.  Fee,  7me.    Mem.,  p.  44,  t.  xx.,  f.  2. 

%*  Much  additional  synonymy  may  be  founil  in  Species  Filicum 
and  in  some  of  tiie  other  works  above  referred  to,  but  as  much  of  it 
cannot  be  verified  without  seeing  the  original  specimens,  it  is  better 
not  to  (piote  it  here. 

Hah.  —  In  crevices  of  rocks,  often  in  places  exposeii  to  the  sun, 
from  Western  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  .San  Dii-go  County,  California, 
and  southward  to  Peru.  It  is  No.  820  of  Ciiaki,i:s  \Vri(;hts  first  Tex- 
as distribution,  ami  No.  2124  of  the  second.  The  collectors  of  the 
Mexican  nounilary  .Survey  found  ii  on  the  lower  Rio  GramU;,  and  on 
the  Pecos  and  the  .San  Pedro.  A  smalk-r  form,  with  minute  rounded 
segments,  and  yellow  or  yellowish-wliite  powdi-r,  was  discovered  in 
Spring  \'alley,  .San  Diego  County,  California,  in  1S76,  by  Miss  Annie 
L.  BuRnEcic,  and  has  since  been  collected  at  several  places  in  the 
soi,thiTn  part  of  that  State  by  Mr.  Ci.evei.anp,  Dr.  1'arrv  ami  Mr. 
Wn.i.iAM   .SniuT. 

Df-scrii'TIon  : — The  root-stock  is  crecpint.,^  but  short,  and 
rather  slender.  It  is  adorned  with  scales  havincf  thin  brown- 
ish  edjres  and  a  very  .it^nd  hlackeiucl  niidnerve,  which  re- 
mains  lonj(   after    the  more   delicate   portion    has  disappeared. 


FERNS  OV   NORTH  AMERICA. 


23 


These  scales  are  also  found  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stalks, 
which  are  clustered  on  the  root-stock,  black  and  polished,  slen- 
der, wiry,  and  from  one  to  about  six  inches  long.  The 
rachis   and   all   its   branches   are   also   black  and  shining. 

The  frond  is  deltoid-ovate  in  the  larger  forms,  but  the 
outline  becomes  almost  regularly  pentagonal  in  smaller  speci- 
mens. In  all  the  specimens  which  I  have  seen,  the  .second 
pair  of  pinnas  are  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  lowest  pair, 
and  appreciably  longer  than  the  third.  The  lowest  pinnae  are 
much  the  broadest,  from  the  fact  that  the  basal  pinnules 
on  the  lower  side  are  much  elongated,  and  more  compound 
than  those  on  the  upper  side.  Sometimes  several  of  the 
pinnules  on  the  lower  side  are  longer  than  the  corresponding 
ones  on  the  upper  side.  The  pinn.c  are  sometimes  pinnate, 
making  the  frond  fairly  bipinnate,  but  commonly  they  are 
pinnatifid  into  oblong  or  more  or  less  rounded  lobes.  The 
upper  surface  is  dull-green,  but  copiously  sprinkled  with 
minute  stalked  whitish  glands.  The  under-surface,  in  the  New 
Mexican  specimens,  is  covered  with  bright-white  ceraceous 
powder,  which,  however,  is  absent  from  the  midveins.  In  the 
California  specimens  this  powder  becomes  yellowish,  and 
even  sulphur  -  yellow.  Examples  from  Santa  Martha,  in 
Columbia,  and  from  Peru,  have  the  powder  of  a  deep  orange- 
yellow. 

The  margin  is  slightly  recurved,  but  does  not  form  a 
true  involucre,  such  as  is  seen  in  Cltcilatithcs  farinosa,  a 
fern  otherwise  much  like  the  present  species.     The  sporangia 


'■';■! 


34 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


are   found   just  within   the   margin;   they  are  dark-brown   in 
color,  and  contain  spheroid-tetrahedral  spores. 

The  true  name  of  this  fern  has  been  the  subject  of 
much  difference  of  opinion  among  Pteridologists.  Mr.  Smith 
considers  it  identical  with  the  Pteris  sulphurea  of  Cavanilles, 
but  docs  not  claim  to  have  seen  the  original  specimens  of 
that  author.  The  earliest  name  for  it  in  the  genus  Notho- 
Icena  is  A'',  piilvcyacea,  of  Kunze.  But  Kunze  gave  no  specific 
character  to  his  plant,  and,  moreover,  chose  a  specific  name 
which  had  been  used  already  for  another  not  very  distantly 
related  fern.  I  have  preferred,  therefore,  to  retain  Hooker's 
name,  as  being  the  first  name  under  the  proper  genus  which 
was  accompanied  by  an  adequate  specific  character. 

Plate  XLIX.,  Fig.  1-3. — Notholcena  Candida.  Tlie  specimen  se- 
lected for  illustration  was  collected  in  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey. 
Fig.  2  is  a  segment  of  one  of  the  midilie  pinnai,  witii  the  ceraceous 
powder  removed,  so  as  to  show  the  veins.     Fig.  3  is  a  spore. 


5- 


iijiil:,: 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


25 


Plate  XLIX.— Fig.  4-7* 

NOTHOL^NA  HOOKERI,  D.  C.  Eaton. 

Hooker's  Notholaena. 

NoTHOLyENA  HooKERP.  —  Root-stoclc  short,  creeping, 
densely  covered  with  rigid  blackish-brown  lanceolate  scales; 
stalks  clustered,  four  to  eight  inches  high,  wiry,  reddish-brown, 
smooth  and  shining,  bearing  a  few  ovate  scales  near  the  base; 
frond  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  and  broad,  almost 
regularly  pentagonal,  composed  of  three  divisions;  the  middle 
one  raised  on  a  short  narrowly  winged  stalk,  rhomboid-ovate, 
pinnatifid  into  a  few  oblong  toothed  segments,  of  which  the 
first  pair  is  smaller  than  the  second;  the  side-divisions  ses- 
sile, deltoid,  pinnatifid  on  the  upper  side  much  as  in  the 
middle  division,  but  each  bearing  on  the  lower  side  a  single 
much  elongated  basal  segment,  and  above  it  smaller  segments 
like  those  of  the  upper  side;  upper  surface  dull-green, 
smooth,  lower  surface  covered  with  a  yellow  or  yellowish- 
white  ceraceous  powder;  sporangia  sub-marginal;  the  edge 
of   the  frond  slightly  recurved 

Nolholcena    Hookcri,    Katon,    I'erns   of  the  South-West,    p.    308,  t.  xxx. 
Notlwlana  crctacca,  Katon,  in  Bot.  Mcx.  Boundar>-,  p.  234;    Bulletin  of 

Torrey  Botan.  Club,  iv.,  p.   18,  not  of   Liebmann. 
Notliolana  Candida,  var.  sfido-palmata.  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  v.,  p.   iii. 


26 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Hab.  —  Clefts  of  rocki.,  in  canons  and  on  mountains,  from  the 
Rio  Grande  to  Arizona,  and  perhaps  extending  into  Mexico.  It  is 
Charles  Wright's  No.  821,  collected  between  Western  Texas  and  New 
Mexico.  It  has  been  sent  from  New  Mexico  also  by  Dr.  Bioelow, 
Mr.  SciioTT  and  Dr.  Seguin,  and  was  found  near  Camp  Bowie,  in  Ari- 
zona, by  Professor  Rotiikock  and  Mrs.  Sumner.  It  has  recently  been 
collected  on  the  journey  from  San  Luis  Potosi,  in  Mexico,  to  San  Anto- 
nio, Texas,  by  Dr.  Parry  (No.  992). 

Description: — This  fern  has,  like  most  of  the  ferns 
which  grow  in  the  clefts  of  rocks,  a  creeping  and  rather  short 
root-stock,  well  covered  with  scales.  The  scales  are  two  or 
three  lines  long,  lanceolate,  and  appressed  to  the  root-stock. 
They  consist  of  a  very  broad  and  rigid,  dark-brown  and  shin- 
ing midnerve,  which  has  a  narrow  border  of  more  delicate 
and  paler  cells  on  each  side.  The  stalks  are  clustered  at  the 
end  of  the  root-stock,  and  are  dark-brown,  shining,  wiry  and 
nearly  erect.  Near  the  base  they  bear  a  few  scales,  which 
are  shorter  and  broader  than  those  of  the  root-stock,  and  have 
a  narrow  midnerve.  The  section  discloses  a  single  roundish 
fibro-vascular  bundle,  having  the  ducts  which  it  contains  ar- 
ranged in  a  somewhat  lunate  form. 

The  fronds  have  an  outline  between  that  of  a  pentagon 
and  that  of  a  five-pointed  star.  They  consist  of  a  middle 
portion  of  a  rhomboid-ovate  form,  supported  on  a  short  but 
narrowly  winged  stalk,  and  two  lateral  divisions,  which  are 
sessile.  The  middle  part  is  pinnatifid  nearly  to  the  midrib 
into    a    few     oblong-lanceolate    crenate    and    often    sub-falcate 


FKRNS   OI-    NORTH   AMERICA. 


27 


the 
:  is 
Jew 
.ow, 
\n- 
leen 
ato- 


irns 
lort 
1  or 
ock. 
hin- 
cate 

the 
and 
hich 
lave 
dish 

ar- 

igon 
ddle 
but 
are 
idrib 
Icate 


lobes;  while  the  lateral  divisions  have  each  on  the  lower  side 
a  very  large  pinnatifid  basal  segment,  the  rest  of  the  seg- 
ments being  similar  to  those  of  the  middle  division,  though 
a  trifle  smaller.  The  whole  frond  is  thus  five-rayed,  the  mid- 
dle ray  largest,  and  the  two  lower  rays  smallest.  The  upper 
surface  of  the  frond  is  smooth,  and  of  a  dull,  though  rather 
dark,  shade  of  green.  The  under-surface,  with  the  exception 
of  the  midribs,  is  covered  with  a  waxy  powder,  like  that  of 
Notholcena  Candida  and  Gymnogramme  triangularis,  and  prob- 
ably equally  variable  in  color.  The  specimens  first  collected 
by  Mr.  Wright  have  the  powder  almost  white;  those  sent 
afterwards  from  New  Mexico  have  it  of  a  pale  sulphur-yellow, 
and  those  just  received  from  Dr.  Parry  have  it  of  a  deep 
yellow,  inclining  to  orange. 

The  veins  are  free  and  forking.  The  sporangia  are 
borne  on  the  ends  of  the  veins,  just  within  the  margin, 
which  is  slightly  recurved,  but  not  so  as  to  form  a  true  invol- 
ucre. The  spores  are  slightly  trigonous,  and  have  the  usual 
three  radiating  vittas  of   such   spores. 

This  fern  was  considered  "probably  a  distinct  species" 
by  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker,  though  at  the  same  time  he  made  of 
it  a  variety  of  N.  Candida.  I  have  thought,  at  times,  that  I 
could  identify  it  with  N.  cretacea,  of  Liebmann,  or  with 
Chcilanthes  Borsigiana,  of  Mettenius;  but  both  of  these  seem 
to  be  forms  of  A^.  Candida,  from  all  forms  of  which  species 
this  one  can  be  distinguished  by  the  lowest  segments  of  the 
middle  division  being  smaller  than  the  next  superior  segments. 


28 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


This  is  the  plant  from  La  Cuesta,  in  New  Mexico,  which 
was  confused  with  the  very  similar  Gymnogmmme  triangula- 
ris in  Pacif.  R.  Reports,  IV.,  p.  i6o.  Some  of  the  same 
specimens,  sent  to  Kew  by  Dr.  Torrcy,  were  attributed  to 
California  in  Species  Filicum,  either  because  of  some  error 
in  the  label,  or  because  La  Cuesta  was  thought  to  be  in 
that  state. 

Plate  XLIX.,  Fig.  4-7.  —  Notholana  Hookeri.  The  principal  figure 
is  drawn  from  a  specimen  collected  near  Camp  Bowie,  Arizona,  by 
Professor  Roth  rock.  The  details  are  a  segment,  with  a  portion  of  the 
same,  more  enlarged,  and  a  spore. 


S,  - 


FERNS  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


29 


Plate  XLIX.  — Fig.  8-1  i. 

CHEILANTHES  LEUCOPODA,  Link. 

White-stalked  Lip-fern. 

Cheilanthhs  LEUCOPODA :  —  Stalks  three  to  six  inches 
long,  pale  straw-color,  pubescent  with  white  spreading  hairs, 
stout  iOT  the  size  of  the  frond,  clustered  on  a  short  chaffy 
root-stock,  chaffy  at  the  base  with  soft  narrow  rusty  scales; 
fronds  three  to  four  inches  long  and  broad,  broadly  deltoid  or 
somewhat  pentagonal,  at  the  base  quadripinnate,  gradually 
simpler  upwards,  everywhere  viscid-puberulent;  lowest  pair 
of  pinnae  unequally  deltoid-ovate,  the  longest  branches  being 
on  the  lower  side;  middle  and  upper  pinnse  oblong-ovate; 
secondary  pinna?  oblong,  short-stalked;  ultimate  ones  divided 
into  minute  rounded  lobules,  which  when  fertile  are  strongly 
revolute,  concealing  the  sporangia. 

Clicilanthcs  Icucopoda,  Link,  Fil.  Sp.  Hort.  Berol.,  p.  66.  —  Metienius, 
Cheilanlhes,  p.  30.  —  Fouknieu,  PI.  Me.x.,  Crypt.,  p.  123. — 
Eaton,  Ferns  of  the  .South-West,  p.  312. 

Hab.  —  Uvalde  Canon,  Rio  Niieces,  Texas,  Mrs.  M.  J.  YouNc;,  1876. 
Also  found  in  Mexico. 

Description:  —  This  fern  has  much  more  compound 
fronds  than  the  other  species  represented  on  our  Plate  XLIX. 
It  comes  very  near  the  better-known  C.  viscosa,  of  Link,  and 


30 


•ERNS   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


is  only  incidentally  mentioned  in  Synofisis  Filicum  in  the 
account  of  that  species.  Hoth  plants  have  rather  small  del- 
toid quadripinnate  fronds,  pubescent  stalks  and  surfaces,  and 
rounded  ultimate  divisions.  But  C  viscosa  is  more  j^landular 
and  viscid  than  C.  IcucopoJa,  has  dark-brown  stalks,  and  a 
well-developed  white-membranaceous  involucre.  In  the  pres- 
ent plant  the  stalks  are  pale  straw-color,  and  pubescent  with 
delicate  white  spreading  hairs.  The  rachis  and  its  ilivisions 
are  similarly  hairy,  though  the  pinnules  are  somewhat  gland- 
ular-viscid. The  recurved  lobules,  which  form  the  involucres, 
do  not  lose  their  herbaceous  character.  These  points  of  dif- 
ference seem  sufficient  to  keep  the  two  ferns  apart.  C.  leuco- 
Poda  is  given  simply  as  Mexican  by  Link,  but  it  has  been 
collected  near  San  Luis  Potosi,  according  to  Fournier.  Of 
C.  viscosa,  line  specimens,  also  from  San  Luis  Potosi,  have 
just  been  distributed  by  Drs.  Parry  and  Palmer  (No.  990). 
The  reference  of  that  species  to  New  Mexico  in  Synopsis 
Filicum,  arose,  as  I  learn  from  Mr.  Haker,  from  a  typo- 
graphical error.  North  Western  Mexico  having  been  intended. 

The  figure  in  Plate  XLIX.  was  drawn  from  a  specimen  kindly  lent 
for  the  purpose  by  Mr.  Davenport,     i'lie  details  explain  themselves. 


f. 


FERNS  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


31 


Platk  XLIX.  —  Fio.   12-14. 

CHEILANTHKS   ARGHNTEA,  Kunze. 

Silvery  Lip- Fern. 

Cheilanthes  argentea: — Root-stock  short,  clothed  with 
rigid  pointed  bir.ckish  scales;  stalks  clustered,  two  to  six 
inches  long,  wiry,  dark-brown,  glossy,  sparingly  chaffy  towards 
the  base;  fronds  one  to.  four  inches  long,  deltoid-ovate,  pe- 
dately  tripartite;  divisions  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  middle  one 
short-stalked,  triangular,  the  side  ones  sessile,  unequally  tri- 
angular, broadest  on  the  lower  side;  lobes  oblong,  often  sub- 
falcate,  entire  or  crenately  lobed,  obtuse,  smooth  and  green 
above,  beneath  covered  with  white  or  yellow  ceraccous  pow- 
der; veins  forked  from  a  mid  vein,  free;  sporangia  at  the 
ends  of  the  veins,  covered  when  young  by  a  manifest  .sca- 
rious  crenulate  involucre  formed  from  the  margin  of  the 
frond. 

Cheilanthes  argenka,  Kunze,  in  Linniea,  xxiii.,  p.  242.  —  Hooker,  Sp. 
Fil.,  ii.,  p.  76;  Fil.  Exot.,  t.  xcv.  —  Mettenius,  Fil.  Hort.  Lips., 
p.  50;  Cheilanthes,  p.  45.  —  Mii.de,  Fil.  Eur.  et  Atl,  -p.  37. — 
Hooker  &  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.   142. 

Pteris  argenka,  Gmeun.  —  Swaktz,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  105,  301.  — Wh.ldenow, 
Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  360.  —  Langsdorff  &  Fischer,  Ic.  1  il.,  p.  19,  t. 
22.  — RupREciiT,  Distr.  Crypt.  Vase,  in  Imp.  Ross.,  p.  46.  (For 
other  synonymy  consult  the  authors  above  referred  to.) 


t*^ 


32 


FERNS  OF   NORiri   AMERICA. 


Hab. — Siberia,  from  the  Ural  Mountains  to  Kamtschatka ;  Japan, 
Northern  China  and  India.  Said  by  Pallas  to  have  been  found  in 
Alaska  by  Speller,  but  not  collected  in  America  for  many  years,  and 
having  at  best  a  very  doubll'ul  claim  to  be  counted  in  our  Flora. 

Description:  —  The  various  forms  of  this  fern  are 
beautifully  figured  in  Filices  H.xoticte,  and  the  plate  is  ,ic- 
companicd  by  ?.  particularly  full  and  careful  description. 
The  general  form  of  the  frond  is  deltoid,  or  more  properly, 
pentagonal-ovate.  The  three  primary  divisions  of  the  frond 
are  nearly  equal,  the  middle  one  being  commonly  only  a 
little  larger  than  the  others.  All  the  divl;»ions  are  pinn.itely 
lobed  almost  to  the  midrib,  the  middle  division  having  the 
two  sides  equal,  nnd  the  lateral  divisions  having  the  inferior 
lobes  very  much  larger  than  the  superior  ones.  The  waxy 
powder  has  the  same  variation  in  color  that  wc  have  noticed 
in  the  other  ferns  which  have  this  peculiar  coating  on  the 
under-surfacc  of  the  frond.  The  well-developed  involucre  de- 
termines the  position  of   the  species  to  be  in  CheUanthes. 

Plate  XLIX.,  I-'ig.  12-14.  —  Cluilanthes  argentea,  drawn  from  a 
sp<'cimcn  collccte<l  l»y  Hon.  S.  VVeluj  Wu.ij.ams  near  the  city  of  Pekin, 
China,  l-ig.  ij  shows  a  lobe  of  one  of  the  lower  divisions.  Fig.  14 
is  a  sp.re. 


llMWftlillllilllll 


itiiirii  f(f  iitMin-ih«i-  -^'  -  --■--■■'-'■ 


m 

ijilp 


14     \ 

'  9      1    i 

i  i1  ' 

■  -  J '  I 

■"  :     :i          j 

ft  '  1 ! 

ft 

-;  M..-            J 

llLill ' 

"•?i 


^ 


...vi..liimMA'lVt"j'  -W'nai?" 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


33 


f 


Plate  L. 

ASPLENIUM  THELYITHROIDES,  Michaux. 

Silvery  Spleenwort. 

AsrLENiUM  THELYPTERoiDEs:  —  Root-stoclc  ciccping,  cov- 
ered, on  the  upper  side  at  least,  with  persistent  stalk-bases; 
stalks  nearly  a  foot  long,  sparingly  chaffy  when  young;  fronds 
growipt^  in  a  crown,  one  and  a  half  to  nearly  three  feet 
long,  lanceolate  in  outline,  slightly  narrowed  towards  the  base, 
membranaceous,  often  somewhat  hairy  along  the  veins,  pin- 
nate; pinn.e  spreading,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  deeply  pin- 
natiful;  lobes  crowded,  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  serrulate, 
each  with  a  central  midvein  and  three  to  eight  oblique  sim- 
ple veins  on  each  side,  all  but  the  few  uppermost  veins  of 
each  lobe  fertile;  indusia  oblong,  mostly  single,  but  those  on 
the  acuminations  of  the  pinn.'C  often  double*,  when  yonqg 
arched  and  with  a  silvery  lustre,  soon  opening  along  the 
outer    margin   and   disclosing   the    s[)orangia. 

Aspl: Ilium  tkclypteroides,^   N'.iciiaix,  l-i.   Hor.  Am.,  ii.,  p.  264.  —  SwAurei 
Syn.  l""il.,  p.  82.  —  SciiKi!iiK,    Krypt.  (iew.,    p.    71,    t.    76,  b. — 

'This  name  wms  written  thflyptcrioulcs  liy  Micluiiix.  Sclikiilir,  I'lirsli  ami  Torrey. 
Willdonov  has  it  thelyplroidcs.  Tho  iLMnaininn  authors  have  the  ortliojjiaphy  hiTe  used, 
which  is  ill  accord  with  coininoii  iisajje  in  words  of  like  dcrivatiuii.  Swaktz's  iiuiiie, 
Asplcnium  acrostkhoides,  is  reallv  the  oldest  by  three  years,  but  is  batlly  chniicn,  and 
has  never  come  into  general  use. 


34 


FERNS    OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Wii.i.DENOw,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  336.  —  Pl'rsh,  F1.  Am.  Sept.,  ii., 
p.  667.  —  liiciF.LOw,  Fl.  Boston.,  cd.  iii.,  p.  422.  —  Torkey,  F1. 
New  York,  ii.,  p.  493. — Gray,  Manual,  ed.  i.,  p.  627,  etc. — 
Meitenius,  Fil.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  78;  Aspleniuni,  p.  184.  —  Eaton, 
in  Cliapman's  Flora,  p.  593.  —  Hooker,  Sp,  Fil.,  iii.,  p.  229. — 
Hooker  &  Bakkk,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  226.  —  Lawson,  in  Canad.  Natu- 
ralist, 1864,  p.  276. — Williamson,  Ferns  oi  Kentucky,  p.  71, 
t.  xxii.  —  Davenport,  Catal.,  p.  24. 

Asplenium  acrostic  hoicks,  Swartz,  "in  Schraders  Journ.,  1800,  ii.,  p.  54;" — 
Syn.  Fil.,  p.  82,  275, 

Athyrium  thdypter aides,  Desvaux,  "  Prodr.  p.  266."  —  Fee,  Gen.  Fil., 
p.   186.  —  MooRi:,  Index,  p.   188. 

Diplazium  thtlyptcroidcs,  Pre-sl,  Tent.  Pterid..  p.    114. 

Had.  —  Deep  rich  \voods;  not  rare  from  New  Brunswick  and  Can- 
ada to  Central  Alabama,  and  westward  to  Wisconsin.  Also  in  Penang, 
the  Himalayas,  and  in  Amur-land. 

Description: — This  is  one  of  the  mv.)rc  conspicuous 
ferns  in  the  forests  of  the  Northern  Str'tcs,  and  is  most 
frecjuently  found  where  a  rivulet  trickles  through  deep  forests 
on  the  lower  slopes  of  a  mountain,  keeping  the  earth  at  all 
times  moist.  The  nnit-stock  is  several  inches  long,  and  creeps 
just  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  the  advancing  end 
bearing  a  crown  of  large  and  deep-green  lustreless  Ironds, 
and  the  older  part  bearing  the  up-curved  and  adherent  bases 
of  former  stalks.  It  is  covered  with  branched  and  entangled 
rootlets,  but  bears  little  or  no  chaff,  differing  in  this  respect 
from  the  otherwise  somewhat  similar  root-stocks  of  several 
of  our  common  species  of  Aspidium, 


FEKNS  OV    NORTH  AMERICA. 


35 


The  stalk,  though  chaffy  when  very  young,  is  when 
mature  nearly  smooth,  and  is  stramineous  when  dry.  It  is 
furrowed  on  the  anterior  side  and  contains  two  flattened 
fibro-vascular   bundles. 

The  fronds  are  herbaceous,  rather  thin  in  texture,  and 
wither  at  the  first  touch  of  frost.  They  arc  commonly 
about  two  feet  long,  exclusive  of  stalk,  and  one-fourth  as 
v/ide  in  the  middle.  Towards  the  base  they  are  moderate- 
ly contracted,  sometimes  much  contracted,  and  they  taper 
to  a  slender  apex.  The  pinnae  of  a  large  frond  are  five  or 
six  inches  long,  and  rarely  as  much  as  an  inch  wide.  They 
are  attached  to  the  rachis  by  so  short  a  stalk  as  to  be  al- 
most sessile,  and  spread  obliquely,  or  are  even  slightly  de- 
curved,  as  in  Aspidinm  Thclypteris,  from  its  resemblance  to 
which  fern  the  present  one  was  named.  The  lower  pinna; 
arc  much  more  widely  separated  than  the  middle  and  upper 
ones,  as  is  the  case  in  most  pinnated  ferns.  The  pinnae 
arc  cut  into  numerous  oblong  lobes,  the  incisions  extending 
to  within  half  or  throe-fourths  of  a  line  of  the  midrib. 
Usually  the  pinnules  are  but  slightly  toothed,  but  Dr.  Law- 
son  has  described  in  the  Canadian  Naturalist  a  var.  serra- 
fuui,  with  the  "lobes  of  the  pinn.e  ovate-oblong,  appro.ximate, 
strongly  and  inciscly  serrate."  The  veins  diverge  obliquely 
from  the  midvcin,  and  are  simple,  running  nearly  straight  to 
the  margin.  Sterile  fronds  have  rather  wider  pinnrc  and  lobes 
than  the  fertile  ones;  in  the  latter  all, or  all  but  a  very  few,  of 
the  lowest  pinna?  are  well  covered  with  fruit. 


36 


FERNS   OF   NORTH    AMKRICA. 


The  sori  are  oblong,  and  extend  nearly  from  the  mid- 
vein  to  the  margin.  Though  mostly  single,  and  confined  to 
the  upper  side  of  the  fruiting  veinlet,  the  lowest  one  of  a 
lobe  is  often  double  or  diplazioid,  and  such  double  sori  are 
almost  always  found  on  the  long  and  slender  tips  of  the 
pinna?. 

The  indusia  are  of  a  rather  firm  texture,  moderately 
vaulted  or  convex,  and  when  young  give  to  the  lower  sur. 
face  of  the  frond  a  silvery  sheen,  whence  the  common  name, 
given,  as  it  appears,  by  Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow. 

The  spores  are  bean-shaped,  and  are  irregularly  and  nar- 
rowly winged. 

This  fern  is  not  closely  related  to  any  other  occurring 
within  our  limits,  but  there  are  several  in  Asia,  or  in  trop- 
ical America,  which  more  or  less  closely  resemble  it. 

Plate  L.  —  Asplenium  thelypter aides.  Tiie  specimen  drawn  was 
collected  near  New  Haven,  Connecticut.  Fig.  2  is  a  lobe  of  a  pinna, 
and  Fig.  4  the  apex  of  a  pinna,  the  latter  showing  the  diplazioid  sori. 
Fig.  3  is  a  spore. 


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FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


37 


Plate  LI.  —  Fig.    1-3. 

ASPLENIUM    MYRIOPHYLLUM,    Presl. 

Milfoil  Spleenwort. 

AsPLENiUM  MYRIOPHYLLUM :  —  Root-stock  Very  short ; 
stalks  dark-brown,  slender,  one  to  three  inches  long;  rachis 
green,  very  narrowly  wing-margined ;  fronds  spreading,  three  to 
eight  inches  long,  delicately  membranaceous,  smooth,  lanceolate 
in  outline,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate ; 
pinnae  closely  placed,  ovate-lanceolate;  pinnules  two  to  four 
lines  long,  simple  and  obovate  or  obovate-oblong  or  else  cut 
into  a  few  obovate  segments ;  veins  single  in  each  pinnule 
or  segment,  bearing  on  the  upper  side  a  somewhat  elongated 
solitary  sorus  ;    indusium  thin  and  delicate. 

Asplenium  mynop/iy/lum,  Presl,  Reiiquic-e  Haenkeanae,  i.,  p.  48;  Tent. 

Pterid.,  p.  108.  —  E.\ro\,  in  Chapman's  Flora,  p.  593.  —  Moore, 

Index,  p.   147. 
Canoptens  myn'ophyUa,  Swartz,  F1.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  1626;   Syn.  Fil.,  p.  88 

{fide  Presl). 
Asplenium   rhizophyUum,    var.    mynopkyUiim,    Hooker,   Sp.    Fil.,    iii., 

p.  201.  —  HooKKK  &  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  220. 
Asplenium   verccundum,  Chapman,  MS.  —  Fournier,  PI.    Mex.,    Crypt., 

p.   III. 
Asplenium  Ancliorita  &  A.  pustllum,  CHAl'^L\N,  MS. 


38 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Hab.  —  On  the  walls  of  a  limestone  cave  at  Schurlock's  Spring, 
Jackson  County,  Florida,  Dr.  Chapman.  Also  near  Ocala,  Florida,  col- 
lected by  Mr.  W.  H.  Siiockley,  and  by  Captain  John  Donnell  Smith, 
who  found  it  "growing  in  tufts  at  the  bottom  of  pocket-like  holes  in 
cavernous  lime  rock,  the  fronds  spreading  flal  around  the  orifice."  Also 
in  the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  and  parts  of  South  America. 

Description: — This  is  the  most  delicate  and  finely  di- 
vided of  all  our  Spleenworts,  and  need  not  be  confounded 
with  any  other  native  species. 

The  lower  pinnules  of  each  pinna  are  more  or  less  lobed, 
being  usually  cleft  into  from  three  to  five  little  lobes.  A 
few  of  the  next  pinnules  are  often  two  to  three-lobed,  and 
the  rest  are  mostly  entire.  The  solitary  veins  and  sori  show 
a  close  approach  to  the  section  Daren  of  the  genus  Asplenium. 

A.  cicntayium,  recently  collected  in  Sumpter  County, 
Florida,  by  Mr.  Shockley,  comes  nearest  to  it,  but  has  broader 
and,  when  fully  developed,  much  larger  and  coarser  fronds. 
A.  monteverdense,  of  Hooker,  is  scarcely  distinguishable  from 
our  plant,  and,  indeed,  Wright's  1092  seems  to  be  precisely 
A .  myriophylhim,  ^.nd  was  collected  also  "at  the  entrance  of 
caverns."  A.  rJiizophyllum  is  a  larger  plant,  and  has  usually 
a  prolonged  radicant  apex. 

The  specimen  figured  is  among  the  largest  of  those  collected  by 
Dr.  Chapman. 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


39 


PiATE   LI.  —  Fig.  4-8. 

ASPLENIUM  BRADLEYI,  D.  C.  Eaton. 

Bradley's  Spleenwort. 

AsPLENiUM  Bradleyi:  —  Root-stock  short,  covered  with 
narrow  acuminate  blackish-fuscous  scales ;  stalks  clustered, 
slender,  ebeneous,  as  is  the  lower  portion  of  the  rachis ; 
fronds  four  to  seven  inches  long,  membranaceous,  obiong- 
lanceolate  varying  to  linear-oblong,  pinnate;  pinnre  rather 
numerous,  the  lovve-  ones  no  larger  than  the  middle  ones,  all 
short-stalked,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  more  or  less 
toothed,  in  the  largest  fronds  pinnatifid  into  oblong  lobes 
which  are  toothed  at  the  apex,  sori  short,  placed  near  the 
midveins ;    indusia   delicate. 

Asplcnium  Bradleyi,  Eaton,  in  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botan.  Club,  iv., 
p.  II.  —  Bakkr,  Syn.  Fil.,  cd.  ii.,  p.  487.  —  Williamson,  Ferns 
of  Kentucky,  p.  57,  t.  xv.  —  Davenport,  Catal.,  p.  23. 

Hab. — Discovered  in  187 1  by  the  late  Professor  F.  H.  Bradley, 
growing  on  shaded  sandroclc  on  the  top  of  Walden's  Ridge,  in  the 
Cumberland  mountains  of  East  Tennessee.  Also  found  by  Professor 
Bradley  in  Morgan  County,  and  by  Mr.  )  vmes  Constable,  Jr.,  in  Roane 
County  in  the  same  State;  Lookout  Mountain,  Dr.  Gattinger;  Kcn- 
tuclcy,    Edmonson    County,    Professor    Hussey;    Estill    and    Rockcastle 


LM 


40 


FEKNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Counties,  Mr.  Williamson  ;  Arkansas,  near  the  White  River,  Professor 
F.  L.  Harvey.  Specimens  of  a  less  developed  form  were  collected  on 
limerock  near  Newburg,  New  York,  by  Dr.  F.  J.  Bumstead  and  myself, 
in    1864. 

Description:  —  This  varies  a  good  deal  in  the  shape 
of  the  fronds  and  in  the  degree  of  incision  of  the  pinnae, 
the  narrower  and  less  divided  forms  having  some  resem- 
blance to  A.  ebeneum,  and  the  larger  forms  looking  more 
like  ^.  montanum,  or  the  European  A.  lanccolatimi.  If  there 
could  be  a  hybrid  between  A.  ebeneum  and  A.  montanum,  it 
would  be  much  like  our  plant.  The  stalks  arc  dark  and 
polished,  sometimes  almost  black,  and  the  color  continues  up 
to  the  middle  part  of  the  frond,  except  in  the  smallest  spec- 
imens. The  fully  developed  plant  has  the  fronds  almost  bi- 
pinnate,  but  differs  from  A.  montanum  in  having  the  lowest 
pinnae  not  larger  than  the  others,  in  the  thinner  texture,  and 
in  the  shorter  stalks  of  the  pinnae.  It  will  probably  prove 
to  be  less  rare  than  is  supposed,  and  to  have  a  wide  range, 
since  the  Newburg  plant  is  manifestly  identical  with  that 
found  by  Mr.  Williamson  in  Estill  County,  Kentucky. 

Plate  LI.,  Fig.  4-8.  —  Asplenium  Bradleyi.  Three  plants  from 
Walden's  Ridge  are  represented,  showing  the  variations  in  form  and 
cutting.  Fig.  7  is  an  enlarged  pinna  from  the  largest  frond.  Fig.  8, 
a  spore. 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


41 


Plate  LI.  —  Fig.  9-1  i. 

ASPLENIUM  MONTANUM,  Willdenow. 

Mountain  Spleenwort. 

AsPLENiUM  MONTANUM: — Root-stoclc  short,  copiously  root- 
ing, chaffy  at  the  apex  with  dark-fuscous  narrow  pointed 
scales;  stalks  one  to  four  inches  long,  somewhat  ebeneous 
near  the  base,  becoming  green  higher  up,  and  so  passing  into 
the  narrowly  winged  herbaceous  rachis;  fronds  sub-coriaceous, 
two  to  four  inches  long,  ovate  or  lanceolate  from  a  broad 
base,  piinate;  pinnae  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  the  lower  ones 
pinnately  cleft  into  oblong-rhomboid  or  ovate  cut-toothed  lobes, 
the  upper  ones  gradually  simpler;  sori  short,  placed  near  the 
midvein,  the  lower  ones  often  double;  indusia  delicate,  entire. 

Asplcnium  motitajium,  Willdenow,  Sp.  PL,  v.,  p.  342.  —  Pursh,  F1.  Am. 
Sept.,  ii.,  p.  667.  —  Gray,  Manual,  ed.  i.,  p.  627,  etc.  —  Met- 
TENius,  Asplenium,  p.  145;  t.  v.,  fig.  34,  35. — Eaton,  in  Chap- 
man's Flora,  p.  592.  —  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  iii.,  p.  177. —  Hooker 
&  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  213.  —  Williamson,  Ferns  of  Kentucky, 
p.  65,  t.  xviii.  —  Davenport,  Catal,   p.  23. 

Asplcnium  Adiantum- nigrum,  Michaux,  F1.  Am.-Bor.,  ii.,  p.  265. — 
Heufler,  Aspl.  spec,  p.  300  {as  far  as  concerns  the  American 
plant). 


Iff!  r*  ^^' 


I  Si' 

lii; 


iii! 


43 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Had.  —  Crcviccr.  of  rockn  in  mountainous  districts,  from  Ulster 
County,  New  York,  wlicre  it  was  discovered  by  Rev.  H.  M.  Dicnslow, 
southward  along  the  Alle<rhanics,  and  west  of  them,  to  Kentucky,  Ten- 
nessee and  Alabama. ' 

Description:  —  This  plant  grows  in  dense  tufts,  the 
root-stocks  so  matted  and  fastened  together  by  interlacing 
rootlets  that  a  single  plant  is  not  easily  separated  from  the 
mass.  The  scales  of  the  root-stocks  appear  nearly  black  to 
the  eye,  but  when  placed  under  the  microscope  are  seen  to 
be  composed  in  the  lower  portion  of  nearly  square  cells,  the 
cell-walls  of  a  deep  vinous  red.  The  slender  acumination  of 
the  scales  is  formed  of  the  persistent  thickened  walls  of 
adjacent  cells,  the  thin  exterior  walls  having  probably  disap- 
peared, much  in  the  same  way  as  the  teeth  of  the  peristome 
are  formed  in  most  mosses. 

The  stalks  are  dark-brown  and  somewhat  polished  in  the 
lower  part,  but  become  green  and  herbaceous  below  the  base 
of  the  frond.  A  section  near  the  base  shows  two  fibro-vascular 
bundles,  but  these  arc  united  near  the  middle  of  the  stalk, 
and  a  section  made  just  below  the  frond  shows  but  or?e. 

■  I  liavc  specimens  from  several  places  in  Pennsylvania,  collected  by  Professor 
Porter  ami  Mr.  E.  Diffendaugii  ;  from  the  vicinity  of  Mamniotli  Cave,  Kentucky, 
Professor  IIussEY  ;  from  Eastern  Tennessee,  Professor  Hiiadi.ey  ;  from  North  Carolina, 
Professor  Gray,  and  abundant  specimens  fron'  Northern  Alabama,  sent  by  lion.  T.  M. 
Peters.  Professor  Eugene  A.  S.MITI1  sent  it  from  tlic  valley  of  the  Cohaba  River,  in 
central  Alabama.  Mr.  Aluert  K.  Smii.ey  writes  that  it  grows  abundantly  at  Lake  Mo- 
honk,  and  in  several  other  places  in  the  Shawangunk  Mountains  in  Ulster  County,  New 
York,  where  it  has  also  been  collectec'  by  Miss  C.  C.  Haskell  and  Professor  Peck. 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


43 


The  fronds  are  but  two  or  three  inches  long,  and  de- 
cidedly triangular-ovate  in  shape,  in  tho  specimens  collected 
by  the  earlier  botanists,  and  in  those  figured  by  Mettenius; 
but  some  '  the  plants  sent  by  Mr.  Peters  have  fronds  four 
inches  long,  exclusive  of  stalk.  Mr.  Williamson  speaks  of 
still  larger  fronds,  but  it  is  probable  that  his  "  six  or  seven  " 
and  "ten"  inches  include  the  stalk  as  well  as  the  frond. 
The  fronds  are  apparently  evergreen,  and  arc  of  a  thicker 
texture  than  those  of  A.  Bradlcyi ; — Hooker  calls  them 
subcoriaceo-mcmbranaccous.  They  are  always  broadest  at  the 
base,  so  that  the  shorter  ones  are  triangular-ovate,  and  the 
longer  ones  triangular-lanceolate.  The  longest  ones  often 
end  in  a  long  and  slender  pinnatifid  acumination.  The  rachis 
is  flattened  and  narrowly  winged.  The  fronds  arc  pinnate, 
and  have  several  pairs  of  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  pinn^u, 
the  lowest  ones  pinnatcly  divided  into  irregular  oblong  or 
rhomboid-ovate  segments,  which  arc  dentate  or  more  or  less 
cut-toothed.  The  pinnre  arc  gradually  smaller  and  simpler 
towards  the  apex  of  the  frond.  The  sori  arc  rather '  short, 
and  are  placed  near  the  midveins  of  the  segments.  The  lower 
one  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midvein  is  very  often  diplazioid, 
as  is  frequently  the  case  in  many  other  Asplenia  with  com- 
pound fronds.  The  indusia  are  very  thin,  and  have  an  entire 
margin;  as  the  sporangia  ripen  the  indusia  arc  reflexed  and 
hidden  by  the  fruit.  The  spores,  as  in  the  other  species  fig- 
ured in  our  fifty-first  plate,  are  ovoid  or  slightly  rcniform,  and 
irregularly  but  very  narrowly  winged. 


44 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


This  fern  bears  a  good  deal  of  resemblance  to  small 
forms  of  the  European  A.  Adiantum-nigyum,  for  which  it  is 
taken  by  Michaux.  Very  small  forms  of  it  are  somewhat  like 
A.  Ruta-murnria,  and  the  authors  of  the  Synopsis  Filicum 
remark  that  it  is  intermediate  between  the  two. 

Plate  LI.,  Fig.  9-11. — Asplenium  montanum.  The  specimen  fig- 
ured was  sent  from  Northern  Alabama  by  Hon.  T.  M.  Peters.  Fig. 
10  represents  two  or  three  of  the  fertile  segments,  and  Fig.  1 1  a  spore. 


I 


small 

it  is 

t  like 

llicum 


en  fig- 

•    F'g- 
spore. 


Plate  1.11 


WOODWAFUDTA  \TRGTTiIG/.,  ,-ijuiih, 


ATmaUiJiMj  &.  Co  Li*  Bo;' 


Plate 


Or 


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ATm3lniini&.CoLi*  BoJ' 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


45 


Plate  Lll. 

WOODWARDIA  VIRGINICA,  Smith. 

Virginia  Chain-Fern. 

WooDWARDiA  Virginica: — Root-Stock  fleshy,  subterranean, 
wide-creeping,  the  newer  portion  sparingly  chaffy  with  ap- 
pressed  scales;  stalks  scattered,  erect,  one  to  two  and  a  half 
feet  high,  stout,  ebeneous  near  the  base ;  fronds  about  as  long 
as  the  stalks,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  sub- 
coriaceous,  smooth,  pinnate ;  pinnas  numerous,  mostly  alternate, 
sessile,  four  to  eight  inches  long,  rarely  an  inch  wide,  deeply 
pinnatifid  into  crowded  ovate  obtuse  segments  having  a  cal- 
lous and  minutely  serrulate  edge;  veins  forming  a  scries  of 
narrow  areoles  along  the  midribs  and  midvcins ;  areoles 
emitting  free  forking  veinlets;  sori  oblong-linear,  one  to  each 
areole,  and  therefore  forming  a  series  each  side  the  midribs 
and  midveins;  indusium  arched,  at  length  opening  along  the 
inner  margin. 

IVoodioardia  Virginica,  S.\inii,  in  Meai.  Acad.  Turin,  v.,  p.  412. — 
SwAKTz,  .Syn.  I"il.,  p.  117.  —  Wji.i.dknow,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  418. — 
PuRsir,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  '70. — liniKLow,  I'"l.  Boston,  ccl. 
ill.,  p.  423. —  Gkav,  Manual,  cd.  !.,  p.  626;  ed.  ii.,  p.  593;  t. 
X.,  fig.  4,  5.  —  Metikxius,   I'il.    lloit.    Lips.,    p.    66,    t.    vi.,    fig. 


flfp  I 


46 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


I,  2. —  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  iii.,  p.  68.  —  Eaton,"  in  Chapman's  Flo- 
ra, p.  591. — Lawson,  in  Canad.  Naturalist,  i.,  p.  278.  —  Hooker 
&  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  188. 
H^oodwardia  Bams/eriana,  MicuAVK,  Fl.  Am.-Bor.,  ii.,  p.  263.  —  Swartz, 

Syn.  Fil.,  p.   117. 
Woodwardia  thclypterioides,  Pursii,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  670. 
Bicclmum  Virginicum,  Linn^us,  "Mantissa,  p.  307." 
Blcchnum  Caroliniantini,  Walter,  "  Fl.  Carol.,  p.  257." 
Doodia  Virginica,  Presl,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  99.  —  Torrey,  Fl.  New  York. 

ii.,  p.  489. 
Anchistex   Virginica,  Presl,  Epim.  Bot.,  p.  71.  —  J.  Smith,  Ferns,   Brit, 
and  Foreign,  p.  205. 

Had.  —  A  rather  rare  fern,  though  plentiful  in  certain  favorable 
localities.  It  grows  in  swamps,  often  where  the  depth  of  the  water 
renders  the  plant  almost  inaccessible.  The  range  is  from  Canada  and 
New  England  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Arkansas  and  Louisiana.  It 
is  named  in  the  catalogues  of  the  plants  of  Michigan  and  Ohio,  but  is 
apparently  not  found  in  the  valley  of  the  upper  Mississippi.  It  is  found 
also  in  Bermuda." 

Description:— The  root-stock  of  this  fern  is  nearly  as 
thick  as  a  man's  little  finger,  and  creeps  just  beneath  the  sur- 
face of   the    fine    mud   at   the    bottom   of   the   shallow   ponds 


■  Tlicie  is  :i  line  slation  lor  tliis  I'uni  in  a  swiimp  on  the  top  of  Mt.  Ciiniiel,  in  New 
Haven  County,  Connecticut.  I  liave  also  seen  it  plentiful  on  the  borders  of  swamps  in 
pine  woods  near  Manchester,  Now  Jersey.  The  most  southern  station  I  know  of  is  near 
Indian  River,  Florida,  whence  it  was  l)rou',dit  by  Dr.  E.  Vai.mi;ii.  In  a  swamp  full  of 
shrubs  it  faces  every  way,  but  in  sunny  places  the  fronds  uniformly  face  the  south. 


'm 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


47 


where  it  prefers  to  grow.  In  seasons  when  the  ponds  are 
nearly  dry  the  root-stock  may  be  traced  a  long  distance  from 
the  fronds.  I  have  torn  up  a  root-stock  ten  feet  long,  and 
found  over  six  feet  of  it  undecayed.  It  is  irregularly  branched, 
soft  and  fleshy;  the  rind  is  moderately  tough,  black,  and 
naked,  except  near  the  advancing  end,  where  it  is  thinly  cov- 
ered with  small  ovate  entire  yellowish-brown  scales.  It  con- 
sists mainly  of  soft  white  parenchyma,  through  which  there 
run  several  irregular  bundles  and  threads  of  fibro-vascular 
tissue. 

The  stalks,  which  are  continuous  with  the  root-stock,  rise 
from  it  a  few  inches  apart,  and  those  which  support  living 
fronds  arc  found  about  six  inches  from  the  apex.  Nearer  the 
apex  are  found  a  few  buds,  representing  undeveloped  fronds, 
and  a  few  old  stalks  may  be  seen  back  of  the  living  ones; 
but  they  disappear  in  a  year  or  two,  leaving  the  root-stock 
bare,  except  for  the  not  very  abundant  rootlets.  The  stalks 
vary  in  length  from  a  few  inches  up  to  over  two  feet.  They 
are  erect,  rigid,  nearly  black  near  the  base,  but  of  a  dull 
brownish-green  higher  up.  There  arc  at  first  a  few  little 
appressed  scales  borne  near  the  base  of  the  stalk,  but  these 
soon  disappear.  The  fibro-vascular  bundles  are  about  seven, 
arranged  just  beneath  the  outer  sclerenchymatous  sheath, 
the  two  anterior  ones  much  larger  than  the  others. 

The  fronds  are  nearly  erect,  sub-coriaceous  in  texture, 
and  of  a  dark  full  herbaceous  green.  The  largest  ones  are 
two  and  a  half   feet  long   and    about    a   foot  wide,   and   at   a 


I  i'ii': 


48 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


distance  look  like  the  fronds  of  Osmunda  cinnamomca.  They 
are  oblong-ovate  in  shape,  slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  and 
short-pointed  at  the  apex.  There  are  about  sixteen  pinnae 
on  each  side,  each  one  divided  to  within  a  line  of  the  mid- 
rib into  very  numerous  crowded  slightly  oblique  triangular- 
oblong  minutely  serrulate  segments  or  lobes.  The  veins  form 
a  scries  of  very  narrow  areoles,  running  from  the  midvein 
of  one  lobe  to  that  of  the  next.  A  like  series  of  shorter 
areoles  runs  along  both  sides  of  the  midveins  of  the  lobes. 
Outside  of  these  areoles  the  veinlets  are  free  and  forking. 
In  fertile  fronds,  which  are  in  other  respects  like  the  sterile, 
the  areoles,  or  many  of  them,  are  filled  each  with  a  single 
oblong  sorus,  covered  by  a  somewhat  arched  indusium  which 
is  attached  to  the  enclosing  vein,  and  opens  along  the  side 
next  the  midrib.  The  spores  are  oval  and  irregularly  winged. 
Mettcnius  remarks  of  this  fern:  —  "This  species,  distin- 
guished by  the  formation  of  the  frond,  was  raised  by  Presl 
to  a  genus,  "  Aiic/iistca,"  and  characterized  by  a  flat  indusium 
and  by  veinlets  anastomosing  in  the  callous  border.  These 
statements  are  erroneous,  for  the  indusium  is  arched  over 
the  swelling  sori,  and  the  veinlets  radiating  from  the  areoles 
extend  to  the  border  composed  of  compact  colorless  cells 
without  forming  any  anastomosis." 

Plate  LII.  —  IVoodwardia  Virginica.  The  plant  figured  is  from 
Newton,  Massachusetts,  and  is  in  Mr.  Fa.xon's  collection.  Fig.  2  shows 
two  segments  enlarged.  Fig.  3  is  a  spore;  Fig.  4,  a  section  of  the 
stalk,  and  Fig.  5,  of  the  root-stock. 


il 

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ill 

ley 
,nd 
nx 
id- 
lar- 
rm 
ein 
rter 

DCS. 

ing. 

rile, 

igle 

lich 

side 

[red. 

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ium 

hesc 

over 

;oles 

cells 


from 
ihows 
f  the 


Plate.!,  in 


GYF^TCPTERIC  F3131X  lin'^Lx/ >, 
YSTOrTERTo  FHAC-IIiS,  ^^"'"^^^ySTOPTERI?  MONTANA,  Bri-iJu  ATTn»tmn(!8.('«T..'i  R'-1 


Ul!       r.HIiTierton.del 
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Plate  I  !^■ 


16. 


A  .-i 


1  :'  iM    ■  . 
Armstmn(J&.(A)l,ilJ'  3«- 


FKRNS    Ol'     NORTH     AMERICA. 


49 


P1.AT1;  LI  1 1.  — Fig.   1-8. 

CYSTOPTERIS    FRAGILIS,  Bernhardi. 

Brittle  Fern. 

Cystopteris  FRAGILIS :  —  Root-stock  elongated,  creeping, 
covered  with  persistent  stalk-bases,  very  chaffy  towards  the 
apex  with  delicate  ovate-acuminate  ferruginous  scales;  stalks 
slender,  brittle,  stramineous  or  bright-brown,  a  few  inches  to 
a  foot  long,  sparingly  chaffy  at  the  base;  fronds  broadly  lan- 
ceolate, thin-membranaceous,  smooth,  usually  bipinnate;  pinnae 
oblong-ovate  or  somewhat  deltoid,  pointed;  pinnules  dccurrent 
on  the  winged  secondary  rachis,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 
toothed  or  variously  incised  with  toothed  lobules ;  veinlets 
pinnately  arranged  on  the  midveins,  running  mostly  to  the 
teeth  of  the  lobes,  the  lower  ones  forked,  the  upper  ones 
mostly  simple;  sori  small,  roundish,  seated  usually  on  the 
middle  of  the  veinlets  nearest  the  midvein ;  indusium  very 
delicate,  roundish  or  ovate,  convex,  entire  or  toothed,  placed 
on  the  veinlct  below  the  sorus  and  at  first  covering  it,  after- 
wards rcflexed. 

Cystopteris  fragilis,  BicuNiiARiir,  in  Scliradcrs  Ncues  Joiirii.  f.  d.  Bot- 
anik,  i.,  part  i.,  p.  27,  t.  2,  f.  9.  — Tokri-v,  Flora  of  New  York,  ii., 
p.  501.— HooKiiR,  Sp.  Fil.,  i.,  p.  197;  Brit.  I'orns,  t.  23.— 
Gray,  Manual  cd.  i.,  j).  629,  etc.  —  Newman,  Hist.  Brit.  Ferns, 


r;J'S   t! 


Jft^  FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMICRICA. 

ed,  iii.,  p.  88.  —  Moork,  Nat.  Pr.  Hrit.  Ferns,  t.  xlvi.,  A. — 
METri'Niu.s,  ImI.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  97.  — Lawson,  in  Canad.  Nat- 
uralist, i.,  p.  286.  —  MooKHR  Sc  Hakicr,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  103. — 
MiLDE,  HI.  Eur.  ct  Atl.,  p.  147.  —  VVii.i.iamson,  Terns  of  Ken- 
tucky, p.   103,  t.  xxxviii.  —  Uaventort,  Catal.,  p.  33. 

Poly  podium  frai:;ilc,  Linn.eus,  Sj>.  PI.,  p.   1553. 

Aspidium  fragile.   Swart/,   Syn.    l-'il.,  p.   58.  —  Sciikuiir,  Krypt.  Gew., 

P-    53.    t.    54.    55.    56.  —  WlI.I.DKNOW,    Sp.    PL,    p.    280.      , 

Cyathca  fragilis,  Smith,  "Engl.  Pot.,  t.  1587." 
Cystca  fragilis,  Smith,  "Engl.  Flora,  iv.,  285." 
Cystoptcris  tenuis,  Desvaux,  "Prodr.,  p.  263." — Sctidit,  Gen.  P'ii. —  Moore, 

Index  Fil.,  p.  285. 
Nrphrodium  tenue,  Michaux,  F1.  Am.-Bor.,  ii.,  p.  269. 
Aspidium    tenue,   Swartz,   .Syn.    Fil.,    p.    58.  —  Sciikuiir,    Krypt.    Cew., 

p.   196,  t,    53,   b.  —  W1U.DEN0W,   Sp.    PL,   v.,   p.    279.  —  Puusii, 

Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  665. 
Cystoptcris  Douglasii,   Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  i.,  p.   200;    Ic.  PL,  t.  955. 
Cystopteris  Sandvicensis,  Brackenridge,  I-'il.  U.  S.  \l\.  I'^xped.,  p.  234.  ■ 

Hah.  —  In  crevices  of  siiailed  rocks  and  among  stones,  less  com- 
monly at  the  base  of  trees,  or  in  earth  along  rivulets ;  from  .'\rctic 
America  to  Tierra  del  Iniego,  and  from  Iceland  to  New  Zealand,  one 
of  the  most  universally  ilistributetl  of  ferns. 

Description:  —  The  root-stock  of  this  fern  sometimes 
attains  a  length  of  four  or  five  inches,  but  is  usually  shorter 
and  more  condensed.     While  it  is  really  quite    slender,    it   is 

■  For  inuoli  other  synonyiny  see  the  writings  above  referred  to,  especially  those  of 
Hooker,  Moore  ami  Milde.  Many  nominal  species  of  Cystopteris  are  now  coninionly 
referred  to  this  one;  and  Milde  even  <^ocs  so  far  as  to  unite  with  it  C  alpina  (or  rcgia), 
which  most  authors  have  considcretl  fairly  distinct. 


•KRNS   OF    NOKTH    AMERICA. 


51 


made  to  appear  rather  stout  by  the  fleshy  bases  of  the  stalks, 
whieh  remain  attached  to  it  a  long  time.  Mr.  Moore  con- 
sidered the  North  American  plant  with  a  "  wide-creeping  rhi- 
zome" distinct  from  the  European,  and  calls  it  C.  tenuis,  but 
admits  that  some  of  the  North  American  specimens  are  true 
C.  fyagilis.  I  fintl  as  great  a  difference  in  the  root-stocks  of 
European  as  of  American  plants,  and  so  far  from  recognizing 
two  species,  I  can  fmd  no  varieties  sufficiently  distinct  to  be 
worth  careful  definition.  The  scales,  which  are  found  at  the 
apex  of  the  root-stock,  are  thin  and  delicate,  and  usually  en- 
tire and  slender  pointed ;  but  in  the  plant  selected  for  Mr, 
Faxon's  pencil  they  are  accompanied  by  slender  moniliform 
filaments,  and  often  terminate  in  a  rounded  gland. 

The  fronds  grow  in  a  dense  cluster,  and  are  supported 
on  slender  and  brittle  stalks  commonly  from  four  to  six 
inches  long.  The  bases  of  the  stalks  are  enlarged  and  of 
a  dark  color,  while  the  rest  of  the  stalk  is  green  like  the 
fronds.  The  fronds  are  only  three  and  a  half  inches  long  in 
some  little  specimens  recently  brought  from  Disko  Island;  but 
commonly  the  length  is  six  or  eight  inches  and  the  breadth 
about  half  as  much.  In  the  southern  part  of  Mexico,  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  and  in  the  Canaries,  fronds  are  found  over 
a  foot  long.  The  general  shape  of  the  fronds  is  ovate-lanceo- 
late, commonly  a  little  narrower  at  the  base  than  at  the 
second  or  third  pair  of  pinnx.  The  pinn.ne  have  a  narrowly 
winged  midrib,  so  that  while  the  frond  appears  bipinnate,  it 
is  really  but  once  pinnate,  and  has  pinnatisect  pinnae. 


Sa 


FICRNS   Ol-    NOUIH    AMIiKICA. 


The  segments  of  the  pinnne  vary  much  in  shape  and 
much  more  in  cutting.  They  are  roundish-oval,  ovate,  rhom- 
boid-ovate, or  ovate-lanceohitc  in  different  forms;  and  are 
sometimes  merely  dentate  with  short  and  obtuse  teeth  (van 
dcntata) ;  or  more  deeply  toothed  with  narrow  teeth  (var.  an- 
gustata)\  or  are  irregularly  laciniate  with  still  narrower  teeth, 
the  frond  at  the  same  time  being  narrow,  and  the  segments 
scarcely  distinct  from  each  other  (var.  laciniata  of  Mr.  Dav- 
enport).    Milde  gives  seventeen  forms  and  varieties. 

The  indusium  is  either  rounded  or  ovate ;  sometimes 
ovate  with  a  narrow  beak-like  point,  which  is  laciniate  at  the 
tip.  It  rests  directly  on  the  fertile  vcinlct,  and  at  first  cov- 
ers the  rounded  sorus,  but  is  at  length  pushed  back  by  the 
ripening  sporangia,  and  is  often  at  last  entirely  concealed  by 
them.     The  spores  are  ovoid  and  usually  muriculate. 

Cystopteris  alpina,  has  the  fronds  more  finely  compound, 
and  the  lobules  are  generally  emarginate,  the  vcinlct  running 
to  the  indentation.  It  has  not,  so  far  as  I  know,  been  col- 
lected on  this  continent,  but  may  occur  in  the  far  North- 
West. 

Plate  LIII.,  Fig.  1-8.  —  Cystopteris  fragilis.  Fig.  i  is  from  New 
Haven,  and  is  nearly  typical;  l-'ig.  2  is  a  pinnule,  enlarged;  Fig.  3,  an 
indusium,  seated  on  a  veinlct,  and  covering  a  fruit  dot ;  I'ig  4  is  a 
spore ;  Fig.  5  is  a  pinna  of  what  is  called  var.  dcntata ;  Fig.  6, 
szx.  angiistata ;  I'ig.  7,  a  form  with  incised  segments;  Fig.  8  var.  lacin- 
iata,  of  Mr.   Davenport. 


PEKNS   OF    NORTH    AMUKICA. 


53 


Plate  LI  1 1.  —  Fio.  9-12. 

CYSTOPTERIS  MONTANA,  Beknhardi. 

Mountain  Cystopteris. 

Cystopteuis  MONTANA: — Root-stoclc  creeping,  cord-like 
and  very  slender,  scaly  near  the  apex ;  stalks  scattered,  del- 
icate, four  to  ten  inches  long,  bearing  a  few  ovate  scales, 
especially  near  the  base ;  fronds  three  to  five  inches  long, 
broadly  deltoid  or  pentagonal-ovate,  thin-mcmbranaceous,  three 
or  four  times  pinnate;  rachises  all  narrowly  winged;  lowest 
pinnae  unequally  deltoid-ovate,  much  larger  than  the  second 
pair,  which  is  larger  than  the  third ;  ultimate  pinnules  oblong 
or  ovate,  pinnatcly  incised  with  toothed  lobes,  the  teeth 
mostly  emarginately  bidentate;  veins  pinnated,  the  superior 
basal  vcinlets  soriferous  near  the  middle;  indusia  very  deli- 
cate, ovate,  cucuUate,  irregularly  toothed  towards  the  apex. 

Cystoptcris  montana,  Bekniiauui,  in  Schraders  Ncucs  Journ.  f.  d.  Bot- 
anik,  i.,  part  ii.,  p.  26.  —  Link,  "Hort.  Derol.,  ii.,  p.  231;"  Fil. 
Hort.  Berol.,  p.  47. —  Hooker,  F1.  Bor.  Am.,  ii.,  p.  260;  Sp. 
Fil.,  !.,  p.  200;  Brit.  Ferns,  t.  25.  —  Moore,  Brit.  Ferns,  Na- 
ture Printed,  t.  xlvi.,  G;  Indc.\  Fil.,  p.  283.  —  Kocd,  Syn.  Fl. 
Germ,  et  Helvet.,  ed.  iii.,  p.  735.  —  Hooker  &  Baker,  Syn. 
Fil,  p.   104.  —  Eaton,  Ferns  of  the  Soudi-Wcst,  p.  337. 


n  1 


54 


FERNS  OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


Polypodium  monianum,  Lamarck,  "  Fl.  !•>.  i.,  p.  23." 
Cyalhca  monlana,  Smith,  in  "Mem.  Acad.  Turin,  v.,  p.  417." 
Aspidium    montamim,   Svvautz,    in   "  Schraders   Journ.  Bot.,   1800,  ii.,  p. 
42;"   Syn.  Fil.,  p.  61.  —  Sciikuhu,  Krypt.  Gew.,  p.  61,  t.  63. — 
Weber   &   Monu,  Deutschlands   Krypt.   Gew.,   p.   38.  —  Wjll- 
DENOW,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.   286. 
Cystopteris  myrrhidi folia,  Nlwman,  Hist.  Brit.  Ferns,  ed.  iii.,  p.  97. 
Polypodium  myrrhidifolium,  Vii.lars,  "  Hist.  PI.  Dauph.,  iii.,  p.  851,  t.  53." 

Had.  —  By  streams  in  shady  alpine  woods  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
of  British  America,  Drummono,  No.  685.  North  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, J.  Macoun,  1869.  Forteau,  Labrador,  Rev.  S.  R.  Butler,  in 
1870. —  Mountains  of  Europe,  from  Scotland  and  Scandinavia  to  the 
,\ppenines   and  Carpathians.     Very  doubtfully  North  Asiatic. 

Description: — The  long  and  slender  root-stock  is  very 
jnlike  what  we  find  in  the  other  species  of  this  genus. 
The  slender  stalks  are  sparingly  chaffy  with  entire  ovate 
scales,  and  dark  brown  at  the  base,  but  green  and  herbaceous 
towards  the  frond.  They  contain  two  oval  fibro-vascular 
bundles.  The  fronds  are  very  tender  and  delicate,  and  are 
fully  thrice  pinnate,  —  almost  quadri-pinnatc.  The  veinlets 
generally  end  at  the  indentation  between  two  teeth,  much 
as  in  C.  alpina.     The  spores  arc  finely  muriculate. 

This  is  certainly  one  of  the  very  rarest  of  North  Amer- 
ican Ferns. 

Mr.  Faxon  has  drawn  the  fronds  from  the  Labrador  specimens,  but 
supplied  the  root-stock  from  a  plant  from  I^ke  Superior.  The  details 
ire  a  magnified  pinnule,  a  sorus  with  indusium  and  a  spore. 


FERNS  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


55 


Plate  LIII.—  Fig.  13-17. 

CYSTOPTERIS  BULBIFERA,  Bernhardi. 

Bulblet   Cystopteris. 

Cystopteris  BULBIFERA :  —  Root-stock  short,  covered  with 
fleshy  stalk-bases,  sparingly  chaffy  at  the  apex;  stalks  clus- 
tered, slender,  six  to  ten  inches  long;  fronds  membranaceous, 
excessively  elongated,  tapering  from  the  base  to  the  slender 
apex,  commonly  one  to  two  feet  long  and  three  to  five 
inches  broad  at  the  base,  bipinnate,  often  bearing  bulblets  at 
the  base  of  the  pinnae  and  elsewhere ;  main  rachis  wingless ; 
pinnae  very  numerous,  ovate-oblong;  pinnules  oblong,  obtuse, 
pinnately  lobed  or  toothed,  the  lower  ones  distinct,  the  rest 
adnate  to  the  secondary  rachis ;  sori  abundant,  placed  on  the 
back  of  the  veinlcts  near  the  midveins  of  the  segments ; 
indusium  very  delicate,  roundish-truncate,  convex,  somewhat 
glandular. 

Cystopteris  bulbifcra,  BEiiNiiARDi,  in  vSchradcrs  Neues  Journ.  f.  d.  Bot- 
anik,  i.,  part  i.,  p.  10,  27.  —  Link,  "Hort.  Bcrol,  ii.,  p.  129;" 
HI.  Hort.  Berol,  p.  45. —  Prksi.,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  93. — Tou 
RF.Y,  Fl.  New  York,  ii.,  p.  501.  —  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  !.,  p.  199. — 
Gray,  Manual,  cd.  !.,  p.  628.  —  Mettknius,  Fil.  Hort.  Lips., 
p.   96.  —  Eaton,   in   Chapman's   Flora,   p.    594.  —  Moore,   Ind. 


56 


FERNS    OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


Fil.,  p.  279.  —  Lawson,  in  Canad.  Naturalist,  i.,  p.  287. — 
Hooker  &  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  103. — Williamson,  Ferns  of 
Kentucky,  p.   105,  t.  xxix. 

Polypodium  bulbifsrum,  Linnaeus,  Sp.  PL,  p.  1553. 

Aspidium  bulbiferum,  Swartz,  "in  Scliraders  Journ.,  1800,  ii.,  p.  41;" 
Syn.  Fil.,  p.  59.  —  Sciikuhr,  Krj'pt.  Gew.,  p.  55,  t.  57. — 
WiLLDENow,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  275.  —  PuRsii,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  ii., 
p.  663.  —  BiGELOw,  Fl.  Boston,  ed.  iii.,  p.  420. 

Ncphrodmm  bulbiferum,  Miciiaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.,  ii.,  p.  268. 

Aspidium  atomarium,  Muhlenderg,  MS.  (^Jide  Gray). — Willdenow,  Sp. 
PI.,  v.,  p.  279. — PuRsii,  Fl.  Am.,  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  665. 

Filix  baccifcra,  Cornutus,  Canad.  Plant.  Hist,  p.  5,  t.   4. 

Hai5.  —  Dripping  rocky  banks  and  moist  places  among  rocks,  some- 
times where  there  are  no  rocks ;  froin  Canada  and  New  England  to 
Tennessee,  and  westward  to  Wisconsin  and  Arkansas.  It  is  not  uni- 
versally distributed  over  the  country,  but  is  abundant  in  favorable  local- 
ities, and  seems  to  prefer  a  calcareous  soil. 

Description:  —  The  root-stock  of  this  fern  is  usually 
quite  short,  seldom  over  an  inch  long,  and  is  covered  with 
the  persistent  and  somewhat  fleshy  bases  of  old  stalks.  The 
chaff  consists  of  a  very  few  little  ovate  dark-brown  scales  at 
the  very  base  of  the  stalks,  or  at  the  ape.K  of  the  root-stock. 

The  stalks  are  very  slender  and  often  nearly  a  foot  long, 
smooth  and  rather  brittle,  usually  green  in  color,  except  at 
the  very  base,  where  they  are  dark-brown;  but  sometimes 
the  whole  stalk  and  the  rachis  will  be  brownish  nearly  to  the 
apex  of  the   frond.    The   stalk   is   rounded   at   the   back,   but 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


57 


has  a  deep  though  narrow  furrow  in  front.  It  contains  two 
oval  fibro-vascular  bundles,  which  coalesce  just  below  the  base 
of  the  frond  into  one  which  has  a  crescent-shaped  section. 

The  fronds  of  mature  plants  are  seldom  less  than  a  foot 
long  and  sometimes  very  much  longer.  Professor  F.  L.  Har- 
vey tells  of  fronds  measuring,  with  the  stalk,  fully  four  feet 
in  length.  The  fronds  are  broadest  at  the  base,  where  the 
width  is  from  three  to  five  or  perhaps  six  inches.  From  the 
base  they  are  gradually  narrowed  to  the  apex,  givi:.g  a  nar- 
rower and  more  tapering  outline  than  any  other  of  our  ferns 
which  have  compound  and  feathery  fronds.  The  fronds 
are  herbaceous,  and  rather  thin  in  texture,  and  yet  not  with- 
out a  kind  of  brittle  rigidity.  They  are  produced  in  early 
summer,  and  wither  at  the  coming  of  frost.  The  rachises  and 
midribs  are  very  minutely  glandular  in  the  living  plant. 

The  lowest  pinnae  stand  forward  while  the  frond  is  grow- 
ing, and  are  often  slightly  deflexed  in  dried  specimens.  A 
large  frond  has  as  many  as  forty  pinnae  on  each  side,  those 
near  the  apex  of  course  very  small.  In  the  lower  pinnas 
the  secondary  rachises  are  not  winged,  but  in  the  rest  there 
is  a  narrow  wing  formed  by  the  dccurrent  bases  of  the  pin- 
nules. The  pinnules  are  oblong,  obtuse,  and  more  or  less 
incised  or  toothed  according  to  their  size  and  position.  The 
veins  are  translucent  in  the  living  plant.  The  sori  are  scat- 
tered all  over  the  frond,  often  even  to  the  very  base.  They 
are  placed  on  the  lowest  superior  veinlet  of  each  group,  near 
its  middle,  and  so  very  near  the    midvcin.     The    indusium    is 


58 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


very  delicate,  usually  rather  dark  in  color,  and  is  truncated 
at  the  top,  as  if  broken  off.    The  spores  are  muriculate. 

The  bulbs  are  found  on  the  under  side  of  the  frond, 
mostly  at  the  base  of  the  pinnae,  but  occur  often  in  various 
other  positions.  They  consist  of  two,  sometimes  three  or  four, 
rounded  fleshy  cotyledon-like  greenish  or  deep-colored  masses, 
containing  a  rudimentary  frond  or  two  between  their  bases, 
like  a  plumule.  Falling  to  the  ground  they  soon  emit  a  few 
slender  rootlets,  and  send  up  a  few  little  fronds  the  next  sea- 
son.    The  second  year   they   produce   fully   developed   fronds. 

Plants  from  Eastern  Tennessee  and  some  from  Wiscon- 
sin and  Arkansas  have  shorter  fronds  and  few  bulblets,  the 
fronds  being  sometimes  broadly  ovate  and  by  no  means  acu- 
minate. Professor  Lawson,  in  the  Canadian  Naturalist,  has 
proposed  two  varieties,  as  follows :  "  horizontalis ;  frond  tri- 
angular-lanceolate, broad  at  base,  not  more  than  three  or  four 
times  longer  than  broad,  pinnas  horizontal ;"  and  var.  "flagel- 
liformis;  frond  linear,  attenuated  upwards,  very  long  and 
narrow,  six  or  seven  times  longer  than  broad ;  pinn.ne  less 
horizontal."  His  first  variety  is  pretty  nearly  our  Arkansas 
plant :   the  second  is  the  normal  form  of   the  species. 

Plate  LIII.,  Fig.  13-16. —  Cystopleris  bidbifera,  from  Brattleboro, 
Vermont.  Fig.  14  is  a  pinnule,  moderately  enlarged,  and  Figs.  15  and 
16  are  a  sorus  and  a  spore,  magnified. 


m 


m 


Plate  ilV. 


y^l 


PFAIAIA  TERNTI'OLT/.,  Lmk 


/V,'     ~  PEII^EA   GRACILIS.  Hooker. 

PFilvEA  ■y\TROPl^RPURE/V,   Lmk.  A^et^^S^aLlth  Boston 


li*^' 


FERNS   OF   NOUTH   AMERICA. 


59 


Plate   LI V.  — Fig.  1-3. 

PELL^A  TERNIFOLIA,  Link. 

Trifoliate   Cliff-Brake. 

Pell^a  TERNIFOLIA : — Root-stock  short,  thick,  nodose, 
chaffy  with  very  narrow  dark-brown  scales  ;  stalks  clustered, 
purplish-black  and  polished,  three  to  six  inches  long  ;  fronds 
as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  stalks,  oblong-linear ;  pinnae  from 
four  to  fifteen  pairs,  all  but  a  few  of  the  highest  ones  deeply 
tripartite;  segments  elongated-oval  or  linear-obovate,  sub- 
coriaceous,  somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  green  above,  slightly 
mucronate,  the  middle  one  in  large  fronds  indistinctly  petiol- 
ulate;  fertile  ones  with  the  edges  much  recurved;  involucre 
broad,  the  edge  only  membranaceous. 

Pdlcea  ternifolia,  Link,  Fil.  Hort.  Berol.,  p.  59. — Fee,  Gen.  Fil.,  p. 
129.  — Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  i.,  p.  142;  Fil.  Exot.,  t.  xv.  —  Four- 
NiER,  PI.  Mex.,  Crypt.,  p.  118.  —  Eaton,  Ferns  of  the  South- 
west, p.  321. 

Pleris  ternifolia,  Cavanilles,  "  Prael.  1801,  No.  657." — Hooker  &  Gre- 
viLLE,  Ic.  Fil.,  t.   126. 

Platyloma  terni/olium,  J.  Smith. — Brackenridge,  Fil.  U.  S.  Ex.  Exped., 
p.  94. 

Allosorus  icnifolius,  Kunze,  in  Linnsea,  xxiii.,  p.  220. 


F  'J  I 


60 


FliKNS    ()!•     NORTH     AMICUICA. 


Ptcris  subvcrliciUata,  Swaui/,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.    103.  —  Wii.i.uiiNow,    Sp.    PI., 

v.,  p.  375- 
Hah. —  Texas,  Trecui,,  No.  1334,  according  to  I'ouniicr.  New  Mex- 
ico, VVuKiiiT,  accordiii}^  to  Hooker  in  Filiccs  Exotica.  The  only  specimens 
from  Te.\as  wiiicli  I  have  of  this  species  were  collected  by  Dr.  Suthjn 
Havks,  near  tlic;  headwaters  of  the  Rio  Colorado  of  Te.xas.  It  is  a 
common  Mexican  species;  it  is  found  as  far  South  as  Peru,  and  reap 
pears  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Description:  —  This  belongs  to  <-hc  same  group  of  spe- 
cies as  P.  IVy'igJitiaua,  brachyptera  and  Ornitliopus.  It  has 
the  same  nodose  and  scaly  root-stock,  dark  and  polished  stalk, 
glaucescent  frond  and  mucronidate  pinnules.  In  Mexico, 
South  America  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands  it  never  occurs 
with  more  than  trifoliolate  pinnules,  and  this  is  perhaps  the 
best  reason  for  considering  P.  IFyightiana  a  distinct  species. 
The  pinna;  are  tripartite  rather  than  trifoliolate,  while  in  the 
other  fern  just  referred  to,  when  trifoliolate  the  odd  pinnule 
is  more  distinct  and  usually  stalked,  a  distinction  indicated 
by  Hooker,  but  for  which  I  am  more  indebted  to  the  accu- 
rate discrimination  of  Mr.  Faxon.  In  more  southern  localities 
the  fronds  are  considerably  larger  than  Dr.  Hayes'  specimens, 
and  the  segments  of  the  pinn.ne  ampler.  In  very  dry  seasons 
the  pinnae  are  considerably  deflexed.  The  spores  arc  trivit- 
tatc  as  in  the  related  species. 

Plate  LIV.,  Fig.  1-3. — Pcllcca  tcrnifMa,  from  Texas.  Fig.  2  is  a 
tripartite  pinna,  enlarged,  and  showing  (he  venation,  involucre,  etc. 
F'g-  3  '«  a  spore. 


FUUNS   Ol-    NOKTH    AMURICA. 


61 


Plate  LIV.  —  Fig.  4-7. 

PELL^A  ATROPURPUREA,  Link. 

Clayton's   Cliff- Brake. 

Pell/ea  ATROPURPUREA :  —  Root-stoclc  short,  knotted, 
chaffy  with  very  narrow  long-pointed  soft  cinnamon-brown 
scales;  stalks  four  to  eight  inches  high,  terete,  wiry,  dark- 
purple  or  reddish-black,  polished  or  more  or  less  pubescent 
with  paleaceous  hairs;  fronds  six  to  twelve  inches  long, 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  evergreen,  subcoriaccous, 
pinnate,  usually  twice  pinnate  near  the  base;  rachises  smooth 
or  hairy;  pinnae  four  to  twelve  pairs,  the  lower  ones  long- 
stalked,  and  divided  into  five  to  nine  pinnules ;  upper  pinnx 
and  the  pinnules  nearly  sessile;  oval  to  linear-oblong,  at  the 
base  truncate  or  subcordate  or  sometimes  hastate,  obtuse  or 
obtusely  mucronulate,  terminal  ones  longest;  veins  obscure, 
mostly  twice  forked ;  involucre  rather  broad,  formed  of  the 
continuously  recurved  margin,  paler  and  membranaceous  on 
the  edge,  not  fully  covering  the  ripened  sporangia. 

Pellcea  atropurpurea,  Link,  Fil.  Hort.  Ikrol.,  p.  59.  —  FfeE,  Gen.  Fil., 
p.  129.  — Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.  138. —  Eaton,  in  Chapman's 
Flora,  p.  589;  Gray's  Manual,  ed.  v.,  p.  660;  Ferns  of  the 
South-West.    p.    319. —  Lawson,    in    Canad.    Naturalist,    i.,    p. 


I  ! 


n: 
n 


U   i: 


h 


6a 


FERNS  OF  NOKTU  AMERICA. 


272.  —  1I(K)ki;k  &   Uakick,   Syn.   I'll.,  p.    147.  —  Fournier,   PI. 

Mf.\.,   Crypt.,   p.    119.  —  \Vii.i.iAMsoN,    Ferns   of    Kentucky,   p. 

52,  t.   12. 
J'/cn's  aOo/>iif/)urea,  Linn.ii:us,  .Sp.  PI.,  p.  1534. —  Miciiaux,  FI.  Hor.-Ain., 

ii.,  p.  261. — SwARTZ,  Syn.  I-'il.,  p.   106. — Sciikuiiu,  Krypt.  Gcw., 

p.  93,  t.    loi.— VVn.u)ENo\v,   Sp.    PL,   v.,  p.   375.— I'uksii,   F1. 

Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  668. 
Platyloina  atropurpitrcum,  J.  .SMirii. — ^Torrey,  F1.  New  York,  11.,  p.  488. 
Allosorus  atropurpurcus,  KuNzic,  in  Sill.  Journ.,  July,   1848,  p.  86  ;   Lin- 

na;a,  x.xili.,  p.  218. — Grav,  Manual,  ed.  11.,  p.  591. — Meitenius, 

Fll.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  44. 
Pellaa  mucronala.  Fee,  gme  Mem.,  p.  8. 

PcUaa  glabella,  Meitenius  &  Kuun,  In  LlnnEca,  xxxvl.,  p.  87. 
Picris  spiculata,  Sciikuhr,  Krypt.  Gevv.,  p.  92,  t.  loo. 
Plcris  ^Idianti  facie,  caule  ramulis  petiolisqiie  politiore  nitorc  nigrican- 

tibus,  etc.,  GkONuvius,  \}\.  Ylryinica,  ed.  1.,  p.    197. 

Hah.  —  Crevices  of  shaded  calcareous  rocks;  from  Canada  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  of  British  America,  and  southward  to  Alabama,  Ar- 
kansas, Indian  Territory  and  Arizona.  It  has  been  found  in  several 
parts  of  Mexico,  and  evc;n  in  South  America  ("Andes  of  Mecoya, 
Pearce,"  accordin},^  to  Synopsis  J'ilicum).  It  was  collected  by  John 
Ci..\YTON  about  1736,  "on  the  shore  of  the  river  Rappahannock  in  a 
shady  place  by  the  root  of  a  juniper  near  the  promontory  called  Point 
Lookout,"  and  I  take  pleasure  in  giving  ;t  v.r«  English  name  in  his 
honor. 

Description  :  —  The  root-stock  of  this  fern  is  rather 
short,  usually  somewhat  nodose,  and  densely  chaffy  with  very 


FERNn   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


63 


narrow  long-pointed  soft  bright-brown  scales,  whicii  in  the 
specimens  examined  arc  destitute  of   midnerve. 

The  -rilks  are  rigid  and  wiry,  terete,  nearly  black  in 
color,  but  with  a  slight  reildish  tinge,  and  usually  more  or 
less  pubescent  with  very  narrow  chaffy  hairs,  which  are  often 
more  abundant  and  harsher  along  the  rachises,  making  them 
almost  hirsute.  Pc/laa  glabella  was  founded  on  specimens 
from  Missouri  and  the  North-West,  which  had  the  stalk 
perfectly  smooth,  and  the  chaff  of  the  root-stock  a  trifle 
wider  than  usual.  The  section  of  the  stalk  shows  a  single 
U-shaped  fibro-vascular  bundle,  and  a  strong  outer  scleren- 
chymatous  sheath. 

The  fronds  are  developed  late  in  the  Spring,  and  remain 
green  through  the  next  Winter.  They  are  almost  coriaceous 
in  texture,  smooth  and  dark-bluish-grecn  above,  paler,  and 
sometimes  slightly  chaffy  beneath.  They  are  from  a  few 
inches  to  about  a  foot  in  length,  and  vary  in  outline  from 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate.  In  seedling  plants  the  earliest 
fronds  are  round-cordate,  the  next  cordate-ovate,  and  then  fol- 
low trifoliate,  pinnate,  and  finally  mature  bipinnate  fronds. 
The  largest  fronds  have  about  five  pairs  of  compound  pinna.% 
each  with  from  three  to  eleven  pinnules,  and  above  these  are 
from  four  to  six  pairs  of  simple  pinna;,  besides  the  terminal 
one,  which  is  often  the  longest  of  all. 

The  pinnules  and  the  simple  pinna;  of  the  sterile  fronds 
are  commonly  oval,  and  not  more  than  half  an  inch  long, 
but  those  of  the  fertile  fronds  are  narrower  and  longer,  some- 


F  i'^^i^lx^'^fiaisx- 


64 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


times  nearly  two  inches  long.  The  base  is  either  truncate  or 
slightly  cordate;  sometimes  where  there  is  a  transition  from 
compound  to  simple  pinnre,  a  pinna  will  be  found  conspicu- 
ously auricled  on  both  sides,  or  on  the  upper  side  only. 
Forked  pinnules  are  occasionally  seen. 

The  margin  is  continuously  recurved  to  form  a  rather 
broad  involucre,  and  the  very  edge  is  somewhat  thinner  and 
whiter.  The  veins  are  pinnately  arranged  on  both  sides  of 
the  midvein,  and  fork  about  twice  before  reaching  the  mar- 
giii.  The  upper  part  of  the  veinlets  is  covered  with  spor- 
angia, which  as  they  ripen  push  out  from  beneath  the 
involucre.  The  spores  are  obscurely  tetrahedral  and  trivittate, 
as  in  the  other  species  of   the  genus. 

This  fern  very  often  grows  in  company  with  Camptosortis 
rhizopliyUiis,  and  its  root-stock  is  often  hidden  beneath  mosses 
of  the  genus  Anomodon:  it  takes  kindly  to  cultivation, 
especially  if  it  be  planted  in  the  crevices  of  calcareous  rock- 
work.  It  may  occur  on  other  than  calcareous  rock,  but  I 
have  never  seen  it  on  either  granite,  sandstone  or  basalt. 

Names  for  varieties  of  this  species  have  been  proposed 
by  Pursh,  and  by  Fournier,  but  the  characters  assigned  do 
not  seem    sufficien<^ly  distinctive. 

Plate  LIV.,  Fig.  4-7.  —  Pelltca  atropurpiirca.  Fig.  4  is  a  plant  of 
ordinary  size.  Fig.  5  is  a  seedling.  Fig.  6  is  a  pinna,  enlarged,  and 
Fig.   ■"  a  spore.  , 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


65 


Plate  LIV.  — Fig.  8-10. 

PELL^A  GRACILIS,  Hooker. 

Slender  ClifT-Brake. 

PELL.EA  gracilis:  —  Root-stock  slender,  creeping,  cord- 
like, scantily  furnished  with  little  ovate  appressed  scales; 
stalks  scattered,  slender,  a  span  long  or  less,  brownish-stra- 
mineous, somewhat  shining,  darker  and  slightly  chaffy  at  the 
base;  fronds  two  to  four  inches  long,  thin  and  tender,  smooth, 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pinnate;  pinnae  few,  the  lower  two  to 
four  pairs  once  or  twice  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  simple;  seg- 
ments of  the  sterile  fronds  adnate-decurrent,  roundish-obovate, 
crenately  lobed  and  toothed;  those  of  the  taller  fertile  fronds 
lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  and  more  distinct,  entire  or  auri- 
cled,  terminal  ones  longest;  veins  rather  distant,  mostly  once 
forked;  involucre  broad  and  continuous,  delicately  membra- 
naceous. 

Pellcea  gracilis,  Hookek,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.  138,  t.  cxxxiii,  B.  —  Eaton, 
in  Gray's  Manual,  ed.  v.,  p.  659 ;  Ferns  of  the  South-West, 
p.  319. —  Hooker  &  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  145.  —  Porter  & 
Coulter,  Syn.  Fl.  Colorado,  p.   153. 

Pteris  gracilis,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.,  ii.,  p.  262. — Swartz,  Syn.  Fil., 
p.  99. — Willdenow,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  376.  —  PuRsH,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.,  ii.,  p.  668. —  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.,  ii.,  p.  264. 


I  > ' 


ir 


66 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Allosorus  gracilis,  Puesl,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  153. — Torrey,  FI.  New 
York,  ii.,  p.  486. — Gray,  Manual,  ed.  i.,  p.  624;  ed.  ii.,  p.  591, 
t.  ix. — Parry,  in  Owen's  Geol.  Surv.  of  Wisconsin,  etc,  p. 
(521. —  Mettenius,  Fil.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  44. 

Cheilantlies  gracilis,  Kaulfuss,  Enum.  Fil.,  p.  209. 

Pteris  Stclleri,  Gmelin,  "Nov.  Com.  Petrop.,  xii.,  p.  519,  t.   13,  f.   1." 

Allosorus  Stelleri,  RuPRECejT,  Distr.  Crypt.  Vase,  in  Imp.  Ross.,  p. 
47.  —  Ledebour,  F1.  Ross.,  iv.,  p.  526.  —  Moore.  Ind.  Fil.,  p. 
46. —  La\vson,  in  Canad.  Naturalist,  i.,  p.  272. 

Allosorus  mitiulus  &  Pteris  minuta,  Turczaninow,  Jid2  Moore. 

Hai!.  —  Crevices  of  damp  and  shaded  calcareous  rocks,  especially  in 
deep  glens;  Labrador,  Buti.er,  to  British  Columbia,  and  southward  to 
Iowa,  Parry,  Wisconsin  and  Pennsylvania.  Also  in  Colorado,  near 
Breckinridge  City,  Brandegee.  Siberia,  Tibet  and  the  Himalayas.  It 
is  found  in  Sunderland,  Massachusetts;  .at  Trenton  l-'alls,  Chittenango 
Falls,  and  other  deep  glens  in  Central  New  York;  in  Lycoming  and 
Sullivan  Counties,  Pennsylvania,  and  in  <nher  similar  places  in  Vermont, 
Michigan,  etc.,  but  is  by  no  means  a  common  plant. 

Description:  —  This  is  the  most  delicate  of  all  the 
Pellccas,  and  has  fronds  a  good  deal  like  those  of  Crypto- 
granime  acrostichoides,  but  tenderer,  and  with  sub-marginal 
fructification.  The  root-stock  is  very  slender,  scarcely  more 
than  half  a  line  in  thickness,  and  sometimes  two  or  three 
inches  long.  It  is  so  hidden  in  the  crevices  of  the  rocks 
that  it  is  seldom  secured  by  collectors.  The  scales  are  mi- 
nute, appressed  to  the  root-stock,  and  almost  filmy  in  their 
delicacy. 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


67 


The  stalks  are  scattered  along  the  root-stock,  and  are 
generally  about  five  or  six  inches  long,  those  of  the  fertile 
fronds  longer,  stouter  and  of  a  darker  color  than  the  others. 
They  are  smooth  and  somewhat  polished,  but  lighter  in  color 
and  far  more  tender  in  consistency  than  in  most  of  our  other 
species  of   this  genus. 

The  fertile  and  the  sterile  fronds  are  unlike,  though  both 
are  very  delicately  membranaceous,  and  pinnate  with  once  or 
twice  pinnatifid  pinnae.  The  rachis  is  not  winged  in  its  lower 
half,  except  in  very  small  fronds,  but  above  the  middle  it  is 
narrowly  winged,  as  are  also  its  divisions.  The  lowest  one 
or  two  pairs  of  pinnae  are  twice  pinnatifid  in  the  largest 
specimens,  but  more  commonly  but  once  pinnatifid.  In  the 
sterile  fronds  the  segments  of  the  pinnae  arc  very  plainly 
adnate  to  the  secondary  midrib,  and  are  roundish  or  roundish- 
obovate  in  shape.  They  are  from  three  to  six  lines  long  and 
about  two-thirds  as  broad.  Their  margin  is  more  or  less 
lobed  and  crenatcly  toothed.  In  the  fertile  fronds  the  seg- 
ments arc  more  distinct,  longer  and  narrower,  measuring  often 
six  to  ten  lines  in  length  and  one  or  two  in  width.  The  ter- 
minal pinna  of  the  frond  and  the  terminal  segments  of  the 
pinnae  are  considerably  longer  than  the  others.  The  veins 
arc  conspicuous,  and  distant,  much  more  so  than  in  our 
other  species  of  PcUcca.  They  fork  once  about  midway  be- 
tween the  midvein  and  the  margin,  and  sometimes,  especially 
in  fertile  fronds,  a  second  time  just  within  the  margin. 

The  involucre  is  continuous,  broad,  and  even    more  del- 


68 


FERNS  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


icate  than  the  frond  itself.  The  sporangia  are  comparatively 
scanty,  and  are  fully  covered  by  the  involucre.  The  spores 
are  spheroid-tetrahedral  and  obscurely  trivittate. 

Mr.  Moore  and  some  other  authors  are  disposed  to  in- 
sist on  the  right  of  priority  belonging  to  the  specific  name 
Stelleri.  But  the  name  gracilis  has  been  used  by  nearly 
every  writer  on  American  Ferns  since  the  time  of  Michaux, 
and  will  most  probably  be  kept  up  rather  than  the  other. 

It  should  be  noted  that  Ruprecht  considered  his  Alloso- 
rus  Stelleri  to  be  distinct  from  our  plant,  and  mentions 
several  points  of  difference  in  his  work  on  the  Distribution 
of  Vascular  Cryptogamia  in  the  Russian  Empire. 

The  figure  is  taken  from  specimens  collected  in  Sunderland,  Hamp- 
shire County,  Massachusetts,  by  the  late  Rev.  David  Peck. 


PJale.  LV. 


m 
m 


^iij.      1 


•s. 


ASPIDIUM  IMRGINALE.  Swartz. 


J.H.Emennn,d9l 


Armstami!  &.  Co  Lith  Boston 


i;  ,  I 


PI  cite  LV. 


Co  LiOv  Boston 


h'''  I 


wim 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


69 


PlJVTE    LV. 


ASPIDIUM  MARGINALE,  Swartz. 


Evergreen   Wood-Fern. 

AsPiDiUM  MARGINALE :  —  Root-stoclc  asccnding,  stout,  shag- 
gy with  long  shining-brown  chaffy  scales ;  stalks  rather  stout, 
a  few  inches  to  a  foot  long,  more  or  less  chaffy  with  shining 
scales ;  fronds  standing  in  a  crown,  one  to  two  feet  long, 
e\ergreen,  sub-coriaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  scarcely  narrowed 
at  the  base,  pinnate  or  sub-bipinnate;  pinnae  almost  sessile, 
the  lowest  ones  broadest,  unequally  triangular-lanceolate,  the 
middle  ones  lanceolate-acuminate,  slightly  broader  above  the 
base ;  pinnules  or  segments  smooth  and  dark-bluish-green 
above,  paler  and  sometimes  slightly  chaffy  beneath,  adnate 
to  the  narrowly  winged  secondary  rachis,  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  often  sub-falcate,  varying  from  crenately-toothcd  to 
pinnately-lobed  with  crenuiate  lobes,  obtuse  or  sub-acute, 
those  next  the  main  rachis  sometimes  distinct,  short-stalked, 
sub-cordate  at  the  base  and  with  rounded  auricles ;  veins  free, 
forked  or  pinnatcly  branched  into  from  two  to  five  curved 
and  usually  conspicuous  veinlets ;  sori  rather  large,  placed 
close  to  the  margin  of  the  segments;  the  orbicular-reniform 
indusia  firm  in  texture,  convex,  smooth,  often  lead  colored. 


70 


FERNS     OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


Aspidium  marginah,  Swaktz,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  50.  —  Scukuiir,  Krypt. 
Gcw.,  p.  195,  t.  45,  b. — Wii.LDKNOw,  Sp.  PL,  v.,  p.  259. — 
PuKsii,  Fl.  Am.  .Sept.,  ii.,  p.  662.  —  Link,  Fil.  Hort.  Berol., 
p.  107.  —  HooKKK,  Fl.  lior.-Am.,  ii.,  p.  160. — Torrky,  Fl. 
New  York,  ii.,  p.  495.  —  Gray,  Manual,  cd.  ii.,  p.  598.  —  Met- 
TENius,  I'll.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  92;  Aspidium,  p.  55. —  Eaton,  in 
Chapman's  Flora,  p.  595.  —  Rohin.son,  Ferns  of  Essex  Co.,  in 
Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  vii..  No.  3,  p.  50.  —  Wiiuamson,  Ferns  of 
Kentucky,  p.  97,  t.  xxxv. —  Davenport,  Catal.,   p.  32. 

Polypoduim  viarginah,  Linn/Eus,  Sp.  PI.,  p.   1552. 

Nephrodium  marginale,  Miciiaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.,  ii.,  p.  267.  —  Hooker, 
Sp.  Fil.,  iv.,  p.   122.  —  Hooker  &  B.\ker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  273. 

Lastrea  marginalis,  Presl,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  77.  —  J.  Smith,  P'erns, 
Brit,  and  Foreign,  p.  157.  —  Lawson,  in  Canad.  Naturalist, 
i.,  p.  281. 

Dryopteris  viarginalis,  Gray,  Manual,  cd.  i.,  p.  632.  —  Darlington, 
Fl.  Ccstrica,  cd.  iii.,  p.  396. 

Had. —  Rocky  hill-sides  in  rich  woods,  especially  where  black  leaf- 
mold  has  gathered  between  masses  of  rock ;  one  of  our  most  abundant 
and  characteristic  ferns,  confined  to  North  America,  but  extending  from 
New  Brunswick  to  Central  Alabama,  Professor  Fucene  A.  Smiiii  ; 
westward  to  Arkansas,  Professor  F.  L.  Harvkv  ;  Wisconsin,  Parky, 
T.  J.  Hale  ;  and  brought  from  the  Saskatchewan  and  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains of  British  America  by  Drummond. 

Description:  —  Professor  Robinson  has  remarked  of  this 
species:  —  "This  comes  nearer  being  a  tree  fern  than  any 
other  of  our  species ;  the  caude.x,  covered  by  the  bases  of 
fronds  of  previous  seasons,  sometimes  resting  on   bare   rocks 


% 


FERNS   OF   NOKTH    AMFRICA. 


7» 


for  four  or  five  inches  without  roots  or  fronds."  The  root- 
stock  is  much  like  that  of  yj.  Filix-uias,  bcinj^  very  stout- 
closel)  covered  v/ith  persistent  stalk-bases  and  very  chaffy. 
The  chaff  really  grows  mainly  on  the  bases  of  the  stalka,  or 
covers  the  closely  coiled  buds  which  crown  the  root-stock.  It  is 
composed  of  shining  ferruginous-brown  thin  lanceolate  acumi- 
nate scales  fully  an  inch  in  length,  and  destitute  of  a  thick- 
ened midncrve.  The  fronds  grow  in  elegant  crowns  from  the 
apex  of  the  root-stock,  some  six  or  eight  or  perhaps  ten  to 
a  plant.  The  stalks  vary  in  length,  but  are  seldom  more  than 
a  foot  long.  They  arc  rather  stout,  round,  but  with  a  slight 
furrow  in  front,  commonly  reddish-brown  in  color,  fading  when 
dry  to  straw-color,  and  contain  five  or  seven  roundish  fibro- 
vascular  bundles,  of  which  the  two  anterior  ones  are  largest, 
and  the  next  two  the   smallest. 

The  outline  of  the  fronds  is  ovate-lanceolate,  varying  to 
oblong-lanceolate.  The  frond  is  commonly  not  quite  so  wide 
at  the  base  as  in  the  middle,  though  in  small  specimens  the 
base  is  often  the  widest.  The  texture  is  thicker  than  in  any 
other  of  our  Wood-ferns,  and  the  fronds  are  fairly  evergreen, 
not  withering  until  the  next  year's  fronds  begin  to  uncoil. 
In  cutting,  the  fronds  vary  from  pinnate,  with  pinnatifid  pinnae 
and  short  nearly  entire  lobes,  to  twice  pinnate,  with  pinnately- 
lobed  segments.  In  the  example  selected  for  our  plate  the 
pinnules  arc  oblong,  obtuse  and  crenulate,  or  at  most,  cre- 
nately-toothed.  Other,  and  perhaps  no  larger  f'-onds  will  have 
most  of   the  pinnules   twice  or  even   thrice  a.^  long  as  these, 


7a 


FERNS   0|-    NORTH    AMIiRICA. 


ovatc-lanccolatc  and  pointed,  narrowed  to  a  sul>cordate  and 
obscurely-stalked  base,  and  deeply  pinnately-lobed.  This  is 
var.  elegans  of  Professor  Robinson.  Professor  Lawson  has 
a  var.  Trailhc,  which  has  "  very  large  bipinnate  fronds,  all 
the  pinnules  pinnatifid."  A  very  common  form  noticed  by 
Mr.  L.  M.  Underwood  in  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical 
Club,  has  fronds  only  four  or  five  inches  long,  the  lower 
pinn.e  only  pinnatifid  and  the  upper  ones  lobed,  the  sori 
mostly  solitary  on  the  lobes. 

The  veins  and  vcinlets  of  the  frond  are  very  distinct, 
being  marked  by  depressions  in  the  upper  surface  in  the  liv- 
ing fronds,  and  visible  as  dark  lines  in  the  dried  specimens. 
The  veins  fork  near  the  midvcin;  the  upper  branch  may  be 
fertile  at  its  tip;  the  lower  branch  is  either  simple,  or  forks 
a  second,  and  perhaps  a  third  time.  All  the  veinlcts  are 
curved.  On  account  of  the  venation  Presl  referred  this  plant 
to  his  section  Arthrobotrys. 

Tlie  sori  are  close  to  the  margin  of  the  lobes,  and  vary 
from  one  to  twelve  to  a  lobe.  They  arc  very  large  and 
prominent,  and  have  firm  lead-colored  orbicular-reniform  indu- 
sia,  which  are  slightly  incurved  round  the  edge,  and  depressed 
at  the  sinus.  As  the  fronds  mature  the  indusia  become 
brownish.  The  spores  are  ovoid-reniform  and  have  a  narrow 
crenulate  wing. 

Plate  LV. — Aspidium  viarginale,  from  the  vicinity  of  Boston. 
Fig.  2  is  a  pinnule,  enlarged;  I'ig.  3,  a  sorus  ;  Fig.  4,  a  sporangium; 
Fig.  5,  a  spore ;    Fig.  6,  a  section  of  the  stalk. 


Plate  I\'r 


j>. 


A,:'.P[Em{.m  ./\^JGUS'^FO■LIUM.  Mictix, 

JH.EmeiMn.df^', 


ATm3taii^Si.Cu  l.ithi  boston 


Plate  LVr 


iCo  1,1*  boston 


1 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


73 


Plate  LVI.  —  Fig.  1-3. 

ASPLENIUM  ANGUSTIFOLIUM,  "Michaux. 

Narrow-leaved  Spleenwort. 

AsPLENiuM  ANGUSTIFOLIUM: — Root-stock  creeping,  bear- 
ing crowded  blackened  stalk-bases  and  abundant  rootlets, 
chaffless;  stalks  clustered,  smooth,  green,  fleshy-herbaceous,  a 
foot  high  or  less;  fronds  two  to  three  feet  long,  lanceolate, 
tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle,  membranaceous,  smooth, 
simply  pinnate;  pinnae  numerous,  short-stalked,  lanceolate- 
acuminate,  two  to  four  inches  long,  obscurely  crenulate,  very 
minutely  serrulate  on  the  hyaline  edge;  those  of  the  sterile 
fronds  half  an  inch  wide,  sub-cordate  at  the  base ;  those  of 
the  taller  fertile  fronds  much  narrower,  obtuse  or  truncate  at 
the  base ;  veins  once  or  twice  forked ;  sori  very  many,  crowd- 
ed, oblique  to  the  midrib,  slightly  recurved,  indusium  rather 
firm,  slightly  convex,  at  length  hidden  by  the  confluent  spo- 
rangia. 

Asplcnium  angustifolium,  MicHAUX,  FI.  Ror.-Am.,  ii.,  p.  265.  —  Swartz, 
Syn.  Fil.,  p.  76.  —  Sciikuiik,  Krj'pt.  Gcw.,  p.  63,  t.  67,  69. — 
W.TXDENow,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  313. — PuRsn,  Fl.  Am.  .Sept.,  ii., 
p.  666.  —  ToRKicY,  Fl.  New  York,  ii.,  p.  99.  —  Gray,  Manual, 
ed.  i..  p.  627,  etc.  —  Meitenius,  Aspienium,  p.    99.  —  Hooker, 


I  ■  ' 


1   •■; 


74 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


m 


Sp.    Fil.,   iii.,   p.   115.  —  Eaton,  in  Chapman's  Flora,  p.  $r^2. — 

Lawson,  in  Canad.  Naturalist,  i.,  p.  2^5.  —  Williamson,  Ferns 

of  Kentucky,  p.  69,  t.  xx,  xxi. 
Asplenuim  pycnocarpon,   Sprengel,    Anleitung,   p.    112;    Engl,    version, 

p.   123. 
Lonchitis  virginiana  foliis  longioribus  aailis  cl  disjunctis  variis,  Morison, 

fide  Willdenow. 

Had.  —  Ontario  and  New  England  westward  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward  to  Kentucky,  Virginia,  and  probably  the  mountains  of  North- 
ern Georgia.  It  is  found  in  damp  rich  woods,  especially  in  mountain- 
ous districts,  and  is  more  common  in  the  States  bordering  on  the 
Ohio  river  than  in  New  England. 

DE.SCRIPTION  :  —  The  root-stock  of  this  fern  is  very  much 
like  that  of  Aspiatitnu  t/ic/yptcroidcs,  figured  on  our  fiftieth 
plate.  It  creeps  just  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and 
attains  a  length  of  at  least  five  or  six  inches.  It  is  mainly 
composed  of  the  adherent  bases  of  old  stalks,  and  bears  a 
very  great  multitude  of  branched  fibrous  but  somewhat 
fleshy  rootlets.  The  stalks  which  support  the  fronds  come 
from  just  back  of  the  apex,  which  is  hidden  by  the  buds  of 
fronds  for  the  next  year's  growth.  These  buds  or  rudimentary 
fronds  are  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  and  are  light- 
green  in  color.  A  close  inspection  of  them  detects  a  few  very 
thin  chaffy  scales,  which  fall  off  as  the  fronds  uncoil,  leaving 
the  plant  entirely  destitute  of   chaff. 

The  stalks  are  usually  from  eight  inches  to  a  foot  in 
length,   and    about   one-sixth    of    an    inch    in    diameter.     They 


liii 


.-..  -.vr.;;3!:--^aj 


FERNS    OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


75 


are  rounded  or  slightly  flattened  at  the  back,  and  in  the  front 
a  little  narrowed,  but  with  a  rather  deep  and  narrow  furrow 
which  is  deeper,  and  has  more  elevated  sides,  nearer  the 
base  of  the  frond.  In  the  living  plant  the  stalk  is  herba- 
ceous, rather  brittle,  smooth,  and  green,  except  at  the  very 
base,  where  it  is  blackened  like  the  root-stock.  The  section 
discloses  two  strap-shaped  fibro-vascular  bundles,  one  running 
along  each  side  of  the  stalk,  the  furrow  partly  separating 
them. 

The  sterile  and  fertile  fronds  are  a  little  different  from 
each  other,  the  latter  having  longer  stalks  and  much  narrower 
pinna?.  The  fronds  are  smooth,  dark-green,  membranaceous, 
and  unable  to  endure  the  lightest  frost.  They  are  lanceolate 
in  outline,  and  sometimes,  with  the  stalks,  attain  a  height  of 
three  and  a  half  to  four  feet.  The  pinnae  are  very  numerous, 
sometimes  as  many  as  forty  along  each  side  of  the  rachis. 
The  middle  pinnae  are  the  1-  ngest,  the  lower  ones  being  grad- 
ually shorter,  more  distant,  and  slightly  deflexed;  so  that  the 
very  lowest  ones  are  often  only  little  auricles  a  few  lines 
long.  The  pinn.ne  of  the  sterile  fronds  are  slightly  cordate 
at  the  base,  where  they  are  about  half  an  inch  wide.  From 
the  middle  they  taper  to  a  long  and  slender  point.  The  mar- 
gin is  wavy  and  finely  cronulate,  or  even  slight'y  serrate,  as  it 
was  in  the  form  on  which  Sprengel  founded  his  A.  pycno- 
caypon.  The  very  edge  consists  of  triangular  transparent 
cellules,  arranged  in  two  rows,  and  by  their  outer  angles, 
which  are   slightly  rounded,  giving  an  appearance  of   minute 


76 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


serrulation,  much  like  that  seen  in  the  leaves  of  certain 
mosses,  especially  of  the  genus  Mnium.  The  pinnae  of  the 
fertile  fronds  are  but  half  as  wide  as  the  others,  and  the 
base   is   rounded  or  truncate. 

The  veins  are  mostly  twice  forked  in  the  sterile  fronds, 
once  forked  in  the  fertile.  The  veinlets  are  placed  about 
the  twenty-fifth  of  an  inch  apart:  their  apices  are  slightly 
enlarged,  and  terminate  in  the  transparent  border,  just  at  the 
indentations  of  the  margin.  In  the  fertile  pinn.e  the  upper 
veinlet  of  each  pair  bears  a  long  and  slightly  recurved  prom, 
inent  sorus,  which  extends  from  close  to  the  midrib  to  near 
the  margin,  there  being  often  eight  sori  on  a  pinna.  The 
indusium  is  somewhat  arched  over  the  sorus,  and  is  com- 
posed of  rather  thick-walled  irregularly  polygonal  or  round- 
ish cells.  The  spores  are  ovoid  and  covered  with  anasto- 
mosing ridges. 

This  spleenwort  is  easily  cultivated  in  a  shady  corner 
of  a  garden.  The  spores  are  produced  in  the  greatest  pro- 
fusion, and  readily  germinate  when  sowed  on  damp  earth  and 
kept  moist  by  a  glass  cover  of   some  sort. 

No  other  species  of  spleenwort  is  closely  related  to  this 
plant ;  the  nearest  one  is  perhaps  A.  anisopliyllnin,  of  Kunze, 
which  is   found   in   South   Africa  and   the  Mauritius. 

Plate  LVI.,  iMg.  1-3.  —  Asplctiiiim  anc^usti/o/iiiin.  The  jjlant  fig- 
ured is  from  Danville,  Vermont.  The  details  represented  are  the  base 
of  a  fertile  pinna  and  a  spore. 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


77 


Plate  LVI.  —  Fig.  4-6. 

ASPLENIUM  CICUTARIUM,  Swartz. 

Hemlock  Spleenwort. 

AsPLENiUM  CICUTARIUM:  —  Root-stoclc  short,  erect,  chaffy 
at  the  apex  with  rigid  dark-fuscous  entire  lanceolate  scales; 
stalks  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  long,  dark-gray,  nearly  terete, 
very  narrowly  wing-margined  on  each  side  from  the  base 
upwards;  fronds  erect,  membranaceous,  smooth,  seldom  over 
a  foot  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  bipinnate  or  tripinnate,  primary 
and  secondary  rachises  very  narrowly  winged ;  pinnae  ses- 
sile, lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  usually  deflcxed  and  shorter 
than  the  middle  ones ;  pinnules  rhomboid-ovate,  more  or  less 
deeply  cleft  into  several  linear-oblong  lobes,  the  lowest  supe- 
rior one  often  bifid,  in  larger  fronds  most  of  them  again 
pinnately  lobed  with  the  lowest  lobes  bifid;  veinlets  solitary 
in  the  lobes ;  sori  elongated,  one  on  the  upper  side  of  each 
fertile  veinlet;    ind'isium  very  delicate,  entire  on   the    margin. 

Asplcnium  cicutariiim,  Swaktz,  "Prodn,  p.  130." — Puksi.,  Tent.  Pterid., 
p.  108.  —  Link,  Fil.  Hort.  Perol.,  p.  98.  —  Mkitenius,  ImI. 
Hort.  Lips.,  p.  71,  t.  xiii.,  fig.  3-9  {segments);  Asplenium, 
p.  116. —  MoouK,  Index  Fil.,  p.  119.  —  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  iii., 
p.  198.  —  Hooker  &  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  220.  —  Eaton,  in 
Bull.  Terr.  Botan.  Club,  vi.,  p.  264. 


78 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


H 


C(eiiopteris  cicutaria,  Thumbeug,  "Nov.  Act.  Petrop.,  ix.,  p.  158,  t.  C, 
fig.   I,  t.  F,  fig.  2."  —  SwAKTz,  Syn.   Fil.,  p.  88. 

Darea  cicutaria,  Smith,  Mem.  Acad.  Turin,  v.,  p.  409.  —  VVili.denow, 
Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  300. 

Asplenium  dissectum,  Link,  "  Hort.  Berol.,  iv.,  p.  68." 

Filix  pinmUis  cristatis,  Pi.umiek,  Traitte  des  Fougeres  de  I'Amerique, 
p.   14,  t.  xlviii.,  A. 

Had.  —  Calcareous  rocks  near  Lake  Panasofkee,  Sumter  County, 
Florida,  discovered  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Siiocklev,  in  1878.  Common  in  the 
West  Indies,  Me.xico  and  South  America,  and  reported  in  Synopsis  Fili- 
ciiin  as  occurring  in  several  parts  of  Africa. 

Description  :  —  Mcttenius  simply  says  of  the  root-stock 
that  it  is  "erect."  Hooker  says:  —  "caudex  stout,  erect,  scaly 
above."  Plumier,  who  found  the  fern  in  almost  every  place 
he  visited  in  the  "American  Islands,"  says:  —  "La  racine  de 
cctte  Foug^re  est  toute  chevelue  par  quantite  de  petites  fibres 
grisastres,  et  longues  de  deux  a  trois  pouces,  d'ou  sortent 
quatre  ou  cinq  pediculcs  ou  costes  inenues,  rondes,  d'un  vert 
sale,  et  longues  d'environ  un  pied."  His  "racine"  is  undoubt- 
edly the  root-stock  or  caudex,  and  the  grayish  fibres  are  the 
rootlets.  The  root-stocks  on  the  specimens  in  my  collection 
are  not  over  an  inch  long,  but  are  broken  off  at  the  lower 
end,  and  very  incomplete.  The  apex,  and  the  very  base  of 
the  stalks,  are  chaffy  with  rigid  lanceolate  fuscous-black 
scales,  composed  of  thick-walled  cellules  arranged  in  longitu- 
dinal rows,  like  the  scales  of  Asplenium  ebeneum  [See  page 
22    of    this   work].     The    Florida   plants    are   few   and    much 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


79 


less  in  size  than  those  from  Cuba  and  Venezuela,  and  the 
caudex  is  much  less  developed.  The  stalks  are  of  a  dark 
dull  grayish-green ;  they  are  rigid  and  from  a  few  inches  to 
a  foot  in  height.  From  the  very  base  there  is  on  each  side 
of  the  stalk  a  very  narrow  herbaceous  wing,  which  is  con- 
tinued along  the  rachis  to  the  very  apex  of  the  frond.  The 
section  of  the  stalk  is  roundish,  or  slightly  flattened,  and 
shows  a  firm  exterior  sheath  of  sclerenchyma  and  a  solitary 
central  oval  fibro-vascular  bundle. 

The  fronds  of  Mr.  Shockley's  specimens  are  only  four  or 
five  inches  long,  but  some  of  those  from  Venezuela  are  a 
foot  long.  The  shape  of  the  i'ronds  is  ovate-lanceolate  vary- 
ing to  lanceolate.  The  lower  pinnas  are  usually  dwarfed  and 
deflexed,  very  much  so  in  some  of  the  Venezuela  plants,  but 
much  less  so  in  the  Florida  specimens. 

The  pinnae  are  from  twelve  to  twenty-five  on  each  side 
of  the  rachis,  decreasing  gradually  from  the  middle  of  the 
frond  to  the  usually  acute  or  acuminate  apex,  and  rather 
closely  placed.  Their  general  shape  is  oblong-lanceolate. 
They  are  sessile  on  the  rachis,  and  taper  from  near  the  base 
to  a  pointed  apex.  The  largest  ones  are  tri-pinnatifid,  but 
more  commonly  they  are  only  bi-pinnatifid.  The  secondary 
rachises  are  even  more  plainly  wing-margined  than  the  pri- 
mary rachis,  which  is,  however,  variable  in  respect  to  the 
breadth  of  the  wing.  The  pinnules,  or  secondary  pinnae,  are 
rhomboid-oval,  being  most  developed  on  the  superior  side. 
They   are   sometimes   but   slightly   lobcd   into   three   or   four 


I 


80 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


short  triangular  lobes,  and  at  others  pinnatcly  cleft  into  four 
or  five  often  bifid  lobes  on  the  superior  side,  and  into  three 
or  four  rather  shorter  and  simpler  ones  on  the  inferior  side. 
They  are  thin-membranaceous,  but  not  so  delicate  as  those 
of  Asplenium  myriophyllum,  the  only  other  fern  hitherto  de- 
tected  in   Florida,  with  which  this  one  may  be  compared. 

There  is  but  a  solitary  vein  in  each  ultimate  lobe,  and 
in  the  fertile  fronds  there  is  one  oblong  sorus  to  each  vein, 
the  thin  and  delicate  indusium  attached  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  vein.  Rarely  a  sorus  is  diplazioid,  and  has  a  double  in- 
dusium. The  spores  are  ovoid  or  roundish,  and  irregularly 
wing-margined. 

The  group  of  species  referred  by  Swartz  to  Canopteris, 
and  by  Smith  and  Willdenow  to  Darea,  consists  of  about  30 
Asplenia  with  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the  frond  narrow 
and  containing  but  one  vein.  But  the  group  has  no  certain 
buondary,  and  the  present  plant,  though  called  Ca^nopteris  by 
Swartz,  and  Darca  by  Willdenow,  is  excluded  from  the  group 
by  Hooker  and  Baker.  Hooker's  A.  nwnteverdense  is  partly 
a  young  form  of  this  plant,  and  partly  A.  myriophyllum. 

Plate  LVI.,  Fig.  4-6.  —  Asplenium  cicutariiim,  from  Tlorida.  Fig. 
5  is  a  pinnule,  less  deeply  lobed  than  is  often  seen  on  South  American 
specimens,  and  Fig.  6  is  a  spore. 


iiiaij 


■W.": 


Plate  LVn 


uMr;jJ./KtN\'liF,S  Wf-nCVHTII.  Hook.  A^Htor.&ColnO,  Boston 


ate  LVIJ 


IK 

'iff 


Boston 


1^     *l 


FERNS   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


8i 


Platk  LVII.  — Fig.   1-3. 

CHEILANTHES    MICROPIIYLLA,   Swartz. 

Plumier's  Lip-Fern. 

Cheilanthes  microphylla  :  —  Root-stock  creeping,  slen- 
der, often  branched,  chaffy  with  very  narrow  ferruginous 
scales;  stalks  fou"  to  six  inches  long,  erect,  slender,  terete, 
wiry,  blackish-brown  and  somewhat  shining,  of*en  rusty-pubes- 
cent, especially  along  the  anterior  side ;  fron'ls  four  to  ten 
inches  long,  two  to  three  inches  broad,  oblong-lanceolate 
varying  to  deltoid-lanceolate,  usually  bipinnate;  primary  pin- 
na; oblong-ovate,  the  lowest  ones  commonly  largest;  pinnules 
ovate-oblong,  rather  obtu.se,  broadest  at  the  upper  side  of  the 
base,  entire  or  more  o;  less  pinnately  incised,  smooth  above, 
sparingly  pubescent  beneath;  involucres  narrow,  scarcely  differ- 
ent in  texture  from   the  frond,  interrupted  or  sub-continuous. 

Clieilanthcs  microphylla,  Swartz,  .Syn.    I*"!!.,    p.    127. — Wii.i.iienow,    Sp. 

Pi.,  v.,  p.  458. —  Hdokkr,    .Sp.    Fil.,    ii.,    p.  8.^,  t.  xcviii.,  A. — 

Mkitenius.  Cheilanthes,  p.  32. —  Hooker  &  Bakkr,  Syn.  Fil., 

p.    135. — F6e,  7mc  Mem.,   p.  36,  t.  ix.,  f.    i    (var.  aspidioidcs). 

FouRNiKK,    I'l.    Mex.,    Crypt.,    p.    123.  —  Eaton,    l-'erns   of    the 

South-Wcst,  p.  311. 
Cheilanthes  clongata,  Wii.i.nKNOW,   in   Kaulfiiss,    Enum.    Fil.,    p.    213. — 

Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.  86.  —  Kuiin,  Hcitr.  /..  Mc.\.  l'"ani-l-'lora, 

p.  8.  —  FouKMEK,  I'l.  Mex.,  Crypt.,  p.   123. 


82 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Cheilantlies  Moritsiana,  Kunzi:,  in  Linnaea,  xxiii.,  p.  307.  —  Hooker,  Sp. 

Fil.,  li.,  p.  85,  t.  xcix.,  15. —  Fournier,  PI.  Me.x.,  Crypt.,  p.  123. 
Chcilanthes   micromera.    Link,    Hort.    Berol.,    ii.,    p.    26; — Fil.    Hort. 

Beroi.,  p.  64. 
Lonchids  minima,  ramosa,  Plumier,  Fil.  Amcr.,  p.  44,  t.  58. 

***  J'O''  aclditional  synonymy  sec  Synopsis  Filicum,  where  also 
may  be  found  menHon  of  several  tropical  varieties  of  this  species. 

Hab.  —  On  anci-iint  shell-heaps,  Stratton  Island,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  John's  River,  Florida,  Mr.  A.  H.  Cuktlss,  April  and  August, 
1878.  A  few  specimens  of  a  form  with  sub-deltoid  and  nearly  tripin- 
nate  fronds  were  collected  on  the  Survey  of  the  Mexican  Boundary, 
the  precise  locality  not  known,  and  the  species  was  also  found  many 
years  ago  on  the  calcareous  rocks  of  the  Hot  Springs  of  Arkansas  by 
Dr.  Engelmann  (See  Silliman's  Journal,  July,  1848,  p.  87).  The  range 
extends  through  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies  southwards  to  Venezuela 
and  Peru. 

Description. — The  root-stock  of  this  fern  is  seldom  over 
a  line  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  is  several  inches  long.  It 
is  covered  with  very  minute  subulate  ferruginous  scales,  and 
bears  somewha'",  scattered  stalks.  The  stalks  are  erect,  wiry, 
nearly  black  in  color,  but  not  very  highly  polished.  In  the 
several  forms  of  the  species  they  vary  a  good  deal  in  pubes- 
cence, being  now  nearly  smooth,  now  rusty-pubescent  along 
the  anterior  side,  and  now  almost  hirsute  on  all  sides.  The 
rachis  varies  similarly,  but  is  usually  more  hirsute  than  the 
stalk.  The  section  shows  a  very  strong  exterior  sheath  of 
dark  tissue,  and  a  central  butterfly-shaped  fibro-vascular  bundle. 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


83 


The  fronds  of  the  Florida  specimens  are  from  five  to 
eight  inches  long,  and  from  one  to  two  and  a  half  inches 
wide.  They  are  mostly  lanceolate  from  a  base  but  little 
wider  than  the  middle  of  the  frond;  but  some  of  them  show 
a  tendency  toward  the  sub-deltoid  form  which  is  seen  in  the 
specimens  from  the  Mexican  Boundary,  and  especially  in  the 
var.  Moritziana,  which  form  occurs  in  the  more  tropical  parts 
of  America.  The  texture  is  firmly  chartaceous,  or  even  sub- 
coriaceous.  The  surfaces  are  green,  and  more  or  less  mi- 
nutely paleaceo-pubescent,  at  least  when  young.  In  Synopsis 
Filicum  both  surfaces  are  said  to  be  glabrous,  but  this  is 
rarely  the  case.  The  fronds  are  bipinnate,  or  in  the  larger 
forms  tripinnate.  The  pinnae  arc  rather  numerous,  oblong- 
ovate  in  shape,  or  the  lower  ones  deltoid-ovate,  usually  an 
inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  five  to  twelve  lines 
wide,  and  have  a  midrib,  which  is,  at  least  in  its  lower  part, 
blackened  and  ferruginous-hirsute  like  the  rachis. 

The  secondary  pinnae  are  ovate-oblong,  usually  obtuse, 
broader  and  somewhat  auricled  on  the  upper  side  of  the  base, 
excised  on  the  lower,  and  vary  from  entire  to  pinnately 
lobed  or  even  parted.  The  margin  is  narrowly  recurved  to 
form  an  involucre,  but  is  scarcely  changed  in  texture.  The 
involucre  is  nearly  continuous  in  the  strictly  bipinnate  forms, 
but  is  more  and  more  interrupted  in  more  compound  forms, 
so  that  it  pre^;  nts  much  variation  in  this  respect.  The 
spores  are  nearly  globose. 

This  species  is  extremely  variable  in  the  form  and   com- 


'si 


84 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


position  of  the  frond,  abundance  or  scantiness  of  the  pubes- 
cence, continuity  of  the  involucres,  etc.  While  Hooker  & 
Baker  have,  as  I  think,  judiciously  united  several  species  of 
the  older  authors,  it  should  be  noticed  that  Fournier  recog- 
nizes three  species,  C.  cloiigata,  C.  Mofifsitma  and  C.  micro- 
phylla. 

Since  the  Rev.  Charles  Plumier,  a  Franciscan  who  visited 
the  West  Indies  nearly  two  centuries  ago,  and  published 
several  magnificent  folios  on  their  botany,  was  the  first  to 
notice  this  fern,  it  is  proper  that  the  English  name  assigned 
to  it  should  commemorate  hjs  discovery. 


Piatt;  LVII.,  Fig.  1-3. —  Cheilanthcs  microphylla,  from  specimens 
collected  in  l-'loriila  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Curtiss.  l""ig.  2  is  an  enlargeil  pin- 
nule, and  Fig.  3,  a  spore. 


w 


-:».»^-— ... „„ 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


85 


Platk  LVII.  — Fig.  4-6. 

CHEILANTHES  WRIGHTII,  Hooker. 

Wright's  Lip-Fern. 

Cheilanthes  Wrightii:  —  Root-stock  slender,  creeping 
chaffy  with  very  narrow  acuminate  brownish  scales;  stalks 
one  to  three  inches  hiijfh,  slender,  chestnut-brown,  slightly 
chaffy  at  the  base ;  fronds  two  to  three  inches  long,  ovate- 
oblong,  herbaceous,  smooth,  pinnate  with  about  five  pairs  of 
deltoid-ovate  bipinnatifid  pinnae,  the  lower  ones  rather  distant ; 
pinnules  oblong,  more  or  less  decurrcnt,  pinnatcly  incised,  the 
upper  ones  conthicnt;  involucres  mostly  terminal  on  the  ulti- 
mate segments,  scarcely  altered  from  the  texture  of  the  frond. 

C/teihin/hcs  IVrii^/Uii,  Hookkk,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.  87,  t.  ex.,  A. —  Hooker 
&Baki:k,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  138. — Eaton,  Ferns  of  the  South-West, 
p.  310. 

Hah. —  Hctwecii  Western  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  C.  Wuight,  Nos, 
823  and  2 1 28.  Arizona,  in  tlie  Chiricaluia  Mountains,  near  Camp  Grant, 
and  in  the  Sanoita  Valley,  Dr.  J.  T.  RtrnikocK.  Mrs.  A.  T.  Smith  also 
collected  it  near  Camp  Grant  in  1877.  The  collectors  of  the  Mexican 
IJoiinclary  .Survey  obtainetl  it  somewhere  near  the  Gila,  but  no  one  has 
recorded  the  nature  of  the  place  where  he  found  it.  It  most  probably 
grows  in  the  crevices  of  rocks. 


86 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


I 


II 


Description: — The  creeping  root-stock  is  scarcely  a  line 
in  diameter,  and  is  covered,  as  are  the  bases  of  the  stalks, 
with  very  small  lanceolate  slender-pointed  ferruginous  scales. 
The  stalks  are  more  or  less  scattered,  and  are  wiry,  fur- 
rowed along  the  anterior  side,  chestnut-brown  in  color,  smooth 
and  shining.  The  color  is  continued  as  far  up  the  rachis  as 
there  are  distinct  pinnae,  and  also  for  a  short  distance  up  the 
midribs  of  the  pinnae.  In  a  section  of  the  stalk  may  be 
seen  a  rather  thick  outer  sclerenchymatous  sheath,  and  a 
central  heart-shaped  fibro-vascular  bundle,  the  lobes  of  the 
heart  being  directed  toward  the  sides  of  the  conspicuous 
furrow. 

The  fronds  are  about  as  long  as  the  stalks,  herbaceous, 
green,  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  ovate-oblong,  and  composed 
of  from  four  to  six  pairs  of  pinnae,  the  lower  ones  rather 
distant,  and  the  upper  ones  gradually  passing  into  the  pin- 
natifid  apex  of  the  frond. 

The  pinnae  are  nine  or  ten  lines  long,  and  the  lower 
ones  nearly  as  broad.  The  lower  pairs  are  deltoid  or 
triangular-ovate  in  shape,  but  the  upper  ones  are  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate.  They  arc  short-stalked,  and  arc  obli(|uely  di- 
vided into  a  few  adnate-decurrent  oblong  segments,  the  three 
or  four  lowest  ones  of  which  arc  again  pinnately  lobed  or 
incised,  and  the  upper  ones  nearly  entire  and  confluent  into 
a  broadly-triangular  incised  terminal  portion.  The  ultimate 
lobes  are  only  one  or  two  lines  long,  triangular-ovate  and 
mostly  obtuse.     The   ends  of  the  smaller  lobes  and  the  sides 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


87 


of  the  larger  ones  arc  revolute,  forming  usually  separated  but 
sometimes  continuous  involucres,  which  have  the  same  green 
color  and  herbaceous  texture  as  the  frond  itself. 

The  spores  arc  sub-globose,  and  very  obscurely  or  not 
at  all  trivittate. 

This  is  one  of  the  rarest  of  our  species  of  Cheilanthes, 
having  been  collected  by  only  three  or  four  persons,  and  at 
distant  intervals.  Among  our  many  species  of  the  genus  it 
is  characterized  by  the  smooth  and  glabrous  surfaces  of  the 
deltoid   bipinnatifid  pinnne,  and  the  herbaceous  involucres. 

Apparently  it  has  not  been  brought  into  cultivation, 
either  in  Europe  or  America.  Hooker  wrote  of  it:  —  "A 
small  and  very  pretty,  and,  as  far  as  I  can  judge,  very 
distinct  species,  somewhat  allied  in  its  fructifications  to  the 
East  Indian  Cheilanthes  varians  of  Dr.  Wallich,  but  very 
much  smaller  and  with  ample  distinguishing  characters  from 
that."  Dr.  Mettenius  had  seen  no  specimens  of  it  when 
writing  his  monograph  of  the  genus,  and  so  merely  men- 
tioned it  next  after  C.  multifida  of  South  Africa.  In  Synop- 
sis Filicum  it  is  placed  between  C.  multifida  and  C.  tenuifolia, 
with  the  remark  that  "in  habit  it  comes  very  near  the  small 
forms  of  C  tenuifolia,  but  the  involucres  are  less  confluent." 
Of  these  three  species  C.  multifida  is  certainly  the  nearest  to 
it,  having  a  similar  texture  and  similar  segments,  but  a  ten 
times  larger  frond  and  distinct  squamiform  involucres.  Chei- 
lanthes viscida  of  Davenport,  figured  at  Plate  XII  of  this 
work,  is  probably  its  nearest  ally,  but    differs    slightly  in    the 


88 


FERNS   OI-    NORTH    AMERICA. 


outline  of  the  frond,  and  more  decidedly  in  the  glandular 
and  viscid  surface,  in  the  terete  stalk,  in  the  minuter  involu- 
cres, etc. 

Plato  LVII.,  Fig.  4-6. —  Cheilanthcs  fF/'/^M/,  from  Dr.  Rothrock's 
Arizona  si)ccimciis.  Fig.  5  represents  a  secondary  pinna  or  segment 
enlarged  about  si.\  diameters.     Fig.  6  is  a  spore. 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


89 


P1.AT1;  I.VII.  — Fic.  7-9. 

CHEILANTHES  ALABAMENSIS,  Kunze. 

Alabama  Lip- Fern. 

Cheilanthks  ALABAMENSIS:  —  Root-stock  creeping,  silky- 
villous  with  very  slender  bright-brown  scales;  stalks  three  to 
six  inches  high,  wiry,  terete,  black  and  polished  like  the 
rachises,  at  the  base  villous  with  soft  ferruginous  paleaceous 
hairs,  scantily  hairy  along  the  anterior  side ;  fronds  lanceolate, 
two  to  eight  inches  long,  chartaceous,  green  and  glabrous, 
bipinnate;  pinn.e  very  numerous,  closely  placed,  ovate-lance- 
olate, six  to  eighteen  inches  long,  the  lowest  pair  not  en- 
larged; pinnules  adnate  to  the  second. iry  rachis,  mostly 
triangular-oblong,  rather  acute,  usually  auriculatc  on  the  up- 
per side  of  the  base,  or  the  larger  ones  with  several  lobes 
on  each  side;  involucres  rather  broad,  membranaceous,  pale, 
interrupted  only  by  the  incising  of   the  pinnules. 

Cheilantlies  Alabaviensis,  Kunzk,  in  Linnjea,  xx.,  p.  4,  xxiii.,  p.  243; 
Silliman's  Journal,  Jul).  1.S4S,  p.  .S7.  —  Hooki:k,  Sp.  l-'il.,  ii., 
p.  89,  t.  ciii.,  H;  l'"il.  Kxot.,  t.  xc. —  Meitknius,  Fil.  Hort. 
Lips.,  p.  50;  ChcilaiUhcs,  p.  2,1- — Ivvion,  in  Chapman's  Mora. 
p.  590;  Ferns  of  the  Soiuh-Wcsi,  p.  311.  —  Daventokt,  Cat., 
p.   12. 


i  ' 


90 


FHRNS  OF   NORTH   AMICKICA. 


Pferis  A/abamcnsis,  Buckley,  in  Silliman's  Journal,   1843,  |).   177. 

Pellcea  Alahamensis,  Hakkr,  Syn.   I'il.,  p.    148. 

Pteris  gracilis,  Rugki,,  "  Plant.  Am.  .Sept.  Exsicc,"  not  of  Kaulfiiss. 

Haii.  —  On  rocks,  certainly  on  sandstoiie  and  perhaps  on  lime- 
rock,  along  the  banks  of  the  rivers  of  I'^astern  Tennessee  and  the 
western  parts  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  Rucki.,  Buckley,  Brad- 
ley, W.  Faxo.v,  James  Constable,  Jr.,  etc.  I'Vanklin  County,  Kentucky, 
Professor  Wildiieuger.  Valley  of  the  Cohaha  River,  .Mabama,  Prof. 
Eugene  A.  Smith.  Mouth  of  Rio  P<!cos.  Texas,  Dr.  J.  M.  Bioelow, 
and  along  tiu;  lower  Rio  Clrande,  Auriiuu  -ScHorr. 

Descrh'TION:  —  The  Alabama  Lip-Fern  is  beautifully 
figured  and  admirably  described  in  Hooker's  lu/iccs  Exoticcc. 
But  little  of  the  root-stock  is  preserved  on  the  sj)ecimens 
I  have  received.  Hooker  says:  —  "Caudcx  creeping"  and 
branched,  with  the  stipitcs  rising  in  tufts  from  their  short, 
almost  shaggy,  sericeo-villous  branches:  their  hairs  or  hair- 
like scales  are  of  a  rich  ferruginous  color."  The  scales  of 
the  root-stock  are  a  little  broader  than  those  of  the  b.ise  of 
the  stalk,  but  are  softer  and  more  silky  than  in  C.  micto- 
piiylla,  to  which  the  present  species  is  so  closely  related  that 
Hooker  had  to  the  last  considerable  doubt  of  its  specific 
distinction. 

The  stalks  are  usually  about  four  or  five  inches  long, 
erect,  terete,  wiry,  black  and  polished.  Along  the  anterior 
side  there  is  a  faint  line  of  short  paleaceous  pubescence, 
which  is  continued  along  the  rachis  of  the  frond.  The  sec- 
tion   of    the   stalk    is    round   and    contains   a   single    rounded- 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


91 


heart-shaped   fibro-vascular   bundle.      The   exterior    sheath   of 
sclereiichyma  is  moderately  thick  and  very  opaque. 

The  fronds  are  rarely  over  eight  inches  long  and  an  inch 
and  a  half  broad.  They  are  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate 
in  shape,  rather  long-pointed,  and  usually  a  little  narrower 
at  the  base  than  in  the  middle.  The  primary  rachis  and  the 
lower  half  or  two-thirds  of  the  midribs  of  the  pinnae  are 
ebencous  like  the  stalk.  There  are  from  twelve  to  twenty 
pinna;  each  side  of  the  rachis,  besides  the  minuter  pinnae 
which  pass  into  the  segments  of  the  pinnatifid  apex.  The 
principal  pinn.e  are  about  an  inch  long  and  nearly  half  as  wide, 
short  stalked,  and  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  broad  base.  They 
arc  divided  quite  to  the  midrib  into  rather  numerous  triangu- 
lar-oblong adnate-decurrent  pointed  pinnules,  three  or  four 
lines  long,  the  smaller  ones  of  which  arc  either  entire  or 
auricled  on  the  upper  side  of  the  base,  but  the  larger  ones 
are  pinnately  incised  into  three  or  four  short  lateral  lobes 
and  a  much  larger  terminal  one.  The  texture  is  firmly 
chartaceous,  though  both  Kun/.c  and  Hooker  call  it  subcoria- 
ceous,  a  term  implying  a  somewhat  heavier  frond  than  the 
plant  really  possesses.  Both  surfaces  are  smooth  and  of  a 
clear  herbaceous  green  color. 

The  edges  of  the  lobes  arc  rather  broadly  reHexed,  and 
arc  more  delicate  anil  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  frond,  form- 
ing a  well-defined  involucre,  which  would  be  continuous  were 
it   not    interrupted    by   the    lateral    incisions   of    the    pinnules. 

The  spores  are  rounded,  and  apparently  destitute  of  vittas. 


92 


FRRNS  OF  NORTH  AMURICA. 


iM' 


Mr.  Hiikcr  has  referred  this  plant  to  the  jjenus  Pcllmi, 
principally  on  account  of  its  continuous  involucres,  but  its 
near  relationship  to  C.  uiiitopliylla  seems  to  demand  that 
both  should  rest  in  one  j^enus.  A  frond  sent  by  I'rofessor 
Smith  from  Alabama  is  so  imperfectly  fruited  that  the  in- 
volucres are  by  no  means  continuous.  A  specimen  from 
Tennessee  has  the  two  lowest  pinna:  half  as  large  as  the 
rest  of   the  frond  —  no  iloubt  an  accidental  'sport.' 

Plate  I.Vll.,  Fijf.  7-9. —  Chcilantlits  .Uubtxmensis,  The  drawing 
represents  a  plant  collected  l)y  Professor  IJiiADii'v  on  the  rocky  banks 
of  the  1  iolston  River,  near  Knoxville,  Tennessee.  TIk'  details  are  a 
pinnule,  enlarged,  anti  a  spore. 


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FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


93 


Plate  LVIII. 

ACROSTICHUM  AUREUM,  Linn^us. 

Golden  Acrostichum. 

AcROSTiCHUM  AUREUM : — Root-stock  short  and  thick,  creep- 
ing; stalks  clustered,  stent,  often  several  feet  long  and  as 
thick  as  one's  finger;  fronds  standing  in  a  crown,  three  to 
six  feet  long,  evergreen,  smooth  above,  rarely  hirsute  beneath, 
coriaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  pinnate ;  pinnae  numerous,  a  few 
inches  to  a  foot  long,  half  an  inch  to  three  inches  wide, 
short-slalked,  elliptical,  lanceolate,  or  oblong-linear,  entire,  or 
rarely  auricled  on  the  lower  side  near  the  base,  the  base 
acute,  rounded  (^r  sui)cordate,  the  apex  either  obtuse,  acute 
or  emarginate,  the  edge  thickened  and  often  slightly  revolute; 
terminal  pinna  commonly  distinct ;  midveins  strong,  prominent 
beneath ;  veinlets  conspicuous,  anastomosing  in  very  fine 
oblique-oblong  four-  to  ^ix-sided  areoles ;  the  terminal  and 
some  or  all  of  the  lateral  pinn;e  of  the  fertile  fronds  covered 
beneath  with  a  mass  of   naked  sporangia. 

Acrostichum  auraiin,  Linn^us,  Sp.  PI.,  p.  1525. — Michaux,  F!.  Bor.-Am., 
ii.,  p.  272. —  SwARTZ,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  13. — Wu  i.denow,  Sp.  PL,  v., 
p.  116. —  PuRsn,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  658.  —  Kaulfuss,  Enum. 
Fil.,  p.  65.  —  Brackenriugk,  Fil.  U.  S.  \i%\-)\.  Exped.,  p.  82. — 


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94 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Moore,  Ind.  Fil.,  p.  5. —  Eaton,  in  Chapman's  Flora,  p.  588. — 
Bentham,  F1.  Hongkong,  p.  443. — Beddome,  Ferns  of  Southern 
India,  p.  69,  t.  rciv. —  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  v.,  p.  266. —  Hooker 
&  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  423.  —  Garber,  in  Bot.  Gazette,  iti., 
p.  82. 

Acros/icAum  spt-dosum,  \Y\u.r)r.vovf,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  117;  Blume,  Flora 
Javie,  p.  42,  t.  xvii. 

Acrosl'c/mm  hiaqualc,  VVilldenow,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  117;  Blume,  Flora 
Javiu,  p.  40,  t    xvi. 

Acrosticlitim  fraxini/olium,  R.  Brown,  Prodr.,  p.  145. 

Acrostirhum  danate/olium,  Langsdorff  &  Fischer,  Ic.  F'il.,  p.  5,  t.  i. 

Acrosticluim  juglandifolium,  Kaulfuss,  Enum.  Fil.,  p.  66. 

Acrosiichnm  obliqimm,  Blume,  Flora  Java;,  p.  30,  t.  9. 

Acrosticlitim  obliquum,  A.  anrcum,  A.  rigens,  A.  Cayennense,  A.  Ur- 
villei,  A.  scalpturatum,  .1.  clanaafolium,  A.  formosum,  A. 
marginatum,  .1.  inaqualc,  A.  sptciosum,  A.  fraxini/olium, 
A.  crassi/oliutn,  1'klsl,  Epim.  Bot.,  p.   179-183. 

Chrysodiitm  aiireurt,  Mrrri:Niiis,  Fil.  Lips.,  n.  21  (in  the  synopsis  of 
the  species). — KuiiN,  Fil.  Afr.,  p.  50;  Ann.  Mus.  Bot.  Lugd.- 
Bat.,  iv.,  p.  293. —  LuERssEN,  Filices  Graefleana;,  in  Mittheil.  d. 
Bot.,  i.,  p.  67. 

Chrysodiuin  vulgare,  C.  hirsutitm,  C.  incequah,  C.  Ciiyennense, 
C.  Uivillei,  C.  scalpturatum,  C.  speciosum,  C.  fraxini- 
folium,  C.  dai-atcfolium,  Vtv.,  Hist.  d.  Acrostichees,  p.  97- 
loi,  t.  lix-lxii. 

Lingua  cervina  aurea,  Plumikr,  F'il.  Am.,  p.  87,  t.  civ. 


*  * 


^  The  writings  of  Fee,  IVcsl,  Hooker  and  Luerssan  give  many 
more  references  and  several  additional  synonymes,  I.iierssen  most  of 
all. 


wmnmrn 


H1WilM,AiiJHI 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA.  95 

Had. —  Muddy  shores  of  brackish  marshes,  creeks  and  bayous  in 
Southern  Florida,  very  often  associated  with  the  Mangrove.  It  is  found 
in  similar  places  in  nearly  all  tropical  regions,  and  is  perhaps  the  only 
known  fern  which  grows  only  within  the  influence  of  salt  water.  Dr. 
Garber  says  that  ir.  ascending  the  creeks  of  .South  Florida  this  fern 
is  found  as  far  ;is  the  water  is  bracVish,  and  ceases  as  soon  as  the 
water  becomes  entirely  free  from  salt.  Blumf,  reports  that  he  has  seen 
one  form  in  the  interior  of  Java,  in  places  full  of  springs  abounding 
in  carbonate  of  lime  and  chloride  of  sodium. 

Description: — The  largest  of  all  the  Ferns  of  the  United 
States.  Captain  John  Donnell  Smith  notes  that  it  is  often 
eight  to  eleven  feet  high,  and  Fee  gives  Jiree  metres  as  the 
extreme.  The  root-stock  forms  a  mass  sometimes  six  or 
eight  inches  long  and  two  or  three  inches  thick,  and  sending 
out  numerous  soft  and  spongy  roots  as  thick  .<s  a  goose- 
quill  and  a  foot  long  [Dr.  Garber|.  It  is  more  or  less  chaffy 
with  large  opaque  lanceolate  scales,  which  are  also  found  on 
the  base  of    the  stalk. 

The  stalks  vary  in  size  according  to  the  proportions  of 
the  whole  plant.  Specimens  from  i<io  J.ineiro,  collected  by 
the  U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition,  have  stalks  which  when 
fresh  must  have  been  nearly  an  inch  thick.  In  the  living 
plant  the  stalk  is  nearly  semi-cylindrical,  the  anterior  side  flat, 
and  the  rounded  side  with  several  shallow  longitudinal  fur- 
rows. The  libro-vascular  bundles  vary  in  niimher  from  thir- 
teen, according  to  Mettenius,  to  sixty,  according  to  Presl,  or 
to   eighty-four   as   counted    by    myself.      More    than    hail    the 


isr'. 

Hi 


'>:! 


96 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


bundles,  all  of  which  are  slender,  are  arranged  in  a  circle 
just  beneath  the  surface  of  the  stalk.  Usually  there  is  a 
second  imperfect  circle,  and  in  large  stalks  some  rudiments 
of  a  third,  but  the  exact  position  of  the  inner  bundles  is 
different  in  different  stalks.  I  find  no  one  large  central  bun- 
dle, as  observed  by  Mettcnius. 

The  pinnai  are  sometimes  as  many  as  thirty  on  each 
side,  besides  the  terminal  pinna,  which  is  about  as  large  as 
those  next  to  it,  or  even  larger.  More  commonly  there  are 
from  fifteen  to  twenty  pinna?  on  each  side,  though  sometimes 
much  fewer;  and  in  one  form,  A.  obUqnum  of  Blume,  the 
fronds  are  simple  and  only  a  foot  long.  The  pinn.-e,  even  of 
our  Florida  plants,  vary  in  length  Irom  two  inches  to  a  foot, 
and  in  width  from  half  an  inch  to  two  inches.  Some  of  the 
smaller  plants  have  elliptical  pinn.e,  the  base  ecpuil  and  sub- 
acute, and  the  apex  rounded.  Other  plants  have  pinn.e  linear- 
strap-shaped,  and  over  a  foot  long,  the  base  rounded  on  the 
lower  side  and  euneate  on  the  upper,  the  apex  obtuse  but 
mucronate.  This  is  the  A.  inccqualc  of  Willdetiow,  which  is 
beautifully  figured  by  Blume.  The  larger  Florida  plants  have 
the  base  of  the  elongated  pinn;e  ctpially  euneate,  antl  the 
apex  barely  acute.  A  specimen  from  Tahiti  has  very  broad 
pinna'  with  an  acuminate  apex.  In  some  speciimns,  collected 
in  .S.  W.  Florida  by  Dr.  Garber,  several  of  the  pinna;  bear 
a  distinct  auricle  on  the  lower  side,  an  inch  or  two  above 
the  base.  This  auricle  is  from  one  to  fixe  inches  long,  and 
has  a  special  midvein.  One  pinna  has  two  such  .ui rides, 
side  by  side. 


MHil 


FERNS  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


97 


In  the  living  fern  the  pinnae  have  their  edges  more  or 
less  undulate,  a  character  which  may  often  be  seen  also  in 
herbarium  specimens.  The  pinnae  have  an  almost  coriaceous 
texture;  the  upper  surface  is  dark  green  and  shining;  the 
lower  surface  paler  and  usually  smooth,  but  hairy  in  a  form 
found  in  Brazil,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  etc.  The  mid- 
nerve  is  strong,  and  prominent  beneath.  The  veinlets  are 
copious,  and  anastomose  in  very  fine  obliquely-placed  oblong 
or  oblong-hexagonal  areoles.  The  very  edge  of  the  pinnae 
is  translucent  and  somewhat  thickened,  and  is  often  slightly 
recurved.  The  surface  cells  are  irregularly  star-shaped,  with 
rounded  interlocking  points.  In  the  lower  surface  there 
are  numerous  stoniata,  much  like  those  of  common  flowering, 
plants.  Fde  comments  on  the  presence  of  these  stomata,  and 
seems  to  consider  them  a  rarity  among  Ferns.  But  they 
exist,  though  perhaps  less  abundantly,  in  Onodea  sensibilis, 
IVoodwardia  angustifolia,  Aspidium  Filix-mas,  Polypodium 
vulgare,  etc.,  etc.,  and  not  improbably  in  all  Ferns.' 

The  sporangia  are  produced  in  great  masses  entirely  cov- 
ering the  under  surface  of  the  pinnae.  Dr.  Garbcr  states 
that,  in  plants  near  the  scacoast  of  Florida,  a  few  of  the 
fronds  are  taller  than  the  others,  and  have  all  the  pinnae  fer- 
tile and  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis;  but  that  in  a  form 
frequently  seen  on  the  Corkscrew  river,  the  fronds  are  only 
two  or  three  feet  high,  the  pinnae  few,  dis^'nt  on  the  rachis, 
and    all    the    fronds    with    from   one    to    five  of    the   highest 

I.  Sec  .Sachs's  Text-Book,  Engl,  version,  p.  88. 


98 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


I* 


pinn.x'  fertile,  the  lower  pinnx  uniformly  sterile.  F«5e  noticed 
that  among  the  sporangia  are  great  numbers  of  smaller  ped- 
icelled  corpuscles,  peltate,  radiate,  palmate,  intestiniform,  etc., 
and,  as  he  supposed,  each  kind  peculiar  to  the  species,  as  he 
regarded  the  species.  Sometimes  what  appeared  to  be  a  mass 
of  sporangia  he  found  to  consist  wholly  of  these  corpuscles. 
In  the  Intlian  River  specimen,  which  Mr.  Faxon  has 
figured,  these  corpuscles  are  intestiniform,  as  in  Fee's  C. 
scaiptumtum,  and  in  the  Corkscrew  river  plants  they  are 
irregularly  radiate,  with  rounded  points,  as  in  Fee's  C.  Cay- 
ennense.  The  spores  are  spheroid-tetrahedral,  smooth,  and 
plainly  trivittate. 

The  generic  character  of  Acrostichum,  as  understood  Iiy 
Hooker,  consists  ia  the  sporangia  being  spread  over  the  whole 
lower  surface  or  over  large  portions  of  the  surface,  some- 
times both  surfaces,  of  the  frond.  Hooker  &  Baker  describe 
about  two  hundred  species.  Fee  divided  the  genus  into 
eighteen  genera,  and  even  Mettenius  admitted  five  genera 
as  distinct. 

Plate  LVIII.  —  Acrostichum  aureum.  The  specimen  is  a  small 
one,  and  was  collected  at  Indian  River,  Florida,  by  Dr.  Kdward  Palmer. 
Fig.  2  is  a  part  of  a  fertile  pinna,  enlarged,  so  as  to  show  the  spo- 
rangia, which  are  partly  removed.  Fig.  3  is  a  spore.  Fig.  4,  a  section 
of  the  stalk. 


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Plate  LI  X.  — Fig.   1-5. 

CRYPTOGRAMME  ACROSTICHOIDES,  R.  Brown. 

American  Rock-Brake. 

Cryptogkamme  ACROSTICHOIDES  :  —  Root-stocks  short, 
creeping,  tufted,  chaffy;  stalks,  densely  clustered,  stramineous; 
fronds  ovate,  smooth,  chartaceous,  bi-tripinnate,  two  to  four 
inches  long,  of  two  kinds;  the  sterile  ones  short-stalked,  and 
with  narrowly  winged  rachises,  the  ultimate  segments  crowded, 
ovate  or  obovate,  adnate-decurrent,  crenately  toothed  or  some- 
what incised ;  fertile  fronds  long-stalked,  the  rachises  scarcely 
winged,  the  ultimate  segments  fewer,  petiolulate,  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  three  to  five  lines  long  and  scarcely  one  line 
wide;  involucres  herbaceous,  very  broad  and  at  first  meeting 
at  the  midveiii,  at  length  opened  out ;  sporangia  seated  on 
the  forked  veinlets  in  lines  extending  down  almost  to  the 
midvcin,  when  ripe  confiuent  and  covering  the  segments. 

Cryptogra)ni)ic  acrostickoidcs,  R.  BumvN,  in  Appendix  to  I'Vanklin's  First 
Journ.,  [).  767;  Verm.  Bot.  .Schriftcn,  !.,  p.  549.  —  Hooker  & 
Gkia'ii.i.i;,  Ic.  ImI.,  i.,  t.  xxix. —  IIhokei;,  I'M.  lior.-Am.,  ii.,  p. 
264.  —  Mi'.iTiAirs,  ImI.  Hort.  I-ips.,  ]>.  43.  —  ILvton,  in  Bot. 
of  U.  .S.  Gcol.  ICxpI.  of  40th  Parallel,  p.  396 ;  Ferns  of  the 
Soiitii-West,  p.  318.  —  PoKTEU  &  Coulter,  Syn.  Fl.  Colorado, 
p.   153.  —  Moore,  Ind.  l'"il.,  p.  263. 


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FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


Cryptogramme  crispa,  forma  Americana,  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.  130. 

AUosorus  acrostichoides,  Sprengel,  "  Syst.,  p.  66." — W.  D.  Whitney,  in 
Foster  &  Whitney's  Rep.  on  Geol.  of  Lake  Superior,  ii., 
p.  380.  —  Brackenridge,  Fil.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  p.  19. — 
Gray,    Manual,  ed.    ii.,    p.    591. 

AUosorus  crispus,  Kaulfuss,  Enum.  Fil.,  p.   143   {excl.  syn.). 

AUosorus  foveolatus,  Rupreciit,  Distr.  Crypt.  Vase,  in  Imp.  Ross.,  p.  47. 

AUosorus  Sitchensis,  Ruprecht,  Distr.  Crypt.  Vase,  in  Imp.  Ross.,  p.  48. 

AUosorus  crispus,  var.  acrostichoides,  Milde,  Fil.  Eur.  et  Atlant.,  p.  24. 

Gymnogramme  acrostichoides,  Presl,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  219. 

Phorobolus  acrostichoides,  F£e,  Gen.  Fil.,  p.   131.  . 

Had.  —  In  dense  tufts  and  patches,  among  rocks  and  in  their 
crevices,  from  Arctic  America  southward  to  Lake  Superior,  Colorado, 
Alaska,  and  the  Sierra  of  California,  where  Professor  Brewer  reports 
finding  it  at  8,000  to  10,000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  species  was  first 
collected  by  Menzies  at  Nutka  Sound. 

Description:  —  This  fern  grows  in  large  masses,  formed 
of  many  crowded  root-stocks,  which  are  chaffy  with  ovate- 
lanceolate  long-pointed  dark-ferruginous  scales.  The  stalks 
are  green  when  living,  but  stramineous  in  dried  specimens, 
rather  slender,  slightly  furrowed  in  front,  and  chaffy  below 
the  middle;  the  scales  with  a  broad  dark-brown  midnerve, 
but  paler  on  the  margins.  There  is  a  single  fibro-vascular 
bundle,  obtusely-triangular  in  section. 

The  sterile  fronds  have  stalks  from  two  to  four  inches 
long:  they  are  chartaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  smooth,  ovate  in 
outline,  rather  densely  twice  or  three  times  pinnate,  and  have 


il  1 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


lOI 


the  general  and  partial  rachises  narrowly  winged.  Their  ulti- 
mate segments  are  oval  or  ovate,  sometimes  obovate,  rarely 
over  five  lines  long,  and  crenately  toothed,  or  less  commonly 
incised-toothed. 

The  fertile  fronds  stand  nearly  twice  as  high  as  the 
others,  and  have  fewer  and  more  distant,  longer,  narrower 
and  distinctly  stalked  pinnules  rather  than  segments.  These 
pinnules  are  pod-like,  having  the  edges  so  far  recurved  as  to 
meet  at  the  midvein,  or  even  to  overlap,  forming  herbaceous 
involucres.  The  veinlets  are  mostly  once  forked  near  the 
midvein,  and  are  covered  with  sporangia  arranged  in  lines 
hidden  beneath  the  involucre,  whence  the  name  given  by 
Brown.'  The  sporangia  at  length  become  confluent,  and 
cover  the  under  surface  of  the  pinnules.  The  spores  are 
tetrahedral  with  rounded  sides,  and  plainly  trivittate. 

Robert  Brown,  in  proposing  this  genus,  observed  that 
the  type  of  it  is  C.  acrostichoides,   but   that   he   had   so   con- 


'  I  have  followed  Hooker's  orthography  in  this  word.  It  was  originally  written 
Cryptogramma . 

For  a  full  discussion  of  the  reasons  for  adopting  the  name  Cryptogramme  for  this 
genus,  rather  than  Allosorns,  sec  Hooker's  Species  Filicuvt.  volume  second,  and  page 
131.  I  have  only  to  add  to  his  remarks  that  the  '■'■  Adiatita  spuria"  of  Swartz,  which 
Bernhardi  included  in  his  giMius  Allosorus,  is  a  division  to  be  found  in  Schraders  yournal 
/iir  die  Botanik,  iSoo,  ii.,  p.  84.  The  species  arc  Ad.  viride,  microphyUum,fragrans, 
Caffrorum,  parvilobum,  capcnsc,  pteroidcs,  tenuifolium  and  muHijidiim.  The  first  of 
these  is  now  a  IVlIa:a  ;  all  the  rest  species  of  Cheilanthes.  So  that  Allos.irus  was  made 
up  of  eight  or  nine  species  of  Cheilanthes^  one  Pellica,  one  Pteris  -.-.id  Pteris  crispa. 
So  ill-assorted  a  congeries  was  never  deserving  of  preservation. 


w 


102 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i 


i      i  i 


structcd  the  generic  character  as  to  admit  Pteyis  cfispa  of 
Europe,  which  agrees  well  enough  with  the  former  species  in 
habit,  although  the  sori  are  roundish  rather  than  linear,  and 
terminal  on  the  vcinlets.  The  two  plants  are  in  fact  so 
nearly  allied  that  Hooker  and  Milde  have  considered  the 
American  only  a  variety  of  the  European,  and  Hooker  said 
that  some  of  the  Scottish  specimens  in  his  collection  were 
almost  identical  with  those  from  North  America,  and  that  he 
had  some  from  the  United  States  and  from  British  Columbia 
quite  agreeing  with  the  common  European  fjrm.  While  it 
is  indisputable  that  there  may  be  specimens  from  one  conti- 
nent much  resembling  the  type  usually  seen  in  the  other, 
yet  the  normal  type  of  C.  acrostichoides  is  so  different  from 
that  of  C.  ci'ispa,  that,  for  the  present  purpose  certainly,  it 
is  better  to  keep  them  apart.  Allosoms  foveolatiis  is  certainly 
a  stunted  form  of  our  plant  from  Alaska,  with  the  ends  of 
the  vcinlets  in  the  sterile  plant  enlarged  and  marked  by  a 
semi-translucent  oval  depression,  which  may  be  seen  also  in 
specimens  from  Colorado,  Lake  Superior  and  California.  A. 
Sitclicnsc  I  have  not  seen,  but  it  may  be  safely  assumed  to 
be  but  little  different  from  small  specimens  of  our  common 
plant. 

Plate  LIX.,  Fig.  1-5. —  Cryplogrammc  acrostichoides  from  Califor- 
nia. Fig.  2  is  an  cniarged  \ic\v  of  a  fcirtile  pinnule.  I'~ig.  3,  the  same 
after  it  has  l)cen  opened  and  the  sporangia  partly  removed.  Fig.  4  is 
a  pinnule  of  a  sterile  leaf,  enlarged,  and  I'ig.  5  is  a  spore. 


h  ! 


KERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


103 


Plate  MX.  —  Fig.  6-10. 

ADIANTUM  TRICHOLEPIS,  F6e. 

Soft  Maidenhair. 

Adiantum  tricholepis  :  —  Root-stock  short,  creeping, 
chaffy ;  stalks  clustered,  slender,  about  a  span  long,  reddish- 
black  and  polished,  like  the  rachis  and  its  branches;  fronds 
six  to  twelve  inches  long,  deltoid-ovate  or  broadly  pyramidal, 
three  or  four  times  pinnate  at  the  base,  simply  pinnate  at 
the  apex ;  primary  pinn.e  triangular-lanceolate,  rather  long- 
stalked  ;  ultimate  pinnules  petiolulate,  three  to  six  lines  broad, 
roundish  with  a  truncate  or  subcordate  base,  rarely  lobed, 
hairy  on  both  surfacis;  margins  obscurely  denticulate,  the 
veinlets  extending  to  the  points  of  the  teeth;  involucres  finely 
pubescent,  roundish-oblong  and  transversely  elongated  on  the 
same  pinnules. 

Adiantnvi  Iricholcpis,  FiiE,  8me   Mem.,  p.  72.  —  Keyserling,  Adiantum, 

pp.   15,  37.  —  Eaton,  Ferns  of  the  Soiith-West,  p.  326. 
Adiantum  di/alaimii,  Nuttall,  MS.,  and  as  quoted  in  Hooker,  Sp.  Fll., 

ii.,  p.  43. 
AdiantiDii  fragile,  var.  piibescens,  Marticns  &  GA[.i:orrr,  Syn,  I-'il.  Mex., 

p.  72,  according  to  Fee. 
Adiantum    CItilcnsc,   var.    pilosiilum,    Liedmann,    Mex.    Bregn.,    p.    [15, 

according  to  Keyserling. 


'J'. 


^* 


t<;  I 


104 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


Adianium  Chilense,  var.  hirsiitum,  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.  43  (in 
part).  —  Eaton,  in  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary,  p.  233. 

Adiantunt  pilosum,  Eaton,  in  Robinson's  Catalogue,  but  not  of  Fde, 
whose  plant  is  said  by  Keyserling  to  be  A.   Chilense. 

Hah. — A  single  specimen  in  the  Herbarium  at  Kew  is  marked 
by  Mr.  Nuttall :  —  "^  Adiantunt  *dilalatum,  Nutt.,  Monterey,  Cal."  I 
cannot  learn  that  any  one  has  found  it  in  California  since  his  time, 
nor  does  the  specimen  accord  perfectly  with  the  type  of  the  species. 
The  true  plant  was  collected  in  a  rocky  ravine  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  Pecos,  in  Western  Texas,  during  the  Survey  of  the  Mexican  Boun- 
dary. I  have  Ervendberg's  No.  11,  from  Wartcnberg,  in  the  province 
of  Huasteca,  Mexico,  referred  to  this  species  by  Keyserling,  and  spec- 
imens from  the  ruins  of  Uxmal,  in  Yucatan,  collected  by  Arthur  Schott 
(No.  687).  Fee  established  the  species  on  Galeotti's  No.  6445,  col- 
lected on  rocks  along  the  shore  of  Rio  Grande  de  Lerma,  near  Guad- 
alaxara.  Liebmann's  plants  were  gathered  on  calcareous  cliffs  near 
Papantla,  and  Keyserling  states  that  Karwinsky's  specimens  came  from 
the  apex  of  a  pyramid  near  the  same  place. 

Description: — This,  the  rarest  of  the  North  American 
species  of  Maidenhair,  belongs  to  the  same  subsection  with 
the  Californian  Maidenhair  and  the  true  Venus-hair,  a  subsec- 
tion characterized  by  the  ovate-pyramidal  decompound  fronds, 
by  the  terminal  pinnules  having  a  rounded  outer  or  upper 
margin,  and  by  the  veinlets  running  to  the  points  of  the 
teeth  rather  than  to  the  minute  indentations  between  them. 
The   remaining  species   of    this   subsection,"   in    Keyserling's 

'  Keyserling's  arrangement  of  the  genus  is  altogether  the  most  satisfactory  of  all 
that  have  been  published.     He  divides  the  genus  into  four  sections:  —  Simpiicia,  Radi- 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


105 


arrangement,  arc  A.  ^thiopicitm,  A.  venustum,  A.  Andicola 
and  A.  glancopiiyllum. 

How  long  the  root-stock  may  be  I  cannot  tell,  having 
only  a  fragment :  Fee  says  it  is  "  rampant"  an  expression 
equivalent  to  our  "creeping."  The  scales  with  which  it  is 
covered  are  ovate-acuminate,  toothed  with  often  recurved 
processes,  and  of  a  brownish-yellow  color.  A  section  of  the 
single  fibro-vascular  bundle  has  the  form  of  a  broad  open  V. 

The  fronds  are  from  six  inches  to  a  foot  long,  triangular 
ovate  in  outline,  and  three  or  four  times  pinnate  at  ihe  base, 
gradually  becoming  simpler  towards  the  apex.  The  primary 
pinnae  are  mostly  alternate,  there  being  from  five  to  seven 
compound  ones  on  each  side,  besides  a  smaller  number  of 
simple  pinnae  towards  the  apex.  The  arrangement  of  the 
pinnules  is  anadromous  throughout  the  frond,  the  pinnule 
nearest  the  rachis  or  midrib  being  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
pinnae,  as  it  is,  indeed,  in  the  whole  genus. 

The  pinnules  of  the  Texas  specimen  are  only  three  or 
four  lines  broad,  and  are  roundish  with  a  truncate  or  occa- 
sionally subcordatc  base.  They  are  generally  entire;  but  a 
few   of   them  show  a  slight   tendency  to  become   three-lobed. 


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caiitia,  Acuminata  and  Ohtusata.  Oblusata  corresponds  to  Hooker's  "Capillus- Veneris 
yroup,"  and  comprises  nineteen  species,  two  in  Articiilata,  seven  (incUiding  our  present 
plant)  in  Dfii/ii/ui,  and  ten  in  liitcriloitalltj.  Fee's  specillc  character  of  A.  tricliolcpis 
reads  thus;  —  Fronde  ovale  en  son  ponrtour  ;  pdtiole  et  rachis  i^labres,  lisscs,  de  conleur 
noirc-foncec  ;  frondiiles  arrondics,  assez  longiicmcnt  pc'tiolulees,  poilncs  sur  les  deux  lames  ; 
sporothfeccs  trfes-peu  nombreux,  de  grandeur  indg.ile ;  indusuuii  trfes-vclu  ;  rhizome  ram- 
]>ant,  ecailleux  ;  ecailles  lin^aircs,  acumindes,  fauves." 


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FERNS    OI'    NORTH    AMliRICA. 


In  the  Yucatan  and  Mexican  specimens  tiiey  are  a  little 
larger,  and  if  the  figure  at  Plate  Ixxv,  B,  of  the  Species 
I'iiiciiiii  be  really  taken  from  Nuttall's  specimen,  the  pinnules 
of  his  |)lant  are  still  larger  and  more  semicircular.  Both 
surfaces  are  pubescent  with  soft  whitish  hairs. 

The  involucres  are  of  unequal  size  in  the  Texas  plant, 
as  they  are  in  those  from  Mexico  and  Yucatan,  some  of 
them  being  four  times  broader  than  deep,  others  barely  ob- 
long, and  others  roundish.  They  are  brownish-yellow  in  color, 
and  even  more  pubescent  than  the  pinnules  themselves.  The 
spores  are  trigonous  and  plainly  trivittate. 

Plate  LIX.,  I'ig.  6-1(1.  —  Aiiianlum  Iricholcpis.  The  frond  repre- 
sented is  from  the  Pecos  River,  in  Western  Texas.  Fig.  7  shows  an 
enlarged  pinnule.  I-'ig.  8,  a  position  of  the  margin  of  the  same,  with 
the  involucre  turned  back  to  show  the  position  of  the  sporangia  on  the 
tips  of  the  veinlets.  iMg.  9  is  a  spore,  and  Fig.  10,  a  part  of  a  pinna 
from  a  Yucatan  specimen,  of  the  natural  size. 


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PluU-  IX 


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l.iiti  .Vnnntmi-j  VI  •>  lirinMilrlVrH^r^inhrKigi; 


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FERNS    OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


107 


Plate  LX.  —  Fig.  1-4. 

WOODSIA  HYPERBOREA,  R.  Brown. 

Northern  W^oodsia. 

WooDSiA  HYPERBOREA:  —  Root-stocks  ascending,  tufted; 
stalks  crowded,  articulated  and  chaffy  near  the  base,  sparingly 
chaffy  upwards,  as  is  the  rachis,  castaneous  and  shining  when 
dried;  fronds  two  to  six  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  nearly 
smooth,  or  sparingly  paleaceous-hirsute,  pinnate;  pinna;  three 
to  six  lines  long,  triangular-ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  pin- 
nately  lobed  into  a  few  obtuse  rounded  nearly  entire  flattened 
lobes;  sori  sub-marginal,  distinct;  involucre  saucer-like,  deeply 
cleft  into  l')ng  incurved  filiform  rays. 

Woodsia  hypcrborca,  R.  Brown,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  xi.,  p.  173;  Verm. 

Bot.   Schriften,   ii.,    68i.  —  Hooker,    F1.   Am.-Bor.,    ii.,   p.   259; 

Sp.  Fil.,  !.,  p.  63;    Brit.  Ferns,  t.  7.  —  Hookkr  &  Baker,   Syn. 

Fil.,  p.  46. —  Pkingle,  in  Amer.  Nat.,  Dec.  1876;  and  in  Bull,  of 

Torrey  Botan.  Club,  vi.,  p.  273. 
Woodsia   alpina,   S.    F.    Gray,    "  Nat.   Arrangement  of  Brit.    PL,    ii.,   p. 

17."  —  Newman,    Hist.    Brit.    I'erns,    cd.    iii.,    p.    79.  —  Moore, 

Nat.  Pr.  Brit.  Ferns,  t.  xlvii.,  B.  —  Lawson,  in  Canad.   Nat.,  i., 

p.  289.  —  Eaton,  in  Canad.  Nat.,  ii.,  p.  89. 
Woodsia  Ilvensis,  van,   Bentham,   111.  Handbook  of  the    Brit.   Flora,  ii., 

p.   1060. 


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FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Woodsia  hyperborea,  van  arvonica,  Kocii,   Syii.    Fl.    Germ,    et    Helv.,  p. 

731.  —  MiLDK,  Fil.  Eur.  et  Atlant,  p.    161. 
Acroslichum  hyperboreum,  Liljeblad,  "in  Act.  Stockholm,    1793,  p.  201, 

t.  8.'" 
Polypodiwn  hyperboreuvi,  .Swartz,   Syn.    Fil.,   p.    39.  —  Schkuiir,   Krypt. 

Gew.,   t.  17  b.  —  Wii.i.DENOw,  Sp.  Pi.,  v.,  p.   197. 
Acroslichum  alpinwn,   Boi.ton,  "  Fil.  Brit.,  p.  76,  t.  42." 
Polypodium  arvonicum.  Smith,  "  Fl.  Brit,  iii.,  p.    1115." 

Hab.  —  Britisii  America,  the  limits  not  ascertained,  and  in  the 
northern  parts  of  Vermont  and  New  York.  To  Mr.  D.  A.  Wah',  of 
Montreal,  T  am  indebted  for  a  very  copious  series  of  specimens  collected 
by  himself  "  on  a  moist  mossy  bank  near  the  falls  on  the  Riviere-du- 
Loup,  and  within  reach  of  the  spray  from  the  falls,  Sept.  i,  1865," 
and  "  on  moist  mossy  rocks,  in  a  ravine,  Temiscouata,  Canada  East, 
1868;"  also  for  others  collected  on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior by  Mr.  Macoux.  Tiie  late  Horace  Mann,  jr.,  discovered  it  on 
Willoughby  Mountain,  In  Vermont,  and  Mr.  C.  C.  Pringle  has  gath- 
ered it  in  the  same  place,  and  also  in  .Smuggler's  Notch,  Mount  Mans- 
field, Vermont.  Professor  C.  H.  Peck  has  sent  it  from  the  Adirondack 
Mountains  of  New  York.  I  have  not  seen  the  plant  from  Boylston, 
Massachusetts,  but  doubt  very  much  if  it  can  be  true  hyperborea. 
In  the  Merbarium  at  Kew  is  a  specimen  from  Norway  House,  on 
the  Saskatchawan  River,  collected  by  Dr.  Richardson,  and  the  species 
is  said  to  have  been  seen  in  Newfoundland.  Its  range  extends  through 
the  northern  and  alpine  regions  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Description: — The  root-stocks  arc  clustered,  and  hidden 
by  a  multitude  of  stalk-bases,  which  persist  long  after  the 
fronds  have  fallen  off.     The  stalks  and  the    rachis   as    far   as 


ii  •' 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


109 


the  middle  of  the  frond  are  bright-chestnut-brown  and  shining. 
The  stalks  in  large  specimens  are  two  inches  long,  and  one- 
sixteenth  of  an  inch  thick.  In  this  species,  as  in  IV.  Ilvensis 
and  W.  glabella,  there  is  a  manifest  articulation  in  the  stalk, 
about  half  an  inch  from  the  root-stock.  Below  this  articula- 
tion the  stalks  are  chaffy,  the  scales  being  bright-ferruginous, 
ovate-acuminate,  distantly  ciliate-toothed,  destitute  of  midnerve, 
and  about  two  lines  long.  Above  the  articulation  the  scales 
are  very  narrow,  almost  hair-like,  and  so  few  that  often  the 
frond  seems  perfectly  smooth.  I  find  a  solitary  roundish- 
triangular  fibro-vascular  bundle.  A  delicate,  funnel-shaped 
expansion  of  the  fibro-vascular  bundle  connects  it  with  the 
surface  of   the  stalk  just  at  the  articulation. 

The  fronds  are  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  in 
outline,  usually  about  four  inches  long,  and  scarcely  one 
inch  wide.  They  have  about  twelve  or  fifteen  pinnas  on  each 
side,  those  towards  the  base  being  a  little  shorter  than  the 
others  and  more  distant.  The  texture  is  soft  and  membra- 
naceous: —  Hooker  says  "rather  flaccid."  The  middle  pinnae- 
are  seldom  over  half  an  inch  long,  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
broad  at  the  base.  They  are  ovate  from  a  broad  base,  ob- 
tuse or  roundctl  at  the  apex,  and  pinnately  lobed  rather  than 
cleft  into  from  three  to  seven  short  rounded  lobes  on  each 
side.  The  veins  are  free,  and  mostly  simple,  and  bear 
rounded  fruit-dots  just  below  the  apex. 

The  indusium  is  placed  beneath  the  sorus,  instead  of 
above  it  as  in  most  of   our   ferns,  and    consists   of   a    minute 


IIO 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


pateiiform  or  saucer-like  central  portion,  and  a  marginal 
fringe  of  long  radiating  jointed  hairs,  which  are  more  or 
less  incurved  over  the  sporangia.  This  indusium  is  most 
bea\itifully  represented  in  Francis  Bauer's  drawing  which  ac- 
companies Robert  Brown's  original  paper  on  the  genus. '  The 
spores  are  bean-shaped,  and  are  slightly  roughened. 

Brown  himself  remarked  oi  this  fern  and  IF.  Ilvensis: 
"These  two  plants  arc  indeed  so  nearly  related,  that  I  find 
myself  unable  to  construct  for  them  clear  specific  characters; 
and  therefore,  in  proposing  them  here  as  distinct  species,  I 
am,  from  want  of  sufficient  materials  to  determine  the  ques- 
tion, rather  following  the  prevailing  opinion  than  my  own. " 
Hooker's  last  words  on  the  subject  are: — "I  have  wavered 
in  my  opinion  as  to  their  distinctness ;  but  my  late  examina- 
tions incline  me  to  lean  to  their  validity."  JV.  hypeyborea  is 
tenderer  in  its  texture  than  W.  Ilvensis,  much  less  paleaceous, 
narrower  in  outline,  and  has  shorter,  more  obtuse,  and  less 
divided  pinnas. 

Plate  LX.,  Fig.  1-4. —  JVoodsia  hyperborea,  a  Ciiiiailiaii  specimen 
from  Mr.  Watt.  Fig.  2  is  an  enlarged  pinna.  Fig.  3,  a  sorus,  and 
Fig.  4,  a  spore. 

■  'I'his  piipor  was  published  in  1S12.  Other  spccilic  niiincs  are  older  than  •' h\- 
pcr/toira"  l)iit  as  that  is  the  name  chosen  by  the  author  of  the  {^eiuis.  it  was  not  iu  ac- 
cordaucc  with  the  principles  of  sound  nomenclature  to  substitute  '■'  ir//>//i<i,"  as  was  done 
bv  S.  F.  Gray,  whose  example  was  followed  by  Moore  and  Newinan,  ami  at  one  time,  I 
regret  to  say,  by  the  present  writer. 


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FERNS   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Ill 


Plate  LX.  — Fig.  5-8. 

WOODSIA  ILVENSIS,  R.  Brown. 

Rusty  Woodsia. 

WooDSiA  Ilvensis:  —  Root-stocks  ascending,  growing  in 
great  tufted  masses;  stalks  crowded,  articulated  near  the 
base,  very  chaffy  with-  rusty  brown  scales  and  paleaceous 
hairs,  greenish-brown,  becoming  brownish-stramineous  when 
dry;  fronds  two  to  six  inches  long,  lanceolate,  paleaceous  and 
hirsute,  pinnate;  pinnaj  six  to  nine  lines  long,  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  pinnatifid  into  rather  numerous  oblong  obtuse  usually 
crenated  lobes,  the  margins  slightly  reflexed ;  sori  numerous, 
at  length  confluent;  involucres  saucer-like,  deeply  cleft  into 
long  incurved  filiform  rays. 

Woodsia  Ilvensis,  R.  Brown,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  xi.,  p.  273  ;  Verm. 
Bot.  Schriften,  ii.,  p.  681. —  Pursh,  F1.  Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  660. — 
Hooker,  PI.  Am.-Bor.,  ii.,  p.  259 ;  Sp.  Fil.,  i.,  p.  63  ;  Brit. 
Ferns,  t.  S.  —Link,  Fil.  Hort.  Berol.,  p.  135.  —  Torrey,  F1. 
New  York,  ii.,  p.  500.' — Gray,  Manual,  ed.  i.,  p.  629,  etc. — 
Newm.vn,  Hist.  Brit.  Perns,  ed.  iii.,  p.  71.  —  Moore,  Nat.  Pr. 
Brit.  Ferns,  t.  xlvii.,  A. —  Meitenius,  P"il.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  98. — 
Lawson,  in  Canad.  Naturalist,  i.,  p.  288.  —  Hooker  &  Baker, 
Syn.  Fil.,  p.  46. 


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FERNS    OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


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PVoodsia   hyperborea,   van    rujidula,    Kocn,    Syn.    l*'!.    Germ,  ct  Helvet., 

ed.  iii.,  p.   731.  —  Mii.di;,  Fil.  Eur.  et  Atlant.,  p.   164. 
Woodsia  liypcrborca,  PuRsii,  certainly  as  to  the  original  specimens   pre- 
served at  Kew. 
Acrostichum  Ilvense,  LiNN/iiU.s,  Sp.  PI.,  p.    1528. 
Polypodiitm  Ihcnsc,  Swaktz,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.    39.  —  Schkuiir,  Krypt.    Gew., 

p.     16,    t.     19. WlLLDENOW,    Sp.    PI.,    v.,    p.     198. 

Ncp/irodinm  ritjidiiliwi,  Michaux,  F1.  Bor.-Am.,  ii.,  p.   269. 
Aspidiiim  rufidiiluin,  Swautz,  .Syn.  Fil.,   p.    58. — Wii.i.dknow,    Sp.  PI., 
v.,  p.   282.  —  PuKsii,   I'l.  Am.   .Sept.,   ii.,  p.  665. 

^%  Some  additional  synonymy  may  be  found  in  Moore'.s  Nature- 
Printed  Britisii  Ferns,  and  in  Milde's  work  above  referred  to. 

Map..  —  On  high  expo.sed  rocks  and  in  their  crevices,  in  the 
mountainous  regions  of  the  Northern  United  States,  and  throughout 
British  America  as  far  as  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Drummond,  and  Nor- 
way House,  Mr.  George  Barnston.  In  New  England  it  is  sometimes 
found  at  low  elevations  near  the  sea,  as  on  Mcimt  Desert  Island, 
Maine.  It  is  particularly  fine  and  abundant  on  the  tops  of  the  moun- 
tains above  West  Point,  on  the  Hudson  River;  and  along  the  -Saguenay 
river,  in  Canada,  Mr.  Wah'.  It  occurs  as  far  nortli  as  Disco  Head,  in 
Greenland,  antl  is  common  in  the  northern  and  alijine  parts  of  Europe 
and  Asia,  extending  as  far  east  as   Hakotladi,  in  japan. 

Description:  —  Though  the  individual  root-stocks  of  this 
fern  are  slender  and  ascending,  and  only  one  or  two  inches 
long,  yet  by  their  branching  they  form  large  tufts  of  the 
plant,  the  patches  being  not  infrequently  two  or  three  feet  in 
extent.  The  stalks  are  continuous  with  the  root-stock,  and 
those  that  support  living  fronds  grow  from  the  apex  of  it:  — 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


113 


they  are  from  one  to  four  inches  long,  and  about  three-fourths 
of  a  line  in  diameter.  They  are  rounded  at  the  back,  fur- 
rowed in  front,  and  usually  very  chaffy.  The  chaff  near  the 
base  of  the  stalks  consists  of  thin  ferruginous  ovate-acuminate 
scales,  composed  of  straight  rhomboid-oblong  or  oblong-linear 
cells,  and  scantily  denticulate  with  slender  and  often  recurved 
teeth.  Higher  up  the  scales  become  narrower,  and  arc  inter- 
mixed with  paleaceous  hairs.  The  same  scales  and  hairs  be- 
set the  rachis  and  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond,  but  the 
upper  surface  bears  only  a  few  short  hairs.  The  stalks  are 
articulated  about  half  an  inch  from  the  base,  as  in  kF.  hypey- 
borea,  and  have  a  similar  fibro-vascular  bundle. 

The  fronds  are  commonly  a  little  larger  than  in  that 
species,  and  have  a  broader  outline.  They  are  also  a  little 
thicker  in  texture,  and  more  rigid.  When  young  they  are 
whitish,  from  the  color  of  the  scales,  but  turn  to  a  rusty- 
brown  in  maturity.  The  pinnae  are  oblong-ovate,  rather  acute, 
and  pinnatifid  into  about  seven  to  ten  oblong  obtuse  lobes 
on  each  side.  The  margin  is  commonly  somewhat  recurved. 
The  sori  are  abundant,  and  set  near  the  margin  of  the  lobes. 
When  ripe  the  sporangia  are  more  or  less  confluent. 

The  indusium  does  not  differ  from  that  of  ir.  Iiyperborea, 
and  when  examined  by  a  lens  of  moderate  power  is  very 
beautiful,  the  long  white  ciliiform  processes  being  curled  over 
the  sporangia,  as  if  trying  to  protect  what  they  cannot  fully 
cover.  The  spores  are  bean-shaped,  marked  with  a  single 
vitta,  and  slightly  roughened  on  the  surface. 


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FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMF.KICA. 


Plants  grown  in  moist  and  shady  situations  arc  slenderer 
and  less  chaffy,  and  are  sometimes  hard  to  distinguish  from 
the  more  chaffy  forms  of    //'.    liypci'boyca. 

Pursh  describes  not  only  ll'oodsia  Jiypeybofca  and  IV. 
Jlvcnsis  in  his  Flora,  but  Aspidhtin  nifidnhim  also.  His 
specimens  of   the  first-named  are,  however,  only   W.   Ilvciisis. 

Willdenow  remarks  :  —  "  Nomen  triviale  iion  niutavi,  licet 
in  insula  Elba  haud  c reseat,  qmini  iiomiiia  noii  nisi  nrgcnte 
necessitate  miitanda  esse  crcdani  •'  and  since  Brown  adopted 
the  same  specific  name  in  proposing  his  genus  ll'oodsia,  it  is 
to   be  hoped  that  no  one  will  seriously  attempt  to  change  it. 

Plate  LX.,  Fig.  5-S, —  IVoodsia  Ilvensis,  from  near  Roston,  Massa- 
chusetts. Fig.  6  is  an  enlarged  pinna,  the  chaff  removed,  I'ig.  7  is 
a  sorus,  and  Fig.  8,  a  spore. 


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FEKNS   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


115 


Plate  LX.  — Fig.  9-12. 

WOODSIA  GLABELLA,  R.  Brown. 

Smooth  Woodsia. 

W00D.SIA  glabella:  —  Root-stocks  short,  ascending,  clus- 
tered; stalks  very  slender,  seldom  an  inch  long,  sparingly 
chaffy  below  the  articulation  near  the  base;  fronds  one  to 
four  inches  long,  three  to  six  lines  wide,  linear-lanceolate, 
very  delicate,  smooth,  pinnate ;  pinn;e  one  to  three  lines  long, 
roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  crenately  lobed  into  three  to  seven 
short  rounded  lobes ;  sori  very  few ;  involucres  saucer-like, 
deeply  cleft  into  a  few  long  incurved  filiform  rays. 

Woodsia  glabella,  R.  Brown,  in  App.  to  Frankl.  Joiirn.,  p.  754;  Verm. 
Bot.  Schrift.  !.,  p.  521. —  Hookkk,  F1.  Am.-Bor.,  ii.,  p.  259,  t. 
ccxxxvii;  Sp.  Fil.,  i.,  p.  64.  —  Rlpueciit,  Dist.  Crypt.  Vase, 
in  Imp.  Ross.,  p.  55. —  Gray,  Manual,  ed.  !.,  p.  629;  ed.  ii., 
p.  596,  t.  xii. —  Mii.DK,  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.,  ii.,  p. 
624,  t.  43,  Fig.  104;  Fil.  F:ur.  ct  Ad.,  p.  165.  —  Lawson,  in 
Canad.    Nat.,    !.,   p.   2S9. —  Hooker  &  Bakkr,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  47 

Woodsia  alpina,  van  glabella,  FIaion,  in  Canad.  Nat.,  ii.,  p.  89. 

Hah. —  On  moist  mossy  cliffs  in  the  northern  parts  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, Vc;niont  and  New  York,  and  from  the  .Saguenay  River  and 
Montmorency  Falls  (Wait)  to  the  Arctic  Circle.  Alpine  and  Arctic 
Europe,  Siberia,  Kamtschatka  and  on  the  islands  near  Behring's  Straits. 


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116 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


It  was  discovered  at  Little  Falls,  New  York,  liy  Dr.  Vasfy  ;  at  Wil- 
loughby  Mountain,  Vermont,  by  C.  C.  Fro.st;  near  (jorhani,  New  Hamp- 
shire, probably  by  W.  Faxon,  in  1872;  at  Mount  Mansfield,  Vermont, 
by  C.  C.  Pringle,  in  1876;  in  the  Adirondacks  by  Professor  Peck;  on 
the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Superior  by  Professor  Macoun  ;  and  origi- 
nally at  Great  Bear  Lake  by  Dr.  Richardson. 

Description:  —  As  /f.  hyperborea  differs  from  W.  liven- 
sis  in  being  narrower,  more  delicate,  smoother,  and  with  less 
deeply  lobed  pinnae,  so  IV.  glabella  differs  from  the  former 
species  in  being  still  narrower,  more  delicate,  perfectly  smooth, 
and  in  having  very  slightly  lobed  pinna,\  The  mode  of 
growth  is  similar ;  the  stalks  are  articulated  in  the  same 
way;  the  chaff  is  like  the  chaff  of  the  others,  and  the  only 
difference  in  the  indusium  is  that  there  are  fewer  cilia  on  its 
margin.  It  is  a  very  delicate  little  fern,  and  in  habit  is 
much  like  Asplenium  viride. 

Although  this  fern  was  first  described  from  Dr.  Rich- 
ardson's specimens,  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  it  exists  in  the 
Linnean  herbarium  under  the  name  of  Polypodimn  fontanum. 
It  is  remarkable  that  Ruprecht,'  without  seeing  the  speci- 
mens, should  have  guessed  this  very  thing. 

Plate  LX.,  Fig.  9-12. —  VVoodsia  glabella,  from  Smugglers  Notch, 
Mt.  Mansfield,  Vermont.  Fig.  10  is  an  enlarged  pinna.  Fig.  11,  a 
sorus.     Fig.   12,  a  spore. 

'  "  li  Sibiria:  Linnatis,  scd  hie  auctoritalcm  vtillani  addtixit,  an  Woodsiam 
glabellam  vidit?  atit  novam  sp.  Asflenii?"  (Rupr.  Disir.  Crypt.,  />.  4i>  sub  Athyrio 
font  an  o.) 


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FERNS    Ol-    NORTH    AMERICA. 


117 


PUATK    LXI. 

WOODVVARDIA    RADICANS,  Smith. 

Great  Chain- Fern. 

WoomvARDiA  RADICANS  :  —  Root-stock  stout,  very  chaffy 
with  lar_i;c  thin  fcrriij^iiioiis  scales,  assurs^^cnt  or  erect,  often 
rising"  a  few  inches  ai)ove  ground ;  stalks  strong,  eight  to 
twelve  inches  long ;  fronds  growing  in  a  crown,  standing 
from  two  to  ten  feet  high,  sulvcoriaceous,  oblong-ovate  in 
outline,  pinnate;  racliis  often  producing  scaly  proliferous  buds 
near  the  apex  (in  the  old-workl  plant);  pinn.'E  four  to  fifteen 
inches  long,  one  to  four  inches  broad,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid 
nearly  to  the  midrib;  segments  triangular-lanceolate,  slightly 
falcate,  often  acuminate,  spinulose-serrate  and  in  large  plants 
more  or  less  pinnatifid;  veinlets  forming  a  single  row  of 
oblong  often  sorus-bearing  areoles  each  side  of  the  midvein, 
besides  a  few  obliciue  empty  areoles  outside  of  the  fertile 
on(;s ;  outer  veinlets  free,  running  into  the  teeth  of  the  mar- 
gin ;  sori  oblong,  often  slightly  curved,  the  sporangia  resting 
in  the  hollowed  areole,  and  covered  by  a  convex  indusium, 
which  at  maturity  turns  back  and  discloses  the  sporangia. 

Woocftoardid  radicans,  SMnii,  in  Mem.  Acad,  'riirin,  v.,  [>.  412. — 
SwAki/,  .Syii.  i'il.,  p.  117.  —  ScHKiiiiR,  Krypt.  Ciew.,  p.  104,  t. 
112.  —  Wii.i  I)i:n()\v,    Sp.    I'!.,    v.,    p.    /]i8.  —  KAri.iuss,    Knum. 


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FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Fil.,  p.  163.  —  SciiLKciiTKNDAi.,  in  Linnaea,  v.,  p.  611.  —  Hooker 
&  AuNorr,  Dot.  Becchey's  V'oyagc,  pp.  162,  405.  —  Hooker, 
Gen.  Fil.,  t.  xvii ;  .Sp.  Fl.,  iii.,  p.  66.  —  Link,  Fil.  Hort. 
Berol.,  p.  81. —  LiEBMANN,  Mex.  Bregn.,  p.  87.  —  Mkitenius, 
Fil.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  66. —  Eaton,  in  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary,  p. 
233. — Willkomm  &  Langk,  Prod.  Fl.  Hisp.,  i.,  p.  10. — 
MiLDE,  Fil.  Eur.  et  Atlant.,  p.  47.  —  Fourniek,  PI.  Mex., 
Crypt.,  p.    III. 

Woodwardia  radicans,  var.  spinulosa.  Fee,  Gen.  Fil.,  p.  207. 

Woodwardia  nidicans,  var.  .Imcricana,  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  iii.,  p.  67.  — 
Eato\,  Ferns  of  tiie  South-West,  p.  32,^. 

Woodwardia  slans,  Swartz,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  117.  —  Schkuiik,  Krypt.  Gew., 
p.   104,  t.   113. 

Woodwardia  spinulosa,  Marten.s  &  Galeoiti,  Syn.  Fil.,  I\Iex.,  p.  64. — 
Fee,  Sine  Mem.,  p.    122. 

Woodwardia   Chamissoi,  Brackenuidge,  Fil.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  p.    138. 

Blcclinum  radicans,  LiNNitus,  Mantissa,  p.  307. 

Har. —  By  living  streams  in  shaded  places,  especially  in  llie  valleys 
and  canons  of  the  Coast  ranges,  and  of  the  Sierra  also,  in  California 
from  Long  Valley  to  San  Diego.  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  a  common 
fern.  From  Madeira  and  the  Canaries  throughout  Mediterranean  Europe; 
in  Congo,  Abyssinia,  Northern  India  and  Java.  Peru,  China  and  Aus- 
tralia are  also  given  by  various  authors. 

Description  :  — After  ylcfostic/ium  aunutu  this  is  un- 
questionably the  most  magniiiccnt  of  North  American  Ferns, 
The  root-stock  is  very  large,  and  sometimes  rises  a  few 
inches  from  the  ground,  in  the  manner  of  a  tree-fern  with  a 
very  short   caudex.     Unlike   our   two  other  species  of    IVood- 


Ui 


■I 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


119 


wardia,  which  have  slender  and  creeping  root-stocks,  and 
scattered  or  even  distant  stallcs,  this  one  has  the  stalks  clus- 
tered about  the  end  of  the  root-stock,  and  the  fronds  stand- 
ing in  a  crown  or  circle,  the  root-stock,  with  its  chaff  and 
clustered  stalks  resembling  that  of  Aspidiiitn  niarginale,  but 
twice  as  large.  The  root-stock  and  the  bases  of  the  stalks 
are  heavily  covered  with  large  lanceolate  bright-brown  chaffy 
scales,  some  of  them  fully  an  inch  long.  They  are  entire 
on  the  edges,  destitute  of  midnerve,  and  mainly  composed 
of  narrowly-linear  cells,  those  towards  the  base  being  short 
and  broad,  much  as  in  the  leaves  of  many  kinds  of  moss. 
The  stalk  is  nearly  semiterete,  becoming  deeply  furrowed  on 
the  flattened  (anterior)  side  when  dried,  a  foot  or  more  long  and 
nearly  half  an  inch  thick  at  the  base  in  large  plants,  greenish- 
brown,  becoming  deep-dull-brown  in  herbarium  specimens ; 
when  mature  chaffy  only  at  the  base.  The- section  shows  a 
tough  exterior  sheath  and  four  or  more  interior  fibro-vascular 
bundles,  two  strap-shaped  bundles  at  the  sides,  and  several 
smaller  ones  at  the  back.  Milde  mentions  only  the  lateral 
bundles,  but  a  specimen  from    Madeira  shows  six  others. 

The  fronds  are  said  by  Brackcnridgc  and  Brewer  to  be 
three  or  four  feet  high.  Mrs.  Cooper  writes  from  Santa 
Barbara  as  follows:  —  "Our  grand  IVoodioardia  radicans  grows 
close  beside  living  streams  in  somewhat  shaded  localities, 
and  in  favored  situations  it  attains  the  height  of  eight  or 
ten  feet.  The  young  fronds  are  of  a  light  tender  green, 
while  the  older  ones  are  of  a  rich  dark  color,  and  grow  from 


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FERNS  OF   NORTH  AMI- RICA. 


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five  to  twenty  or  more  in  a  tuft."  Mildc  says  of  the  Euro- 
pean fern:- — "A  most  splendid  plant.  The  fronds  curve 
over  in  an  arch,  and  take  root  from  chafTy  buds  near  the 
apex.  It  grows  in  moist  forests  of  the  evergreen  region, 
in  shady  laurel-groves,  by  streams  and  springs,  and  among 
shaded  rocks  to  the  elevation  of  four  thousand  feet  above 
the  sea." 

These  chaffy  buds  usually  occur  singly  on  the  rachis  at 
the  base  ot^  one  of  the  upper  pinn;e.  They  are  sometimes 
nearly  an  inch  in  diameter,  covered  with  brown  chaffy  scales, 
and  often  emit  slender  roots.  A  section  of  a  large  one  from 
Madeira  shows  that  it  is  a  bud  on  the  rachis  developed  into 
a  short  rhizoma,  with  several  rudimentary  fronds  coiled  up 
and  hidden  in  the  chaff.'  The  fact  that  no  instance  of  the 
formation  of  this  bud  on  an  American  plant  has  as  yet  been 

'  The  fact  that  a  stalk  may  produce  a  rhizome,  noticed  at  page  341  of  the  first 
volume  of  this  work,  tliouj;li  perhaps  more  evident  in  the  case  of  Dicksoiiia  pilosinscitla 
than  in  other  ferns,  is  l)v  no  means  unknown,  in  Sach's  Text-Hook  (English  version,  p. 
351)  several  instances  are  given  of  the  same  thing,  as  I'tcris  aq.iilina,  which  often  produces 
a  shoot  from  the  back  of  the  leaf-stalk  close  to  the  base,  ami  Aspidiiini  Filix-ttuis,  which 
produces  buds  a  short  distance  above  the  base,  oftenest  on  one  side  of  the  stalk.  The 
slender  stolons  of  Oiiocica  Slrutliiuptcris  are  said  to  be  formed  in  a  similar  way,  and 
Airostic/iHiii  itiirrjim  and  ]\'oodzuardia  itn/icans  seem  to  do  a  like  thing.  The  formation 
of  proliferous  buds  on  the  stalk  of  Asploiiiim  fragile,  on  the  rachis  of  Aspli'itiniii 
cbciiciim^  the  bulblets  of  Cystoptcris  f'ti/bi/'cra,  the  scaly  bud  of  WooJ-d'ardia  rudiciins, 
the  terminal  bud  of  Cainptosonis  rhizopliylluSy  the  numerous  little  buds  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  piima;  of  Wood-vardia  oricnlalis  and  of  the  Australian  Asf>idiiiiii 
prol/fcriim,  rightlv  rcgarde<l,  are  all  manifestations  of  the  same  power  which  many  ferns 
have  of  producing  an  adventitious  proliferous  bud  from  almost  an\  part  of  the  plant. 


II 


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FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


121 


recorded,  together  with  a  fancied  difference  in  the  spiny  teeth 
of  the  margin,  and  in  the  more  or  less  abundantly  reticulated 
venation,  has  disposed  several  authors  to  consider  our  fern 
specifically  distinct  from  the  European;  but  on  the  whole  it  is 
better  either  to  call  our  plant  a  variety  of  the  other,  or  even 
to  wait  patiently  till  the  scaly  bud  shall  be  found,  which  dis- 
covery it  is  only  reasonable  to  expect. 

The  fronds  are  smooth,  sub-coriaceous,  oblong-ovate,  and 
have  sometimes  as  many  as  fifteen  or  twenty  pinnae  on  each 
side.  The  lower  pinna;  arc  rather  distant,  short-stalked  and 
not  quite  so  long  as  some  of  the  middle  ones,  which 
are  sessile.  The  upper  pinnae  diminish  rapidly  in  size  and 
are  more  and  more  adnate-decurrent  on  the  rachis,  and  so 
pass  into  the  rather  shon,  but  acute,  pinnatifid  apex  of  the 
frond. 

The  largest  pinnae  have  sometimes  as  many  as  thirty 
segments  on  each  side,  but  more  commonly  there  are  only 
about  half  that  number.  The  midribs  of  the  pinna?  are  broadly 
winged,  and  the  lanceolate  acute  segments  arc  set  on  very 
obliquely,  generally  leaving  broad  sinuses  between  them  in 
the  lower  pinna?,  and  narrower  and  more  acute  sinuses  in  the 
upper  ones.  The  segments  are  lanceolate  from  a  broad  base, 
commonly  acuminate,  the  margin  sometimes  pinnatcly  lobed 
or  undulate,  but  always  finely  serrulate  with  appressed  trans- 
lucent, slender  or  even  aculeate  teeth.  The  American,  and 
especially  the  Mexican  specimens,  have  rather  longer  and 
more  spinulose  teeth  than  those  from  Europe  and  Asia. 


in 

'  1 

A      i' 


122 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


The  veins  form  three  sets  of  areoles:  —  a  series  of  very 
long  and  narrow  areoles  running  along  both  sides  of  the  mid- 
rib from  the  midvein  of  one  lobe  to  the  midvein  of  the  next; 
a  series  of  shorter  areoles  running  along  both  sides  of  the 
midvcins,  and  outside  of  these  an  irregular  row  of  smaller 
oblique  areoles,  from  which  free  veinlets  extend  to  the  spinu- 
lose  serratures. 

The  sori  are  found  filling  some  of  the  areoles  of  the 
first  and  second  series.  The  indusium  is  attached  to  the 
veinlet  forming  the  outer  boundary  of  the  areolc,  and  covers 
the  sporangia  until  they  mature,  when  it  is  reflexed.  The 
spores  are  ovoid  and  marked  with  a  single  vitta. 

Plate  LXI. —  Woodzuardia  radicans,  a  rather  small  frond,  from 
California.  Fig.  2  represents  two  segments  of  the  natural  size  from  a 
large  specimen.     Fig.  3  is  a  spore. 


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[jlh  Aiwitnc  iV  Uj  linrifaklWftl'int'txIsn 


ASPIDIUM  AGULEATUM",  Swartz. 


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FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


123 


Pr.ATK    I, XI I. 

ASPIDIUM  ACULHATUM,  Swartz. 
Prickly  Shield-Fern. 

AsPiDiUM  aculeatum: — Root-stock  stout,  ascending  or 
erect;  stalks  of  variable  length,  commonly  very  cliaffy  with 
broad  and  very  narrow  scales  intermixed;  rachis  chaft'y-fibril- 
lose;  fronds  one  to  tliree  feet  long,  forming  a  crown,  sub- 
coriaceous,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  once  or  twice  pinnate; 
primary  pinna;  closely  placed,  short-stalked,  lanceolate,  or 
linear-lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  often  curved  upwards, 
incisely  pinnatiful  or  again  pinnate;  secondary  pinna:;  or  seg- 
ments of  variable  shape,  rhomboid-oval  and  adnate  or  sessile, 
or  une([ually  triangular-ovate  and  auriculate  on  the  upper 
side  of  a  slightly  stalked  base,  entire  or  serrate  or  incised,  the 
lobes  and  teeth  of  all  degrees  aculeate;  under  surface  more 
or  less  chaffy  and  tibrillose;  veins  free;  sori  in  two  lows  on 
the  segments,  nearer  the  midvein  than  the  margin;  indusium 
orbicular,  attached  by  the  depressed    centre. 

Aspidium  aaUealum,  Swart/,  "in  SchraiU^rs  Journ.  f.  d.  I5otanik  (1800), 
ii.,  p.  37;"  Syn.  l-il.,  p.  53.  —  Wii.i.niAow,  Sp.  Pi.,  v.,  [>.  25S. — 
HooKiiK,  Sp.  I'll.,  iv.,  p,  iS.  —  Mil, UK,  l"il.  Eur.  ct  .\tlant.,  p. 
104.  —  Hooker  &  Bakkk,  Syn.  I'il,,  p.  252. — Eaton,  Ferns  of 
the  Soiith-Wcst,  p.  335. 


I    .!., 


Vv\ 


' 


1*4 


FERNS   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Ilu!  tbilowing  forms  hav(!  l)L'tii  loiiiul  in  ilu;  United  States  or  in 
Britisii  AnuTica. 

Var.  Ciilifornicum,  l'"..vr<)N:  —  Stalks  ratli(;r  ionj^;  IVdik!  inucli  elon- 
gated, scarcely  narrowed  at  the  base,  thinly  sub-coriaceous,  pinna;  very 
numerous,  lance-linear,  hut  slij^rjuly  incised  ahovt;  the  middle,  more 
and  more  deeply  cut  towards  the  rachis,  sej^menls  rhomhoiil-ovat(!, 
acute,  serrate  with  incurved  aculeate  teeth,  the  lowest  superior  one 
largest,  but  scarcely  distinct  as  a  pinnule,  and  not  at  all  auricled. — 
Ferns  of  the  Soutli-W'est,  p.  ^Vi'^-  —  .Ispii/iiiin  Caii/onticum,  I'-AroN,  in 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vi.,  p.  555. —  ii.\Ki:K,  .Syn.   I'il.,  p.  253. 

Var.  lobalum,  Kunzi;  : — I'mml  lanceolate,  thinly  sub-coriaceous, 
pinna;  lanceolate,  taperlnj,''  Irom  a  broad  i)ase,  pinnatitid  into  mostly 
distinct  but  sessiii;  piiuuil(;s,  a  R;w  of  tht;  lowest  ones  often  somewhat 
auricled  on  the  upper  side  of  the  l)ase. — "Hot.  Zc;it.,  1S4.S,  p.  356." — 
Mii.ni:,  I'il.  luu".  et  Atlant.,  p.  105.  — ./.  acnicaiutii,  var.  lobalum  iS: 
var.  inter  medium,  Hookf.u,  Urit.  I'crns,  tt.  10,  11.  —  Polystichum  aciiU- 
atum  ik  P.  aciilcatiim,  var.  lobalum,  Mookk,  Nat.  iV.  Brit.  I'erns,  tt. 
.\.,  .\i. 

\'ar.  angit/at'e,  Hu.\u\: — iVond  oblong-lanceolate,  scarcely  or  not 
at  all  narrowed  at  the  base,  truly  tiipinnate  ;  pinnules  distinct,  short- 
stalked,  mostly  auricled  and  slightly  incised,  th(;  upper  i)asal  one  often 
largest  ami  again  pinnatifid ;  under-surface  chaffy-fibrillose. —  Doi.1.1., 
Rheinische  I'lora,  p.  21." — Hooki-.u,  Hrit.  I'erns,  t.  12.  —  Hooki.r  ^ 
Haki:u,  .Syn.  I'il.,  p.  252.  —  IvvroN,  I''erns  of  ilu;  .South-West,  p.  336. — 
.'Ispidium  angulatw  Wii.i.dknow',  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  25".  —  Polysiicliuui  au- 
gulart\  Pkesi.,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  .S3. —  Mooki;,  Nat.  Pr.  Brit.  Perns,  tt. 
xii..    .xiii. 

Var.  Praunii,  Doia.i.:  —  Stalk  very  short:  frond  elii[)lica'  lanceolate, 
tapering   from    the  middle  to  both   base   and   apex,  bipiiiiir.te ;   pinnules 


•ii  --A 


ix. 

FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


125 


mostly  distinct  and  very  short-stalked,  ovate  or  trapezoid-ohlonjj,  ohtiisc, 
truncate  and  almost  rcctanjjiilar  at  tiu!  base,  slightly  auricloii,  sliarply 
serrate  with  incurvcil  tectii,  chaffy  ami  fihrillose  Ix-neath.  — "  Rheinische 
riora,  p.  27."  —  (JKAV,  Manual,  ed,  ii.,  p.  599,  —  Mudk,  I'll.  Ilur.  et 
Atlant.,  p.  loS.  —  /ls/>ii/iniii  /•mitnii,  Spennkr,  "  i'"l.  l-Vii).,  i.,  [>.  9,  t. 
2." — MirniAUs,  I'll.  !  idit.  I,i|js.,  \).  SS,  —  Aspiiiiiim  ncnlcatum,  PuRsii, 
l'"!.  Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  6(12   (and  of   American  Authors  generally).  ' 

V'ar.  stopiilinHm : — .Stalk  very  short;  frond  narrowly  lanceolate, 
less  than  a  foot  long,  scarcely  one  and  a  half  inches  wide,  sub-coriaceous, 
the  chaff  mostly  deciduous,  pinnate ;  pinna>  niunerous,  seven  to  nine 
lines  lony;,  four  to  six  lines  wide  at  the  base,  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  the 
lower  part  pinnately  lobed,  the  upper  half  serrat(;  with  pointeil  ami 
barely  aculeate  teeth,  sori  remote  from  tlu-  marfrins.  —  ^Ispitiium  Lon- 
cliitis,  lv\ro.\,  in  Coulter's  ri'port  in  I  layden's  Sixth  Annual  Report  of 
the  (leol.   .Surv.  of  '{"erritories   (1.S72),  p.   788. 

II.Mi,  —  Deep  rocky  ravines  in  mountainous  districts.  'Ihe  first 
three  varieties  have  been  found  in  the  canons  of  the  Coast  Ranjjes  of 
California,  (-specially  in  .Santa  Cruz  and  Mendocino  Counties.  Var. 
Brantiii,  lias  been  foum;  anionic  the  mountains  of  Nortlu^rn  X'ermont 
and  New  Mampshire,  in  the  Adirondack  and  liie  Calskill  Mountains  of 
New  York,  in  ( )swejro  County,  N(!w  York,  in  tiie  Ontonagon  peninsula 
of  Michigan,  in  New  Hrunswick  anil  Canada,  in  Hritish  Columbia,  and, 
according  to  Milde,  in  the  islaml  of  Sitka.  It  was  first  tliscovered  in 
Smuggk'rs'  Notch,  ^bnuU  Mansfield,  Vermont,  by  I'"Ki:nKRK;  Piusir,  prob- 

,  '1   li:ivi'   limili'il  iiiystir  to  llic  iicccssaiy   syiioiiymv  ol"  tliis  species.      Very   inimy 

more  names  lui^^lit  be  (united,  iiiiil  iniuiiueialile  releieiices  jjiveii ;  but  tlie  notions 
which  vaiions  botanists  have  lield  of  this  species  and  its  Coinis  are  so  many  and  so 
diverse,  tliat  a  consiiierable  volmno  wmild  lie  needed  to  ehicidate  them  all;  and  the 
ciVort  wonld  probably  be  but  a  waste  of  time  cwcn  if  it  were  sncccsst\il. 


I' lis 


liiS'S 


126 


FERNS  or  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ably  in  September,  1807,  though  he  does  not  allude  to  it  in  his  journal. 
There  are  now  several  stations  known  for  it  in  the  Green  Mountains 
and  in  the  Catskills,  the  latest  one  among  the  Catskills  having  been 
recently  discovered  by  Misses  Mary  and  Caroline  Rkdkiki.d,  some  fif- 
teen miles  west  of  Kaaterskill  Clove.  Var.  scopuliniim  was  collected 
in  the  Upper  Teton  Canon  in  liastcrn  Idaho,  and  has  been  found  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada  by  Mrs.  E.  C.  Knox.  Varieties  lobatum,  angulare 
and  Braunii  are  well  known  European  forms,  and  if  all  the  plants 
referred  to  this  species  by  Hooker  really  belong  to  it,  it  may  be  said 
to  be  distributed  throughout  nearly  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Description: — The  root-stock  is  stout,  erect  or  assur- 
gent,  becoming  somewhat  woody  witli  age,  and  is  in  great 
part  composed  of  the  adherent  and  closely  imbricated  stalk- 
bases  of  former  fronds.  The  stalk  is  seldom  over  a  foot 
long,  except  in  var.  Califoyniciun,  in  which  it  sometimes  at- 
tains fifteen  inches  of  length.  In  var.  Bnuiiiil  it  measures 
only  two  to  four  inches.  The  fresh  stalk  is  roundish  with 
the  anterior  side  flattened:  it  contains  four  or  five  fibro- 
vascular  bundles  arranged  in  a  semicircle,  the  two  lateral 
bundles  much  larger  than  the  others.  In  all  forms  of  the 
species  the  stalk  is  \'cry  chaffy,  especially  at  the  base,  where 
the  scales  are  large,  ovate-acuminate,  and  obscrcly  ciliate- 
toothed,  intermixed  with  much  smaller  and  slenderer  scales  and 
fine  paleaceous  hairs.  In  all  our  forms  the  chaff  is  rather 
thin,  and  of  a  clear  ferruginous  brown,  much  paler,  of  course, 
in  young  fronds.  In  some  of  the  Ruropean  forms  the  largest 
scales  are  da  -  ^r;    and  in  the  plants  of   tropical    regions   and 


lit! 


FEKNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


127 


the  southern  hemisphere,  whicl.  are  considered  by  many  bot- 
anists to  form  several  distinct  species,  the  scales  are  often 
very  rigid,  and  nearly  black  in  color.  The  chafifiness  extends 
along  the  rachis  and  its  divisions,  often  abundantly,  but  in 
smaller  and  smaller  scale.;,  and  so  passes  into  the  fibrils 
which  are  always  found  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond, 
and  not  rarely  on  the  upper  surface  also.  The  fronds  are  in 
general  lanceolate,  in  var.  Braunii  conspicuously  narrowed  at 
the  base,  in  the  other  forms  more  or  less  so,  or  even  a  trifle 
broadest  at  the  base  in  var.  angulare.  The  pinnae  are  numer- 
ous, and  are  usually  lanceolate  from  a  base  which  is  widened 
on  the  upper  side.  The  degree  of  incision  varies  much  in  the 
different  forms,  as  indicated  in  the  characters  assigned  to  the 
several  varieties  here  recognized.  Var.  Californicmn  has  much 
the  look  of  y4.  iminitiim,  though  with  more  deeply  incised 
pinna;;  but  between  it  and  var.  lobatum  there  occur  so  many 
intermediate  forms,  that  I  can  no  longer  consider  it  specifi- 
cally distinct.  In  var.  lobatum  I  include,  as  did  Kunze  and 
Milde,  the  forms  which  have  been  considered  typical  aculea- 
tum  and  var.  lobatum  by  many  authors,  for  the  difference  is 
only  that  usually  seen  between  the  fronds  of  mature  and 
younger  plants.  The  former,  again,  passes  by  insensible  gra- 
dations into  Willdcnow's  A.  augularc,  in  which  the  greater 
part  of  the  pinnules  are  distinctly  auricled  and  rest  on  short 
foot-stalks.  I  have  some  doubt  about  the  plant  here  named 
var.  scopulinum,  as  it  differs  more  from  all  the  rest  than  any 
of   them   do    from    each   other.     It    has   a   little    the    habit  of 


r 


128 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


^.  mo/irio/des,^  but,  though  the  specimens  I  have  seen  are 
old,  they  still  keep  in  a  degree  the  aculeate  points  of  the 
present  species. 

The  sori  are  mostly  near  the  midveins,  and  have  the 
orbicular  and  peltate  indusia  of  the  section  Polystichmn.  The 
margin  of  the  indusium  is  more  or  less  repand-toothed,  or, 
in  the  Californian  plants,  conspicuously  ciliate.  The  spores 
are  ovoid  and  univittate. 

Plate  LXII.  —  Aspidium  aculeatum.  Fig.  i  is  var.  Brajinii,  from 
Vermont.  I'igs-  2,  3  and  4,  the  details  from  the  same.  ¥\g.  5  is  a 
pinna  of  var.  lobatwn ;  Fig.  6,  of  var.  Californicum ;  Fig.  7,  of  var. 
angular e ;    Fig.  8,  four  pinnee  of  var.  scopuiinutn. 

'  Aspidium  molirioidcs^  Bouy,  has  recently  been  discovered  in  a  valley  some  thirty 
miles  west  of  Mount  Shasta,  in  California,  hy  Mr.  J.  G.  Lemmon.  At  first  I  believed  it 
to  be  a  distinct  species,  and  proposed  to  name  it  after  its  tliscovcrer.  a  gentleman  whose 
own  modesty  has  been  the  innocent  reason  why  some  Californian  fern  was  not  long  ago 
named  in  his  honor.  It  is  a  South  Chilian  and  Patagonian  fern,  and  it  is  very  remarkable 
that  it  should  occur  in  California.     It  will  be  figured  in  the  last  part  of  the  present  work. 


IJrii 


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ii 


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I  -ih  AntriflvieA-Cfl  |ti*fnipri»|VM]il'aahridei 


POLYPOIMUM    PLIJMULA,    H.B.K. 


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Plato  LXIJI 


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FERNS  OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


129 


Plate  LXIIL  — Fig.  1-4. 

NEPHROLEPIS    EXALTATA,  Schott. 

Tall  Nephrolepis. 

Nephrolepis  EXALTATA :  —  Root-stock  very  short,  send- 
ing out  numerous  very  long  and  slender  stolons  or  runners; 
stalks  a  few  inches  to  over  a  foot  long,  chaffy  with  narrow 
scales  when  young,  at  length  nearly  smooth;  fronds  two  to 
six  feet  long,  two  to  four  inches  wide,  linear,  often  some- 
what pendent,  simply  pinnate;  pinnae  very  many,  chartaceous, 
smooth  or  sparingly  hirsute  beneath,  sessile,  articulated  to  the 
rachis,  oblong-linear  and  slightly  falcate,  auriculate  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  truncate  or  sub-cordate  base,  crenulatc- 
denticulate,  obtuse  or  acute;  veins  free,  mostly  once  forked 
near  the  midvein,  the  veinlets  oblique,  straight,  enlarged  at 
the  tip;  fertile  pinnre  soriferous  at  the  tips  of  the  superior 
forks  of  the  veins;  indusia  firm,  round-reniform,  and  attached 
at  the  sinus,  or  merely  curved  and  attached  by  the  concave 
base,  the  free  margin  being  directed  towards  the  apex  of  the 
pinna.  . 

Nephrolepis  exallata,  Sciiott,  Gen.  Fii.,  cum  iconc.  —  Hooker,  Gen. 
Fil.,  t.  XXXV.;  Sp.  Fil.,  iv.,  p.  152.  —  Mettenius,  Fii.  Hort. 
Lips.,  p.   100.  —  Eato.m,  in  Chapman's  Flora,  p.  596.  —  Hooker 


130 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


I 


'! 


)  t 


rii;     ■ 

ill 


!.  ! 


&  Bakkk,   Syn.    Fil.,  p.  301.  —  Fouknikk,    PI.   Mex.,  Crypt.,  p. 

130.  —  G.MUiF.K,  iti  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.,  p.  84. 
Polypodium  exaltatum,  Linn/EUs,  Sp.  PI.,  p.  1548. 
Aspidium    exaltaiuiii,    Swartz,    Syn.    Pil.,   p.   45. —  .SciiKunu,    Krypt. 

Gew.,  p.  II,  t.  32  b.  —  Wii.i.DKNow,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  229.  —  Raddi, 

Fil.  Bras.,  p.  30,  t.  46. 
Nephroditim  exaltatum,  Li.nk,  Fil.  Hort.  Berol.,  p.   109. 

Many  nominal  species  of  Nep/irolepis  are  referred  to  N.  exaltata 
in  Species  FHicitm,  among  them  N.  hirsutula,  Pkesl,  a  form  with 
hirsute-pubescent  pinnae, 

Hai!.  —  On  decomposing  vegetalile  matter  and  on  the  trunks  of 
trees,  particularly  the  Cabbage  Palmetto.  South  Florida,  Dr.  Cooi'ER, 
Dr.  Palmi.r,  \\.  R.  To.mpkins,  Dr.  Garher,  Capt.  J.  I)(xnnki,i,  Smith, 
Miss  Rkv.noi.ds,  etc.,  etc.  It  is  found  in  Mexico,  the  West  Indies, 
Central  and  South  America,  .Southern  Asia,  China,  the  Pacific  Islands 
Australia,  and  parts  of  .Africa.  The  hirsute  form  is  more  common  in 
India,  China  and  Polynesia,  but  is  found  also  in  several  parts  of  Tropical 
America. 


I 


Dh.scription  :  —  The  genus  Ncphyokpis  was  proposed,  in 
1834,  by  M.  W.  Schott  for  those  species  of  Ncplinniinm  or 
Aspidium  which  had  a  reniform  indusium  obliquely  affixed 
by  its  emarginate  base  to  the  side  of  the  enlarged  tip  of  the 
fertile  vein.  He  gives  excellent  analytical  drawings  of  A'^. 
exaltata,  and  mentions  "A',  pcdinata,  biscrrata,  etc.,"  as  also 
examples  of  his  genus.  In  the  Tcntamcn  Pfcyidograp/iice,  of 
Presl,  two  years  later,  the  genus  is  admitted  and  over  a 
score  of  species   referred   to   it.     A  new  distinctive   character 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


131 


is  also  indicated:  —  "Pinnae  truly  articulated  to  the  rachis, 
and  easily  separating  from  it."  F^-e  divided  the  species  into 
two  genera,  Neplirolepis  and  Lepidocaulon,  assigning  to  the 
former  the  species  with  a  broadly  reniform  indusium  some- 
what laterally  attached  to  the  receptacle,  and  to  the  latter 
those  with  a  round-reniform  indusium,  affixed  by  the  centre; 
but  since  specimens  are  very  common  in  which  both  forms 
of  indusium  occur  on  the  same  pinna,  it  is  clearly  impossible 
to  make  the  special  form  of  the  indusium  a  generic  charac- 
ter. A  peculiarity  in  the  genus,  which  escaped  the  observa- 
tion of  many  of  the  earlier  ptcridologists,  is  the  indefinite 
growth  of  the  frond.  According  to  the  observations  of  Met- 
tenius,  there  is  no  necessary  limit  to  the  apical  development 
of  the  frond  in  mature  plants.  What  he  has  to  say  on  the 
subject  is  translated  below.' 

'  ••  The  ihizoma  of  all  the  cultivated  species  is  raised  ciect  from  the  soil,  without 
reaching  any  great  height,  and  is  covered  with  the  gradually  decaying  leaf-stalks. 

In  all  the  cultivated  species,  just  below  the  points  where  the  fronds  arc  inserted  on 
the  rhizoma,  there  origuiatc  liliforui  runners,  which  either  produce  buds  somewhere  on 
their  course  above-ground,  or  develop  tubers  at  the  end  which  enters  the  soil,  and  thus 
contribute  to  the  multiplication  of  the  plant.  The  fronds  are  characterized  by  the  peren- 
nial indefinite  growth  of  the  leaf-stalk  [rachis],  and  the  consequent  uidimited  periodical 
production  of  pinnic  at  the  uninjured  circinatc  ape.\,  long  after  the  older  pinna:  have  fruited 
or  fallen  oil".  Only  in  the  earliest  fronds  of  plants  grown  from  spores  (and  also  in 
N.  platyotts  and  N.  dava/lioh/t's,  after  the  formation  of  fertile  pimuc)  does  the  develop- 
ment of  the  frond  terminate  with  a  gradual  diminution  of  the  size  of  the  pinnje,  whilst 
the  highest  rudimentary  side-pinna  blends  with  the  proper  terminal  segment.  In  N. 
cxaltala  the  oldest  fronds  continue  to  develop  at  the  apex,  and  the  growth  of  the  frond  is 
limited  only  by  some  injury  happening  to  the  apex.  The  limit  of  the  yearly  increase  of 
the  frond  is  always  indicated  by  the  smallersiae  of  the  segments."     \Fil.  Hort.  Lips.^  p.  99.] 


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132 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMFRICA. 


The  root-Stock,  though  seldom  over  a  few  inches  long, 
is  erect  and  very  woody.  It  produces  a  crown  of  many 
fronds,  and  emits  from  just  below  the  insertion  of  nearly 
every  stalk,  as  Mettenius  has  indicated,  a  long  and  slender 
runner.  These  runners  are  rather  rigid,  less  than  a  line  in 
thickness,  but  often  over  two  feet  long.  They  root  freely, 
and  produce  many  lateral  buds,  from  which  new  plants 
arise,  very  much  as  new  strawberry-plants  are  produced  from 
the  lateral  buds  of  runners.  In  this  way  there  is  often 
formed  a  large  mass  of  the  plant,  as  was  found  by  Dr. 
Garber   in    the    low   hummocks   of   Southwestern    Florida. 

The  stalk  is  rigid,  terete,  dark-brown,  shining,  but  more 
or  less  chaffy,  and  the  section  discloses  a  very  strong  exterior 
sheath  of  sclerenchyma,  ano  three  rather  slender  fibro-vascular 
threads  buried  in  the  internal  mass  of  brown  parenchyma. 
The  runners  have  but  one  fibro-vascular  thread. 

Tlie  chaff  of  the  root-stock,  like  that  found  on  the  run- 
ners and  on  the  stalks  when  young,  consists  of  very  slender 
ferruginous  scales,  nearly  entire  in  the  Florida  specimens,  but 
in  exotic  plants  sometimes  conspicuously  ciliate.  The  rachis  is 
more  or  less  chaffy-fibrillose,  especially  along  the  upper   side. 

The  fronds  have  no  definite  length,  as  they  continue  to 
grow  indefinitely  from  the  apex,  and  may  sometimes  reach  a 
length  of  six  or  eight  feet  before  the  growth  is  arrested  by 
some  accidental  injury.  Among  many  specimens  in  my  col- 
lection, I  find  only  one  (from  Venezuela,  collected  by  Fendler) 
in  which  the  frond  has  a  proper  pinnatifid  apex.     This    frond 


is: 


FERNS     OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


^33 


is  about  three  feet  long  and  three  inches  wide,  and  is  in  full 
fruit. 

The  pinn.TG  are  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  sessile  and  ar- 
ticulated to  the  rachis,  leaving  a  minute  elliptical  scar  when 
they  finally  drop  c'''  The  base  is  usually  cordate  and  auri- 
cled,  especially  on  the  upper  side,  the  auricles  obtuse  and 
covering  the  lower  surface  of  the  rachis.  The  apex  of  the 
pinnae  is  either  acute  or  obtuse,  .  nd  the  margin  is  crenulate- 
serrate.  The  veins  are  mostly  once  forked  near  the  midrib, 
the  branches  running  obliquely  almost  to  the  margin,  and 
their  apices  enlarged  and  thickened.  The  position  of  these 
thickf'ned  apices  is  commonly  marked  on  the  upper  surface 
of  the  frond  by  the  presence  of  a  minute  round  white  scale. 
By  the  use  of  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  the  white  calcareous 
matter  may  be  dissolved  out,  and  only  a  delicate  cellular  film 
remains.  Similar  calcareous  dots  have  been  observed  on  the 
fronds  of  Polypodium  Phyllitidis  and  many  other  ferns.  Many 
of  the  pinnae  are  fertile,  the  sori  being  produced  on  the  thick- 
ened apices  of  the  upper  veinlet  of  each  pair.  The  indusia  vary 
much  in  shape,  being  now  round-reniform,  and  attached  near 
the  centre,  much  as  in  section  Ncplirodium  of  Aspidium, 
and  now  merely  arched,  and  attachctl  by  a  broad  hollow  base 
to  the  superior  side  of  the  incrassated  apex  of  the  fertile 
veinlet.     Both   forms   may  often   be  seen  on   the  same  pinna. 

The  sporangia  have  a  ring  of  about  fourteen  or  fifteen 
joints,  and  the  spores  arc  ovoid. 

Hooker  and  Baker  reduce  the  species  of  Nephrolepis  to 


134 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


seven,  A^.  cordifolia,  cxaltixta,  acuta,  nvnosa,  alfcscaiufcHs,  floc- 
ci^cya  iiml  ihwallioiiics.  The  fourth  and  tilth  of  those  have  a 
slender  wide-creepini;'  root-stock;  the  rest  have  a  root-stock 
much  like  that  of   our  species. 

Concerning,'  the  affinities  of  the  t^enus  there  has  been 
some  diversity  of  opinion.  Mettenius  placed  it  \x\  Dava//iecc  ; 
Hooker  in  Aspid'uuc.  Fee  placed  part  of  it  in  each  of  these 
two  tribes.  The  character  of  the  indusium,  when  fully  de- 
veloped, is  clearly  Aspidioid,  and  I  see  no  sufficient  reason 
for  renioN'ing  the  genus  to  Davalliece. 

Plate:  LXIII.,  Fig.  i-.^.  —  Nephrohpis  exaltata,  from  Indian  River, 
Florida.  The  lieginning  only  of  the  runners  is  represented.  Fig.  2  is 
a  pinna,  sliglnly  enlarged;    Fig.  3  is  an  indusium,  and    Fig.  4,  a  spore. 


:il 


KEKNS   OF   NORTH    AMERICA. 


135 


P1.ATK  I.XIIl.  — Fic;.  5-8. 

POLVl'ODIUM  PLUMULA,  II.  R  K. 

Plume  Polypody. 

PoLYPODiUM  Plumula:  —  Root-stock  rather  short,  chaffy; 
stalks  clustered,  one  to  four  inches  lonjj;,  slender,  wiry,  black- 
ened, ferruginous-puhcrulent  ;inil  slij^htly  chaffy,  as  is  the 
niidrih;  fronds  three  to  fifteen  inches  long,  three-fourths  to 
two  and  a  half  inches  wide,  curled  to  one  side  when  dry, 
narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  pinnatifid 
almost  to  the  midrib;  segments  very  numerous,  spreading, 
five  to  fifteen  lines  long,  scarcely  one  line  wide,  linear  from  a 
base  slightly  dilated  on  tiie  upper  side,  enti  i,  obtuse,  some- 
what pubcrulent;  midvein  blackish;  veins  concolorous,  obscure, 
mostly  once  forked,  the  superior  veinlet  sorifcrous;  sori  mi- 
nute, half-way  between  the  midvein  and  the  margin;  spores 
ovoid  reniform,  yellowish,  the  surface  minutely  pustulated. 

PolypodiiDii  Plumula,  HuMimiin-,  ISonim.am)  &  Kuntii,  in  Willdenow,  Sp. 
Pi.,  v.,  p.  17S;  Nov.  Gen.,  !.,  p.  8.  —  Kuxiii,  .Syn.  Pi.,  !.,  p. 
73.  —  Scm.KCiiTKNDAi.,  Ill  Linn.'ea,  v.,  p.  607. —  Kun/,i:,  in  Lin- 
ncca,  .wiii.,  p.  313. —  Bkackenridge,  I'll.  U.  .S.  l^xpl.  I'^.xped., 
p.  II. — .MiiiTii.MUs,  Polypodiiim,  \i.  5.S.  —  ILvioN,  in  Ciiapman's 
Flora,  p.  588.  —  Ho()ki;k,  .Sp.  I'"il.,  iv.,  p.  200  (/«  pari.)  — 
FouuNiER,  PI.  Mc'.K.,  Crypt.,  p.  66.  —  Miss  M.  C.  Reynolds,  in 
Bot.  Gazette,  iv.,  p.   178. 


136 


FEKNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


Polypodiuin  clasticnm,  "Riciiaud;"  Bakkk,  Syn.  I'll.,  ed.  ii.,  p.  332. 

Jvlypodiitin  piih/in/.'i,  Makikss  &  Galkoiti,  Syn.  l'"il.,  Mcx.,  p.  41,  t. 
S,  Fig.  2.  (Tliis  is  i<cpt  distinct  ny  I-'oiirnier,  who  has  scon 
the  original  specimens,  but  is  referred  to  P.  clasliciim  hy 
Baker.  Fournier  gives  several  synonymes  of  P.  Pluinula, 
whicli  I  have  been   unai)le  to  verify.) 

Had. — Almost  always  on  the  trunks  of  lining  trees,  the  root- 
stocks  covered  with  mosses  and  lichens.  Tampa  Bay,  Ur.  M.  C.  Lkav- 
E.NWoRTii.  Near  Enterprise,  Mr.  C.  F.  Faxon.  Indian  River,  Mr. 
WiiiTNEV.  Fourteen  miles  west  of  .St.  Augustine,  Miss  Rkynolbs. 
Along  the  Corkscrew  River,  Dr.  Gakiiku.  Near  Lake  Astacluila,  Cap- 
tain J.  DoNNKi.i.  -S.MITII.     Mexico  to  Venezuela  and   Brazil. 

De.scription:  —  The  root-stock  is  about  two  lines  in  di- 
ameter, and  rarely  over  two  inches  \o\\<g.  The  growing'  end 
and  the  bases  of  the  stalks  are  covered  with  dark-brown 
lanceolate  slender-pointed  scales,  destitute  of  niidnerve,  and 
obscurely  eiiiate-toothed.  The  stalks  grow  in  a  double  row 
from  the  upper  side  of  the  root-stock,  and,  when  fallen  away, 
leave  little  raised  concave  scars  on  the  root-stock,  being  ar- 
ticidated  at  the  base,  as  are  all  the  true  Polypodia.  The 
stalks  are  fuscous-black,  terete,  rigid,  aliout  two-thirds  of  a 
line  thick  and  four  inches  long  in  the  largest  plants,  and  much 
slenderer  and  shorter  in  j)lants  of  smaller  growth.  A  section 
shows  the  outer  sheath  of  hard  tissue  to  be  very  thick  and 
firm,  and  discloses  a  central  somewhat  triangular  fd^ro-vascular 
bundle.  A  very  slight  herbaceous  line  extends  down  each 
side  of   the  stalk    for   some    little   distance   below    the    lowest 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


137 


segments.  In  young  fronds  the  stalk  and  the  midrib  are 
ferruginous-puljerulciit  and  sparingly  paleaceous,  Init  older 
ones  become  gradually  smoother;  more  or  less  of  this  rough- 
ness, however,  adheres  j)ermanently  to  the  midrib. 

The  fronds  are  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  and 
are  gradually  contracted  towards  both  base  and  apex.  The 
lowest  segments  are  distinct,  and  do  not  pass  into  nn-'re  en- 
largements of  the  descending  herbaceous  lines.  The  frond 
terminates  in  an  apical  segment,  which  is  seldom  so  long  as 
to  be  fairly  caudate.  The  ratio  of  the  length  of  the  fronds 
to  their  breadth  is  usually  about  ten  to  one,  but  is  some- 
times as  low  as  six  to  one.  The  fronds  are  nearly  erect 
when  fresh;  but  when  dry  f.-om  the  heat  of  the  sun,  or 
when  dried  for  j^reservation,  they  show  a  very  decided  curva- 
ture, either  backwards  or  to  one  side;  at  the  same  time  the 
segments  coil  up  nearly  to  the  niidril),  sh<nving  only  the 
under  surface.  This  habit  is  plainly  seen  in  the  specimens 
gathered  by  Captain  Smith,  and  is  commented  on  by  Miss 
Reynolds  in  her  article  in  the  Botanical  Gazette.  When 
moistened  again  the  curvatures  disappear,  just  as  the  infolding 
of  the  segments  of  Polypodiuin  incanum  disai)pears  when  the 
dried  fronds  of    that  fern  are  moistened. 

The  segments  are  very  numerous,  a  frond  fifteen  inches 
long  having  over  ninety  of  them  on  each  side.  They  are 
rarely  over  .1  line  wide  for  most  of  their  length,  but  at  the 
base  are  dilated,  on  the  upper  side  especially,  to  nearly  twice 
that  width.     They  are  thus,  except  near  the  midrib,  separated 


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FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


from  each  other  by  a  space  equal  to  their  own  width.  The 
texture  is  chartaceous,  and  the  surfaces,  especially  the  lower 
surface,  are  sparingly  chaffy-iibrillose.  The  margin  is  entire 
and  slightly  ciliate.     The  apex  is  obtuse. 

The  midveins  of  the  segments  are  black,  prominent  on 
the  lower  surface,  antl  slightly  depressed  on  the  upper.  The 
veins  are  of  the  same  green  color  as  the  frond,  and  are 
difficult  to  see,  except  by  soaking  a  piece  of  the  frond  in 
hot  water.  They  diverge  from  the  midvein  at  an  angle  of 
about  sixty  degrees,  and  presently  fork  into  two  diverging 
veinlets,  of  which  the  lower  one  is  slightly  curved,  and  extends 
nearly  to  the  margin  of  the  segment,  rarely  forking  again 
near  the  end.  The  upper  vcinlet  reaches  only  about  half-way 
to  the  margin,  and  is  soriferous  at  its  tip  in  the  fertile  fronds. 
There  are  sometimes  as  many  as  twenty-foui  of  these  fork- 
ing veins  along  each  side  of   the  midvein. 

The  sori  are  minute,  round,  and  placed  at  nearly  cc|ual 
distances  from  the  midvein  and  the  margin.  The  sporangia 
are  few  to  each  sorus,  and  iiave  a  ring  of  fourteen  or  fifteen 
articulations.  The  spores  are  yellowish,  translucent,  ovoid  or 
reniform  in  shape,  and  have  a  minutel}'  l)listered  or  pustulate 
surface.  The  single  \'itta  along  the  concave  side  is  some- 
times  so  broad  as  to  form  a  kind  of    wing. 

This  fern  is  closely  related  to  /'.  pcctinatum,  which  is  fig- 
ured on  our  forty-second  plate,  but  on  the  whole  is  a  smaller 
plant,  and  has  more  numerous  and  narrower  segments,  and 
simpler  veinlets.     The  outline  of   the  whole  fronti  is  narrower. 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


139 


The   two  species,  as  they  occur  in  Florida,  may  be  com- 
pared thus: — 


p.  pectinatvim. 

Full-grown  fioiuls  two  to  tluce  feet  long, 

tlircc  to  six  times  longer  tliau  broad. 
Segments  one  and  a  half  to  three  or  four 

inches  long,  two  to  four  lines  broad. 

much    dilated    on    both   sides   of    the 

base. 
Midrib  purplish. 

Veins  dink  colored  near  the  base. 
Veinlets  tluee  or  four  to  each  vein. 
Sori  rather  large,  often  oval. 
Hab.  —  Usually    growing    in    the    earth, 

often  in  clavev  soil. 


P.  Plumula. 

Full-grown  fronds  ten  to  liftccn  inches  long, 
si.'i   to  ten  times   longer   tlian   broad. 

Segments  one-half  to  one  and  a  half  inches 
long,  and  rarely  more  tiian  a  line 
wide,  dilated  cliiefly  on  the  upper 
side  of  tlie  base. 

Midrib  black. 

Veins  greenish  at  the  base. 

Veinlets  mostly  two  from  each  vein. 

Sori  small  and  round. 

IIaii.  —  Usually  on  living  trees,  rarely  on 
fallen  logs,  or  even  on  the  face  of 
calcareous  rock  (J.  D.  .Smith). 


Miss  Reynolds,  Dr.  Garber  and  Captain  Smith  have  all 
compared  the  two  living  plants  in  their  native  habitats,  and 
all  ayrcc  in  considering  them  distinct  species.  Captain  Smith 
writes  that  P.  PlnmtUa,  is  "  easily  distinguished  from  P.  pec- 
tinatnm  by  habit  as  well  as  by  its  place  of  growth,  the  pinna?, 
when  dry,  being  strongly  involute,  even  circinate."  The  spec- 
imens collected  by  him  growing  in  banks  of  red  clay  and 
sand,  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Astachula,  I  refer  to 
P.  pcctinatnm,  chiefly  on  account  of  'their  broader  outline  and 
more  numerous  veinlets. 

From  P.  taxifollum,  of  Linnxus,  as  this  species  is  under- 
stood   by    Mr.    Baker,    P.   P/um?ihx    iliffers    in    liaving    forked 


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140 


FERNS    OF    NORTH   AMKRICA. 


veins,  the  veins  in  the  otiier  being  always  simple.  Specimens 
marked  P.  taxifolium,  and  distributed  from  the  Kew  herba- 
rium (No.  924)  have,  however,  forked  veins,  and  belong  rather 
to  P.  Plumnla.  The  only  plant  I  have  of  genuine  P.  faxi- 
folinni  is  Fee's  P.  V PIcrminicri,  from   Guadeloupe. 

Whether  the  Mexican  P.  pnlcliyum  is  distinct  from  P. 
Plumnla  or  not,  must  be  left  to  others  to  decide:  in  the  few 
specimens  I  have  seen,  no  specific  difference  is  discernible. 

With  this  species  the  account  of  our  North  American 
Polypodia  is  completed.  There  are  nine  species  in  all:  four 
of  them,  P.  pectinatnm,  Pliunnla,  aurcnni  and  Phyllitidis,  are 
tropical  species  which  enter  our  limits  only  in  Florida;  one, 
P.  incamim,  is  a  tropical  species  which  comes  as  far  north 
as  West  Virginia  and  Indiana;  one,  /*.  vuigare,  is  a  plant  of 
the  north-temperate  zone  generally,  and  three  species,  P. 
Sconlcfi,  P.  Californicum  and  P.  falcatimi,  the  last  doubtfully 
distinct,  are  found  only  on  our  Pacific  Coast. 

Plate  LXIII.,  Fig.  5-8.  —  Polypodium  Plutmda,  hom  Indian  River, 
Florida.  P'ig.  6  is  an  enlarged  drawing  of  a  pinna,  showing  the  sim- 
j)!y  forked  veins.  Fig.  7  is  a  minute  scale  from  the  midrib,  magnified. 
Fig.  8  is  a  spore. 


Plate  LX.IV. 


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PTERIS   GR£TIGA,L. 


AmiBtroni;  A.  Co  Lith  Boston 


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FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


141 


PlJVTE    LXIV. 

PTERIS   CRETICA,   Linn/Eus. 

Cretan  Brake. 

Pteris  Cretica: — Root-stock  creeping,  the  advancing 
end  sending  up  numerous  fronds;  stalks  often  eighteen  inches 
long,  slender,  sparingly  chaffy  at  the  base,  otherwise  smooth, 
stramineous  when  dry;  fronds  coriaceo-membranaceous,  smooth, 
a  few  inches  to  nearly  a  foot  long,  ovate,  ternate,  quinate  or 
pinnate ;  the  lower  pinnae  two-or  three-parted,  sessile,  the  up- 
per ones  decurrent,  terminal  one  elongated ;  sterile  ones 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  narrowly  cartilaginous-margined 
and  finely  serrate;  fertile  fronds  taller  than  the  sterile,  the 
pinnae  longer  and  narrower,  entire  or  spinulose-serrate  at 
the  acuminate  apex;  veins  straight,  simple  or  forked;  in- 
volucre narrow,  continuous,  entire. 

Pteris  Cretica,  Linn.eus,  "Mantissa,  p.  130." — Swartz,  Syn.  Fil.,  p. 
96.  —  ScHKUHk,  Krypt.  Gew.,  p.  85,  t.  90.  —  Wiu.denow,  Sp. 
Fl.,  v.,  p.  375.  —  J.  G.  Agardu,  Rccens.  Gen.  Ptcridis.,  p.  8. — 
Hooker,  Sp.  ImI.,  ii.,  p.  160.  —  Eaton,  in  Chapman's  Flora,  p. 
589. —  Hooker  &  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  154. —  Milde,  Fil.  Eur. 
et  Atlant.,  p.  41.  —  Fournier,  PI.  Mex.,  Crypt.,  p.    114. 


I/l  i'J 


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142 


FEKNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


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Pteris  triphylla,  Martens   &   GAi.i:ont,   Syn.    Fil.   Mcx.,   p.    51,   t.    14, 

Fig.   I. 
Pteris  Iri/oliala,   FicE,  8me  Mem.,  p.   114. 

Hab.  — "  .Shady-  woods,  Middle  and  Ea.st  Florida,"  Dr.  Chapman. 
Edges  of  limestone  sinks  or  ciiasms,  near  Ocala,  Florida,  Mr.  VV.  H. 
SiiocKi.KY,  Captain  J.  Donnki.i,  Smith.  Mexico,  Guatemala,  Italy,  Crete, 
Corsica ;  from  the  Ural  Mountains  to  Arabia,  the  Himalayas  and  Japan ; 
Abyssinia,  and  in  the  Philippine,  Fiji  and  Hawaiian  Islands  {Synopsis 
Filicuni) . 

Description:  —  The  root-stock  creeps  just  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  and  is  several  inches  in  length,  by 
nearly  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  It  is  thickly  covered 
by  the  short  adherent  bases  of  old  stalks,  which  are  found  on 
all  sides  of  it.  The  roots  are  long  and  slender,  branching,  and 
emitting  abundant  slender  fibres. 

The  fronds  borne  by  each  root-stock  are  very  numerous, 
those  produced  early  in  the  season  smaller  and  sterile,  while 
those  of  later  growth  are  taller,  larger  and  more  generally 
fertile.  The  fronds  of  one  year  remain  green  until  after  those 
of  the  succeeding  year  are  developed.  The  stalks  arc  about 
half  a  line  in  diameter,  and  often  over  a  foot  long,  some- 
times nearly  two  feet  long.  In  the  dried  specimens  they  are 
stramineous,  and  deeply  furrowed  on  the  anterior  side,  but 
in  the  living  plant  they  are  greenish,  and  the  furrow  is  much 
shallower.  They  are  somewhat  rigid,  erect,  and  smooth  except 
for  a  little  mostly  deciduous  chaff  near  the  base.  This  chaff 
consists   of    delicate    little   amber-brown    lanceolate-acuminate 


FERNS     OF     NORTH    A.VHiklCA. 


'43 


scales,  destitute  of  midnerve,  the  cells  arranged  in  a  some- 
what clathrate  or  lattice-like  way,  especially  those  of  the  very 
slender  point.  The  section  of  the  stalk  shows  two  obliquely- 
placed  strap-like  fibro-vascular    bundles. 

The  fronils  of  very  young  plants,  and  some  of  the  earlier 
fronds  of  mature  plants,  consist  of  only  three  pinnae,  all  ses- 
sile at  nearly  the  same  point.  The  middle  pinna  is  twice  or 
three  times  as  long  as  the  side  ones,  and  measures  anywhere 
from  one  to  five  or  six  inches  in  length,  and  from  three  to 
six  lines  in  width.  Such  fronds  are  commonly,  but  not  al- 
ways, sterile.  Pteyis  triphylla,  of  Martens  &  Galeotti,  a  name 
altered  to  trifoliata  by  Fee,  was  founded  on  plants  with  such 
fronds,  but  is  not  deserving  of  being  considered  even  a  vari- 
ety of  the  species.  This  form  is  found  among  the  specimens 
of  all  those  persons  who  have  gathered  the  species  in  Florida. 
In  the  next  degree  of  composition  the  two  side  pinnae  are 
parted  almost  to  the  very  base,  rendering  the  frond  quinate, 
but  with  the  middle  pinna,  as  before,  decidedly  the  longest. 
From  this  condition  the  fronds  pass  by  stages  to  the  most 
complex  form  observed  among  the  Florida  specimens,  in 
which  the  lowest  pinna;  are  three-parted,  the  second,  third 
and  perhaps  fourth,  or  even  fifth,  pair  simple,  the  upper  side 
of  the  base  sessile,  the  lower  side  more  and  more  decurrent 
on  the  midrib,  and  the  terminal  pinna  distinct  or  nearly  so, 
and  usually  the  longest  of  all. 

In  the  sterile  frond  the  pinna;  and  pinnules  are  linear- 
lanceolate,  taperii.g  from   near   the   middle  to   both  base   and 


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'44 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMHRICA. 


apex,  and  strongly  serrated  throughout.  Tlic  texture  is  thin 
but  firm,  chartaceous,  or  coriaceo-mcniliranaceous  as  described 
by  Hooker.  The  veins  arc  about  one-third  of  a  line  apart, 
and  leave  the  midvein  nearly  at  a  right  angle.  Many  of 
them  are  simple,  and  others,  mixed  in  irregularly  with  the 
simple  ones,  fork  either  near  the  base,  or  half  way  to  the 
margin.  The  \  ery  edge  is  semi-translucent  and  sub-cartilag- 
inous, the  acute  serratures  partaking  of  this  character.  In 
this  firm  and  semi-translucent  etlgc  is  perhaps  the  readiest 
distinction  between  this  fern  and  the  nearly  related  J'fcris 
seynilata,  which,  though  long  a  garden  fern  of  unknown 
origin,  has  now  for  some  years  been  considered  a  native  of 
China,  but  has  recently  been  discovered  wild,  and  appar- 
ently native,  near  Mobile,  and  has  also  been  growing  with- 
out cultivation,  on  the  walls  of  the  college  at  Charleston, 
South    Carolina,   for   many   years. 

The  fertile  fronds  of  Ptcris  Cyctica  have  linear  pinn:i; 
three  to  six  or  eight  inches  long,  and  three  or  four,  rarely 
five  or  six,  lines  wide,  nearly  linear  in  shape,  the  margin 
entire,  and  bordered  with  a  delicate  continuous  recurved  in- 
volucre, and  the  apex  for  the  distance  of  an  inch  or  more 
very   sharply   spinulose-serrate. 

The  sporangia  are  borne  on  a  continuous  marginal 
veinlike  receptacle,  and  are  covered  by  the  involucre  until 
near  maturity.  The  ring  of  the  sporangia  consists  of  about 
twenty-one  joints.  The  spores  arc  roundish-tetrahedral,  plainly 
trivittate,  and  have    a    faintly   sculj)turc(l    surface. 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


145 


This  fern  receives  its  specific  name  from  the  island 
of  Crete.  Whether  it  was  first  discovered  there  I  cannot 
determine:  Swartz  says  " Eiifo/xi  anstralis,  Oy'icns;"  Willde- 
now  indicates  Switzerland,  Italy,  Corsica,  Crete  and  Arabia. 
A  very  full  list  of  Old-World  localities  may  be  seen  in 
Hooker's  Species  Filicum,  where  there  is  also  a  van  stcn- 
op/iylla,  in  which  the  fronds  are  digitate  or  sub-pinnate, 
and  the  few  ^jinn.T  entire  or  nearly  so.  This  form  occurs 
in  Northern  India,  and  in  the  Philippines,  and  is  figured 
by  Hooker  and  Greville  (/c.  Fil.,  t.  130).  Another  variety 
is  noticed  in  Synopsis  Filicum,  var.  melanocaulon,  having  a 
dark-colored  stalk  and  scarcely  visible  venation :  this  form 
was  found  long  ago  in  the  Philippines  by  Cuming,  and 
is  described  and  figured  as  a  species  by  Fee  {"jme  Mem. 
p.  31,  /.  xix,  fig.  i).  A  common  form  in  cultivation  is 
var.  albolineata,  in  which  there  is  a  broad  whitish  stripe 
on  the  upper  surface  along  the  middle  of  each  pinna. 
The  pale  color  is  apparently  due  to  a  partial  deficiency 
of  chlorophyll  in  the  cells  just  beneath  the  epidermal  layer, 
and  also  to  a  paler  color  in  what  chlorophyll  there  actu- 
ally is  there.  This  form  has  been  figured  in  Curtis's  Bo- 
tanical Magazine  (t.  5194),  and  in  one  or  two  other  places- 
Mr.  Baker  reports  that  it  has  been  found  in  Brazil  by 
Dr.   Glaziou. 

Pteris  pellucida,  P.  Hookeriana  and  P.  dactylina,  all 
East  Indian  ferns,  are  closely  allied  to  P.  Cretica,  and  by 
some  authors   are   regarded    as    doubtfully   distinct   from    it. 


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146 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


In  Pteris  Cretica  two  or  three  pairs  of  pinnae  are  some- 
times bi-partite  or  tri-partite,  and  rarely  the  interior  segment 
of  the  lowest  pinna  is  again  compound ;  but  none  of  these 
forms  have  been  observed  in  Florida  specimens. 

Plate  LXIV.  —  Pteris  Cretica,  from  one  of  Capt.  Smith's  Florida 
plants.  Fig.  2  is  a  portion  of  a  pinna  magnified  eight  diameters,  and 
showing  the  venation,  indusium,  sporangia,  etc.     Fig.  3  is  a  spore. 


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FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


147 


PlATE    LXV. 

PHEGOPTERIS    HEXAGONOPTERA,   Fee. 

Hexagon  Beech-Pern. 

Phegopteris  hexagonoptf.ra: — Root-stock  creeping,  slen- 
der, elongated,  softly  paleaceous ;  stalks  scattered,  slender, 
stramineous,  ten  to  twenty  inches  high;  fronds  triangular, 
seven  to  twelve  inches  long  and  rather  broader  than  long, 
thinly  herbaceous,  slightly  hairy  and  often  finely  glandular 
beneath,  usually  twice  pinnatifid ;  pinn.e  sessile,  lanceolate, 
pinnatifid  into  numerous  oblong  obtuse  segments,  those  of 
the  very  large  lowest  pinnae  elongated  and  pinnatcly  lobed, 
the  rest  entire  or  crenately  toothed ;  i)asal  segments  adnate 
to  the  main  rachis,  and  forming  a  series  of  polygonal  nar- 
rowly connected  wings  along  its  sides ;  veins  pinnately  ar- 
ranged, simple  or  forked ;  sori  rather  small,  rounded,  placed 
just  below  the  tips  of  the  veinlets  and  either  near  or  remote 
from  the  margin  of  the  segments;  sporangia  sparingly  pilose; 
spores  bean-shaped. 

Phegopteris  hexagonoptera,  Fkk,  Gen.  Fil.,  p.  243.  —  Mettenius,  Fil. 
Hort.  Lips,,  p.  S3;  Phegopteris,  p.  15.  —  li.vroN,  in  Gray's 
Manual,  ed.  v.,  p.  663. — Wii.i.iam' on,  Ferns  of  Kentucky,  p. 
83,  t.  -xxviii ;    I-ern-F^tcliings,  t.  xxix. 


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148 


FERNS    OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


Polypodium  kexagonopkrum,  Michaux,  FI.  Bor.-Am.,  ii.,  p.  271. — Swartz, 
Syn.  Fil.,  p.  40.  —  VVii.i.denow,  Sp.  I'l.,  v.,  p.  200. —  1'uksii,  F1. 
Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  659. —  Hooker  &  Gkevii.i.i;,  Ic.  Fil.,  t.  cc.x. — 
Link,  Fil.  Hort.  Berol.,  p.  132. — Tokuky,  I'l.  New  York,  ii., 
p.  4S5. — Gkay,  Manual,  oil.  i.,  p.  623;  c-d.  ii.,  p.  590, — Eaton, 
in  Chajjman's  Flora,  p.  588.  —  Hookkk,  Sp.  I'il.,  iv.,  p.  245. — 
Lawson,  in  Canad.  Naturalist,  i.,  ]).  268. —  Hookku  &  Haki:k, 
Syn.  1m1.,  p.  309. 

Polypodium  Phcgop/cris,  var.  vKijits,  Hooker,   I'l.    Bor.-Am.,   ii.,   p.  258. 

Had. —  Moist  woodlands,  from  Canada  to  Florida,  and  westward  to 
Iowa,  Arkansas  ami  Louisiana,  not  one  of  our  commonest  ferns,  but 
abundant  in  favorable  localities,  more  particularly  in  the  Middle  and 
Southern  .States.     It  has  not  been  found  outside  of  North  America. 

Description: — The  root-stock  is  sometimes  nearly  a  foot 
long,  and  creeps  just  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground.  It 
is  about  two  Hues  in  thickness.  The  newer  portion  is  moil- 
erateiy  paleaceous,  the  scales  being  ovate,  very  delicate,  and 
distantly  ciliate  with  straight  unicellular  hairs.  The  root-stock 
is  somewhat  fleshy,  and  contains  about  fi\  e  interior  fibro- 
vascular   bundles. 

The  stalks  are  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  apart.  They 
are  continuous  with  the  root-stock,  and  not  articulated  at  the 
base,  as  in  Polypodium.  For  an  inch  or  two  at  the  i)ase 
they  hear  a  few  thin  chaffy  ciliate  scales,  like  those  of  the 
root-stock.  In  tlie  li\  ing  plant  they  are  erect,  green  in  color, 
and  terete,  but  in  dried  specimens  they  turn  to  a  light  straw- 
color,  and  are  more  or  less   furrowed.     Their   height    is   from 


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FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


149 


a  few  inches  to  nearly  two  feet.  At  the  very  base  they  con- 
tain two  obliquely  placed  strap-like  fibro-vascular  bundles, 
which  presently  unite  and  form  a  single  one.  A  section  of 
this  has  the  form  of  a  V, 

The  frond,  when  pressed,  forms  almost  a  perfect  equilat- 
eral triangle  in  general  outline,  a  large  one  being  from  ten  to 
twelve  inches  broad  from  tip  to  tip  of  the  lowest  pinnae,  and 
about  the  same  from  these  lower  angles  to  the  apex.  In 
living  plants  the  two  lowest  pinnif  stand  obliquely  forward, 
and  are  not  in  the  general  plane  of  the  frond.  The  pinnae 
are  lanceolate  in  shape,  all  the  larger  ones  being  broadest 
in  the  middle  and  narrowed  towards  both  the  base  and  the 
apex,  which  is  acuminate.  The  upper  pinnce  gradually  become 
smaller,  and  lose  this  lanceolate  form,  being  no  broader  in 
the  middle  than  at  the  base.  The  uppermost  pinn.e  pass  into 
mere  segments  or  lobes  of  the  apex  of  the  frond.  The 
principal  pinnae  are  pinnatifid  into  very  numerous  oblong  ob- 
tuse segments  or  lobes,  the  middle  ones  of  the  lowest  pinnae 
an  inch  or  two  long,  and  pinnately  lobed,  the  rest  gradually 
shorter  and  merely  crenately  serrate  or  even  entire.  The 
basal  lobes  are  adnate  to  the  main  rachis,  and  form  an  irreg- 
ular wing  along  both  sides  of  it.  The  inferior  basal  lobes,  in 
fact,  grow  rather  from  the  rachis  than  from  the  midribs  of 
the  pinnae,  but  those  on  the  upper  sides  of  the  pinnae  receive 
their  midveins  from  the  axils  of  the  midribs.  The  wings 
thus  formed  have  suggested  the  specific  name  hexagonoptera ; 
but  it  is   very    seldom    that   they    form    anything   like   a   true 


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hexagon.     It  rarely  happens  that  the  wing  is   interrupted   be- 
tween the  first  and  second  pairs  of  pinnae. 

The  fronds  are  thinly  herbaceous  in  texture,  slightly 
hairy  on  both  surfaces,  but  more  so  on  the  under  surface, 
where  there  are  also  found  a  few  minute  ciliate  scales  along 
the  miilribs  and  principal  veins. 

The  veins  are  pinnately  arranged  and  free.  Fertile  fronds 
bear  sori  on  every  segment.  The  sori  are  rather  small, 
round  and  naked,  and  are  borne  on  the  back  of  the  veinlets 
just  Ijelow  the  apex.  The  lower  veinlets  of  each  segment  or 
lobe  bear  their  sori  quite  remote  from  the  margin,  while  the 
upper  veinlets  bear  theirs  near  the  margin.  The  sporangia 
have  a  ring  of  about  fifteen  articulations.  On  many,  perhaps 
all,  of  the  sporangia,  there  arc  a  very  few  (2-4)  unicellular 
hairs,  which  are  found  on  the  sides  of  the  sporangium  near 
the  end,  but  not  on  the  ring.  Mcttenius  says  there  is  one 
bristle-like  and  one  gland-tipped  hair  each  side  of  the  ring; 
but  my  observations  tend  to  show  that  the  hairs  may  be  all 
slender  or  all  gland-tipped,  and  that  in  many  sporangia  they 
are  entirely  lacking.  When  the  sporangia  have  been  boiled  on 
a  glass  slide  they  show  the  modified  cellules  of  the  side  oppo- 
site the  ring  with  great  distinctness,  and  the  two  transversely 
elongated  cellules  which  separate  when  the  sporangium  opens 
are  especially  worth  examination.  The  spores  are  bean-shaped, 
amber-colored,  and  marked  with  a  single  vitta. 

This  fern  is  so   closely   related    to   P.  polypodioides   that    it 
is  often  difficult    to  decide  to  which   species  a  given  specimen 


3d> 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


151 


should  be  referred.  In  general  the  plant  here  described  is 
much  larger  than  the  other,  and  has  fronds  much  more 
broadly  triangular.  The  lowest  pinn.ne  in  P.  hexagonoptera 
are  decidedly  longer  and  broader  than  the  next  lower  pair, 
while  in  P.  polypodioides  the  difference  between  the  lowest 
pinnae  and  the  next  is  very  little;  in  fact  the  lowest  pinnae 
are  sometimes  even  shorter  than  the  next  ones.  P.  hex- 
agonoptera is  more  southern  in  its  range  than  P.  polypodi- 
oides, for  it  is  not  a  common  plant  in  Canada,  but  extends 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  while  P.  polypodioides  is  found  far 
beyond  the  Arctic  Circle,  but  does  not  occur,  I  believe,  south 
of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio.  Nothing  like  our  present  fern 
is  found  in  Europe,  where  the  other  species  is  common 
enough.  , 

The  genus /*/?^^c//m.v  was  proposed  in  1851  by  F^e,  and 
distinguished  from  Polypodium  by  having  the  sori  dorsal  on 
the  veins,  and  not  at  the  enlarged  apices  of  the  veins.  lie  also 
pointed  out  a  difference  in  the  general  habit  and  in  the  num- 
ber of  vascular  bundles  in  the  stalk.  The  genus  was  ac- 
cepted by  Mettcnius,  who  added  to  it  the  species  having 
anastomosing  veins,  which  had  been  excluded  by  F6e.  He 
discovered  other  distinctions  from  Polypodium  in  the  want 
of  an  articulation  at  the  base  of  the  stalk,  and  in  the  acute 
and  not  enlarged  tips  of  the  veinlets.  In  all  these  characters, 
with  the  sole  exception  of  uncovered  sori,  Phegopteris  is  abso- 
lutely identical  with  Aspidium;  and  since  there  are  many  spe- 
cies in  which  the  indusium  is  said  by  one  author  to  be  present. 


152 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


I'M''. 

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and  by  another  author  to  be  deficient,  and  some  species  in 
which  the  indusium,  though  discernible,  is  olmosi  lacking, 
there  is  every  propriety  in  referring  Phegopteris  to  the  tribe 
AspidiecB.   One  recent  author  has  even  united  the  two  genera. 

Plate  LXV. —  Phegopteris  hcxagonoptcra,  from  New  Haven,  Con- 
necticut. Fig.  2  is  an  enlarged  segment  of  the  lowest  pinna,  showing 
the  venation,  and  the  dorsal  position  of  the  sori.  Fig.  3  is  a  sorus,  and 
Fig.  4,  a  spore. 


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FERNS     OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


153 


Plate  LXVI. 

ASPIDIUM    CRISTATUM,   Swartz. 

Crested  Wood-Fern, 

AspiDiUM  CRISTATUM  :  —  Root-stock  stout,  creeping,  chaffy 
and  bearin,ij  numerous  up-curved  stalk-bases;  stalks  a  few 
inches  to  over  a  foot  long,  chaffy,  especially  near  the  base, 
with  large  ovate  pointed  thinnish  scales;  fronds  firmly  mem- 
branaceous, nearly  erect,  smooth,  nearly  evergreen,  linear- 
oblong  or  oblong  lanceolate  in  outline,  sligiitly  narrowed 
towards  the  base,  a  foot  to  a  foot  and  a  half  long,  the  fertile 
ones  taller  than  the  sterile,  pinnate;  pinn.e  two  to  three 
inches  long,  triangular-oblong,  or  the  lowest  ones  triangular- 
ovate,  from  a  somewhat  cordate  base,  deeply  pinnatifid ; 
divisions  from  six  to  ten  pairs,  oblong,  very  obtuse,  finely 
serrate  or  cut-toothed,  but  scarcely  aristate,  those  next  the 
rachis  largest  and  more  deeply  cut ;  veins  of  the  living  plant 
conspicuously  impressed  from  above,  mostly  forked  ;  sori  as 
near  the  midvein  as  the  margin;  indusium  rather  large, 
smooth  and  naked,   round-reniform,    the    sinus    not    very  deep. 

Aspidiiim  nistatum,  Swaui/,  in  Sclimdcrs  Joiirn.,  1800,  ii.,  p.  37;  Syn. 
Fil.,  |).  52. —  ScHKuuR,  Krypt.  Gow.,  p.  ;,9,  t.  37. —  Wii.i.denow, 
Sp.  I'l.,  v.,  J).  252. —  l'iu:>ii,  V\.  Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  06 1. —  Ij.nk, 
Fil.  Hort.   ikrol.,  p.  107. —  'ioukrv,  i'l.  New  York,  ii.,  p.  496. — 


m 


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154 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Gkav,  Manual,  vx\.  ii.,  p.  598. —  Miiti-mis,  Fil.  Hort.  IJps.,  p. 

93:  Aspiiliiiin.  50. —  Mii.m:,  1m1.  Km:  t-t  Atlant.,  p.  120. —  VVii- 

I.IAMSON,  I'lriis  of  Kentucky,  p.  9.;.  I.  x.wiii ;   I'cm-lilchings,  t.  xl. 
Polypodimn  rrislatum,   I.inn.kiis,  Sp.   PI.,  ;>.    1551. 
Polysticlium  cristaliiiit.  Rtnu,  "Tent.  V\.  (kTin.,  iii.,  p.  S4." — Kocii,  Syn. 

Fl.  Germ,  ct   llelv.,  i.-k\.,  iii..   p.   7^5, 
Nephrodium   cristaliim,    Miciiau.\,    I'l.    Ain.-l5or.,    ii.,    p.  269. —  Hooker, 

Urit.    I'erns,    i.    17;    .Sp,    I-il.,    iv.,    p.    121. —  Hdoki.u  6!:  HaKc.  (, 

Syn.  Fil.,   p.   273. 
Lasirea  crislata,  I'kksi.,    Tent.    I'ltriil.,    p.    77. —  Modui;,    Nat.    IV.    Brit. 

F-erns,  t.  .\ix. — Fawsijn,  in  Canail.  Naturalist,  i.,  ;■    282. 
Polypodium   Calliptcis,   I-jiuiiakt,  "  Mcitr.,  iii.,  |>.   77." 
Lastrca   Callipkfis,  Nkwaian,   Hist.   Miit.   l\rns,  cd.  ii.,  p.    12. 
Li^pliodiiim    Crtlliplifis.   Ni:\v.,an,    Hist.    ISrit.   i'erns.  eil.   iii..   p.    170. 
^Ispidiiim  Liinctistriitise,    .Siui;n(;i:i.,  Anicit.,    p.    1,4;    luijjl.  V'»;rsion,    p. 

147. —  .SniK'.  liu,    Krypt.    Cicw.,    p.   .\.\.  t.  .^i. —  Wii.i.ihadw.  .Sp. 

I'!.,  v.,  p.   joi. —  I{)(;i:ii>u,   I'l.    liostnn.,  id.   iii.,  p.  419. 

\'ar.  ClintonianutH,  I).  (.'.  ICaki.n: — ItoikIs  hi  every  way  inucli 
larj^cr,  two  am!  a  halt  to  tour  leet  high  ;  pinii.i- oMong-lanceolate,  broad 
est  It  tlxir  'oase,  four  to  six  inelus  long,  one  to  two  inches  wide ;  their 
divisions  more  numerous,  cither  crowdeil  or  somewhat  ihslant,  linear- 
ohlong,  olitiisc,  serrate  or  cut-toollu'd,  tiie  has.il  ones  .sonn-times  pin- 
iKitel)-  lohi'd  ;  sori  ii(!ar  the  midvein,  indusium  orl)icular-ri'nilorin  with  a 
shallow  sinus,  smooth  and  n.ik'il. —  (Iray's  Manual,  eil.  v.,  p.  665. 

H\n. —  .Swamp)  woods  .uul  wet  thickets,  soniitinus  in  wet  me.ad- 
ows  or  open  hogs,  from  N<  ,  ounillai.d  and  N«;w  Hrimswick  to  the  .Slave 
River  and  Fake  Winnipeg,  and  e.\tendiiig  southwanl  to  West  Virginia, 
Kentucky  ami  .\rk.uisas.  \ar.  Clinlonianiim  has  been  noticed  in  Can- 
ada,   New    Fngland,    New   Nork.    New  Jersey,  Oliio    uul  Wiscoiisin.     --/. 


FERNS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


155 


erislalum  is  found  also  'n  middle  and  northern  Kiirope,  from  the  British 
Islands  to  the  Ural  Mountains  and  llie  Caucasus.  In  the  United  States 
it  is  less  abundant  than  A.  marginule  and  A.  Thelypteris,  but  more 
common   than  A.    Goldianum. 

Description: — The  root-stock  creeps  just  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  and  may  attain  a  length  of  five  or 
six  inches.  Its  own  thickness  is  not  jver  three  or  four  lines, 
but  the  apparent  diameter  is  made  considerably  larger  by  the 
fleshy  adherent  bases  of  the  stalks,  which  remain  a  long  lime 
undecayed.  It  is  chaffy  with  large  thin  light-brown  ovate 
scales,  which  also  cover  the  young  stalk,  and  are  more  or 
less  persistent  on   the  lower  part  of   the  stalk. 

There  is  a  marked  difference  between  the  fertile  and  the 
sterile  fronds,  the  latter  being  much  shorter  than  the  former, 
and  remaining  green  through  the  winter,  long  after  the  fer- 
tile ones  have  withered.  The  stalks  of  the  sterile  fronds  are 
also  much  shorter  than  the  others.  The  stalks  are  rounded 
at  the  back,  and  have  a  narrow  but  rather  deep  anterior  fur- 
row: when  dried  lateral  furrows  are  also  formed.  There  are 
two  large  round  anterior-lateral  fibro-vascular  bundles,  and 
from  one  to  three  smaller  posterior  ones,  the  number  varying  . 
according  to  the  thickness  of  the  stalk. 

The  fronds  vary  in  length  from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  and 
a  iialf  in  the  common  form,  but  are  sometimes  fully  twice  as 
large  in  the  variety.  They  are  usually  from  four  to  si.v  times  as 
long  as  they  are  broad,  being  linear-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate 
in  outline,  and  consist  of  from  twelve  to  eighteen  pinnae  on  each 


t56 


TERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


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side,  the  lower  ones  slighth'  diminishing  in  length,  more  distant 
and  mostly  opposite,  the  upper  ones  either  alternate  or  oppo- 
site. Most  of  the  pinn;e  have  very  short  stalks  ;  the  lower  ones 
are  broadly  ovate-triangular,  the  higher  ones  gradually  narrower 
at  the  b:i.-.e,  and  so  becoming  ovate-oblong.  In  the  sterile 
fronds  the  pinn:e  arc  pinnately  lobed  about  two-thinls  of  the 
way  to  the  midrib ;  in  the  fertile  fronds  they  are  pinnatifid  to 
within  half  a  line  of  the  midrib.  The  number  of  lobes  on  each 
side  is  usually  about  eight  pairs,  the.  higher  ones  gradually 
passing  into  mere  teeth  of  the  short  and  only  sub-acute  ape.v  of 
the  pinn.r.  The  lobes  are  oljlong,  and  mostly  serrated  with 
short  incurved  barely  mucronate  teeth.  The  basal  lobes  are 
inciscd-scrrate.  the  teeth  being  again  serrated.  The  apex  of  the 
lobes  is  rounded  and  obtuse :  in  the  form  called  A^fiiiiinm 
Laucustricnsc  the  lobes  are  shorter  and  more  triangular,  and 
consequently  less  obtuse.  A  character  whic;  can  be  seen  only 
in  the  living  froiuls  is  noticed  by  Moore:  it  is  that  the  stalks 
of  the  pinnae  are  twisteil  just  enough  to  turn  the  upper  surface 
of  the  pinn.e  towards  the  apex  of  the  frond.  This  condition 
may  be  seen  in  very  many  kinds  of  ferns,  i)ut  is  especially 
evident  in  the  fertile  fronds  of  the  present  species. 

The  fronds  are  dark-green  and  somewhat  lustrous  above, 
paler  beneath,  and  perfectly  smooth,  save  for  a  little  chaff 
which  commonly  persists  along  the  rachis.  The  texture  is 
firmly  herbaceous. 

The  veins  are  marked  on  the  upper  surface  by  im- 
pressed   lines,    which    almost    (lisap]>ear    in    dried    specimens. 


l!r 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


•57 


They  are  pinnately  arranged  on  the  midvein.  The  lowest 
superior  veinlet  is  often  simple,  but  nearly  as  often  forked, 
the  lower  branch  sometimes  again  forking.  The  rest  of  the 
veins  are  mostly  once  forked.  Most  of  the  veinlets  termi- 
nate in  the  teeth,  and  are  slightly  enlarged  at  the  apex.  The 
superior  veinlets  of  the  several  veins  bear  sori  about  midway  of 
their  length,  the  number  of  sori  being  often  ten  or  twelve  on 
the  basal  lobes,  and  from  four  to  eight  on  all  but  the  uppermost 
of  the  others. 

The  indusium  is  at  first  rather  large,  flat,  orbicular- 
reniform,  the  sinus  not  very  deep,  and  the  surface  and  mar- 
gin without  hairs  or  glands.  As  the  fruit  matures  the  indusia 
commonly  become  a  good  deal  shrivelled,  or  even  fall  off. 
The  sporangia  have  alxnit  fifteen  articulations  in  the  ring. 
The  spores  do  not  ripen  until  late  in  the  season,  and 
are  bean-shaped,  the  surface  so  rough  as  to  be  almost 
muricate. 

Var.  Cliiitoiiiannm  tliffers  chiefly  in  its  much  greater  size, 
and  consecpicntly  larger  and  more  numerous  pinn.r  and  lobes. 
It  does  not  occur  in  Huropi.',  ami  in  America  it  has  often 
been  mistaken  for  . /.  Coldiaiiiim,  from  wiiich  it  differs  evi- 
dently ill  having  the  fertile  and  sterile  fronds  unlike,  in  the 
narrower  outline  of  the  fertile  fronds,  ami  especially  in  hav- 
ing all  the  pinna"  broadest  at  the  base  instead  of  in  th« 
mi(hlle.  In  both  forms  of  .t .  ctistatuni  the  lobes  of  the  pinna* 
are  commonly   closely  placed,  though  in  some  large  specimens 


tl 


iii 


158 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


of  the  variety  most  of  thcni  arc  separated  by  a  sinus  half  as 
broad  as  the  lobes  themselves. 

Both  the  typical  form  of  this  species  and  the  variety  are 
easily  cultivated  in  a  somewhat  moist  and  shaded  place,  but 
will  do  best  if  they  be  affonled  a  soil  largely  mixed  with  peat. 

LXVI. —  Aspidium  cristatmn.  Fig.  i  represents  a  fertile  frond  of 
the  typical  form,  from  near  Boston.  Fig.  2  is  an  enlarged  pinnule, 
'''g-  3>  ^"  indusium.  Fig.  4,  a  spore.  I'ig.  5  is  a  section  of  the 
stalk.  I'ig.  6  is  a  pinna  from  the  middle  of  a  frond  of  var.  Clin- 
tonianum.  Fig.  7  is  a  pinna  of  the  same,  enlarged.  Fig.  8,  an  indu- 
sium.    I'ig.  9,   a  spore. 


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PlATK   I. XVI I. 

ASPIDIUM    FLORIDANUM,  D.  C.  Eatom. 

Florida  Wood-Fern. 

Asi'iDiUM  Floridanum:  — Root-Stock  stout,  creeping,  very 
chaffy  with  large  thin  ferruginous-brown  scales;  stalics  nearly 
a  foot  long,  rather  stout,  discolored  and  chaffy  near  the  base, 
stramineous  and  less  chaffy  upwards ;  fronds  standing  in  a 
crown,  firmly  membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  the  fertile  and 
sterile  unlike;  sterile  fronds  lower,  lanceolate-oblong,  pinnate, 
the  pinn.e  lanceolate  froK^  a  broad  base,  pinnatifid  rather 
more  than  half-way  to  the  Uiidrib,  lower  ones  snorter,  broader 
and  more  deeply  lobed,  segments  close-placed,  oblong,  obtuse, 
obscurely  crenulate-toothed ;  fertile  fronds  two  to  three  feet 
long,  lanceolate,  tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle,  pinnate; 
lower  pinnai  sterile,  triangular-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid  like 
those  of  the  sterile  frond ;  upper  pinn.e  fertile,  longer  and 
narrower,  pinnate  with  usually  distant  oblong  or  sul>falcate 
obtuse  crenulate-toothed  pinnules,  which  are  sessile  on  a 
narrowly  winged  secondary  rachis,  or  the  lower  ones  barely 
stalked ;  lowest  superior  veins  twice  forked,  the  rest  once 
forked;  sori  rather  large,  half-way  between  the  midvcin  and 
the  margin  ;  indusium  round-reniform,  smooth. 


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Aspidium  Fhridanum,  Eaton,  in  Chapman's  P^lora,  p.  595. 

Kcphrodiuin  Floridanum,  Hooker,  F"il.  Exot.,  t.  xcix. — Hookkr  &  Baker, 
Syn.  Fil.,  p.  273. 

Aspidium  cristatum,  var.  Floridatmvi,  Eaton,  in  Mann's  Catal.  PI.  of 
U.  S.  East  of  the  Mississippi,  p.  55  ;  and  in  Robinson's  Check- 
List. — UwicM'ORT,  Catal.,  p.  31. 

Aspidium  Filix-mas,  var.  elongatnm.  Hooker,  Sp.  Fii.,  iv.,  p.  117  (as 
to  our  plant  only). 

Hab. — Wet  woods,  Florida  to  Louisiana.  It  was  collected  many 
years  ago  in  Florida  by  Mr.  S,  B,  Bucki.ev,  and  was  described  by 
Hooker  from  his  specimens.  1  saw  it  on  Amelia  island  in  1S57,  ^"'i 
Mr.  C.  E.  Fa.xon  collected  It  oa  m  •  same  island  a  few  years  later. 
Miss  Reynolds  reports  it  near  Sr.  Augustine,  and  Mr.  Curtiss  found 
it  at  Jacksonville.  Dr.  Gakiser  collected  it  in  Levy  and  Hillsborough 
Counties,  and  considers  the  latter  its  southern  limit.  Mr.  C.  MouK 
has  favored  me  with  a  large  frond  from  Louisiana. 

Description:  —  The  root-stock  is  creeping,  fleshy,  rather 
stout,  very  chaffy  with  large  thin  brown  scales,  and  covered 
with  the  persistent  f;  shy  bases  of  upcurved  stalks.  The 
stallis  of  the  largest  fertile  fronds  are  rather  more  than  a 
foot  long,  and  those  of  the  sterile  fronds  somewhat  shorter. 
As  with  most  ferns  growing  in  wet  places  the  lower  part  of 
the  stalk  is  most  frequently  somewhat  blackened.  The  base 
of  the  stalk  is  very  chaffy,  the  chaff  consisting  of  large  but 
thinnish  scales,  while  the  upper  part  of  the  stalk  and  the 
rachis  has  but  a  few  much  smaller  scales.  The  stalk  of  the 
living   frond  is  rounded  at   the    back,   and    more   or   less    fur 


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FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


l6l 


rowed  in  front:  when  dried  the  furrow  becomes  much  deeper. 
The  cross-section  shows  a  firm  exterior  sheath  and  about 
seven  interior  fibro-vascular  bundles,  a  large  rounded  one  each 
side  of  the  furrow,  and  four  or  five  much  smaller  ones 
arranged  in  a  semicircle  near  the  back  of   the    stalk. 

The  fertile  and  the  sterile  fronds  arc  unlike,  the  sterile 
ones  being  much  shorter  than  the  others,  and  of  a  com- 
paratively broader  outline.  One  collected  by  Dr.  Garber  has 
a  rather  slender  stalk  seven  inches  long: — the  frond  itself 
is  nine  inches  long,  and  four  inches  and  a  half  wide  in  the 
middle,  decreasing  to  three  inches  wide  at  the  base.  There 
are  about  twelve  distinct  pinn;c  on  each  side,  besides  the 
apical  segments.  The  lowest  pinna;  are  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  wide  at  the  base,  triangular-ovate  in  shape,  and  pinnati- 
fid  almost  to  the  midrib  into  a  few  closely-placed  oblong 
segments.  The  rest  of  the  pinnae  are  successively  narrower 
and  less  deeply  lobed,  the  uppermost  mostly  crenate-toothed. 
The  upper  surface  is  deep-green  and  smooth;  the  lower  sur- 
face a  little  paler. 

The  fertile  fronds  are  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the 
others,  and  are  lanceolate  in  outline.  There  are  nearly  thirty 
distinct  pinnx  on  each  side,  those  in  the  middle  of  the  frond 
three  to  five  inches  long  and  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  broad 
at  the  base.  The  lower  pinnae  are  sterile  and  successively 
shorter  and  broader  at  the  base,  the  lowest  ones  beinu"  about 
two  inches  long  and  an  inch  and  a  quarter  broad.  The  upper 
pinnae  are  fertile,  and  decrease  gradually  in  length  and  breadth 


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FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


to  the  apex  of  the  frond.  The  sterile  pinnae  are  pinnatifid, 
while  the  fertile  ones  are  pinnate,  the  usually  distant  pinnules 
being  oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  toothed,  and  adnata  to  a  nar- 
rowly winged  secondary,  rachis,  or  the  lower  ones  supported 
on  a  short  and   wing-margined  stalk. 

The  sori  are  rather  large,  and  are  placed  about  midway 
between  the  midvein  and  the  margin.  The  indusium  is  round- 
reniform,  perfectly  smooth,  and  rather  rigid.  The  spores  are 
dark-brown,   bean-shaped  and  very  rough  on  the  surface. 

The  manifest  relationship  of  this  fern  is  to  ^.  crisiatum, 
a  form  of  which  I  formerly  considered  it,  and  I  am  by  no 
means  sure  that  this  opinion  is  not  correct.  It  has  a  simi- 
lar root-stock,  similar  scales  and  closely  similar  sterile  fronds; 
and  it  is  only  in  the  fertile  portion  of  the  fruiting  fronds 
that  any  considerable  difference  appears. 

^.  Floridanum  proves  hardy  in  the  botanical  garden  at 
Cambridge,  and,  as  seen  there,  its  resemblance  to  A.  cy'istatum 
is  greater   than  in  herbarium  specimens  from   Florida. 

A.  Lndoviciannm  is  unknown  to  me.  It  was  placed  in 
§  Polystichum  by    Kunze. 

The  plate  represents  a  fertile  frond  with  the  root-stock,  collected 
near  Fernandina,  Florida,  by  Mr.  C.  K.  Faxon.  Fig.  2  is  a  fertile  pin- 
nule, enlarged.  I"ig.  3  is  an  indusium;  Fig.  4,  a  spore;  and  Fig.  5, 
a  section  of  the   stalk. 


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FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


163 


Pl.A...  l.XVIII. 

.  I 

ASPIDIUM   SPINULOSUM,   Svvartz. 

Spinulose  or  Common  Wood-Fern. 

AspiuiUM  SPINULOSUM :  —  Root-Stock  stout,  assurgent, 
chaffy,  covered  with  imbricated  stalk-bases;  stalks  a  span  to 
a  foot  and  a  half  long,  chaffy,  the  scales  rather  large,  ovate, 
pointed,  ferruginous,  brown  or  brown  with  a  dark  central  spot ; 
fronds  one  to  three  feet  long,  all  alike,  forming  a  crown, 
firmly  membranaceous,  half-evergreen,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong, 
twice  to  thrice  pinnate  ;  primary  pinnae  mostly  short-stalked, 
the  lowest  pair  triangular-ovate  or  triangular-lanceolate,  broad- 
est on  the  lower  side,  rather  remote  from  the  next  pair,  the 
remaining  pinn.'c  gradually  narrower  in  outline  and  less 
distant ;  secondary  rachises  very  narrowly  wing-margined ; 
pinnules  oblong,  sub-acute,  pinnate  or  pinnatcly  incised  with 
oblong  obtuse  spinulose-serrate  lobes ;  sori  rather  small,  borne 
on  the  back  of  the  free  veins  or  either  apical  or  dorsal  on 
the  vcinlets;  indusium  flat,  delicate,  round-rcniform,  either 
smooth  or  glandular. 

^■hpidiuvi   spinulosuiii,   Swartz,    in  Schradcrs   Journal   (1800)   ii.,  p.  38; 
Syn.  Fil.,  p.  54. —  Hookeu,  Drit.  V\.,  cd.  i.,  p.  444;   Fl.    Bor.- 


Am.,    ii.,    p.    261. —  Gk.w,    Manual,    ed.    ii.,    p.    597   (excl.    van 
Boottii). —  MiLDK,  Fil.  Eur.  et  Atl.,  p.   132. 


m 


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ill'  « 

m 


164 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Ncphrodium  spimilosuin,  "  DisvAix  ; "  I  Iookkk,    Hiit.    I'crns,    t.    18,   ly; 

Sp.   ImI.,  iv.,  i>.    127. — llddKin  <!<:  IiAKi;u,  Syii.  Ml.,  p.  275. 
Aspidinm  dilatatnm  Tokuicv,  F1.  New  York,  ii.,  p.  .(96. 

riic  forms  of  this  species  arc  very  many,  the  limits  by  no  nutans 
a_c;reecl  upon,  ami  the  synonymy  inextricably  complicaletl  ami  uncertain. 
The  following  appear  to  be  the  chief  .American  varieties. 

V'ar.  vu/i^an: : — .Scales  thinnish,  pale-brown  ;  fronds  light  green,  nar- 
rowly oblong-ovale,  twice  pinnate;  pinna:?  f)bliqiie  to  the  rachis,  elongated- 
triangular,  the  lowest  pair  broadly  triangular  anil  having  the  basal  [lin- 
nules  longc.'st ;  pinnules  set  oblitjuely  on  the  midribs,  oblong,  sub-acute, 
incisely  serrate  or  pinnatifid  with  spinulosely  toothed  lobes  ;  .sori  dorsal 
on  the  veins  or  either  apical  or  dorsal  on  a  solitary  superior  veinlet ; 
indusium  commonly  smooth  and  glandless.  —  ^Ispidiuvi  spinulosnm, 
SwARTZ,  Syn.  b'il.,  [).  420. — Min-n;.\ii;s,  b'il.  llort.  Lsjjs.,  p.  93. — Mii.di:, 
in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.,  xxvi.,  ii.,  p.  522. — E.vrox,  in  Gray's 
Manual,  ed.  v.,  p.  665  (e.\cl.  van).  —  Davkntout,  Catal.,  p.  28. — Wil- 
liamson, r"crn-Etchings,  t.  xxxvii.  —  ^Upidinm  spintilosum  i^cnuinum, 
JMiLDi;,  Fil.  Eur.  et  At.,  p.  132.  —  Laslrca  spiniilssa,  "Pri.sl;"  Mooki;, 
Nat.  Pr.  Brit.  I'erns,  t.  xxi. — Polyslichum  spiim/osmn,  var.  :wi/garc\  Kocii, 
Syn.  I-'l.  Germ,  et  Ilelv.,  ed.  ii.  (1S45)  p.  979;  cd.  iii.,  p.  734.  —  Ncpli- 
rodium  spimdosum,  var.  bipiiinatuin,  I  Iookkk,  lirit.  I'lrns,  t.  18;  Sp. 
Fil.,  iv.,  p.  127.  —  Xiphrodinm  spinulosum  (type)  Mooker  &  Bakkk, 
Syn.  ML,  p.  275.     (.See  Milde's  work  for  other  synonjmes.) 

Var.  iiitcniudiiitn,  U.  C.  ICviox  :  —  .Scales  tawny,  fronds  oblong- 
ovate,  twice  or  frequently  thrice  pinnate  ;  pinnie  spreading  obliquely, 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  lowest  pair  broadest  and  more  triangular,  having 
the    inferior    pinnules    moderately    elongated,    the    basal    ones  a    little 


FURNS   OK    NORTH    AMERICA. 


i6s 


shorter  than  the  next ;  secondary  piniKe  or  pinnules  ovate-oblong,  acutish, 
spreading,  pinnately  divided  or  even  again  pinnate ;  the  oblong  lobes 
spinulose-toothed  at  the  apex  and  somewhat ' along  the  sides;  under 
surface  minutely  glandular ;  sori  more  commonly  dorsal  on  tlie  veinlets ; 
indusium  beset  with  minute  staii<etl  and  sessile  glands. —  Gi^ay's  Manual, 
ed.  v.,  p.  665. — RoniNSON,  in  lUill.  I'^ssex  Inst.,  vii.,  p.  50. — Wii.i.iam.son, 
I'ern-Iuchings,  t.  xxxviii. —  Aspidium  intermedium,  Wii.ldknow,  Sp.  PI., 
v.,  p.  262.  —  Puusn;  Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  y.  663.  —  Muiii.knmkug,  Catal., 
p.  102.  —  Bakton,  Compend.  Id.  Phiiatl.,  ii.,  p.  208.  —  Polypodium  inter- 
medium, MuiiLEMiKUG,  MS. — Laslrca  intermedia,  Prksi,,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p. 
T]. —  Dryupteris  intermedia,  Guav,  Manual,  ed.  i.,  p.  630. —  Darlington, 
FI.  Cestr.,  ed.  iii.,  p.  396.  —  Lastrea  spinulosa,  ,5,  MooRi;,  Index  Fil., 
p.  94.  —  Aspidium  spinulosum  gcmiinum  .Imericanum,  No.  2,  Mii.di:, 
Fil.  liur.  et  Atl.,  p.  134. — Aspidium  Americanwn,  Davi:ni'ori-,  in  AmcM". 
Naturalist,  xii.,  p.  7t4;    Catal.,  p.  29. 

Var.  dilatatum.  Hooker  :  —  .Scales  of  the  stalk  often  with  a  dark 
central  spot ;  fronds  dark-green,  broadly  ovate  or  sub-deltoid,  nearly  or 
quite  thrice  pinnate  ;  secondary  pinnae  lance-oljlong,  those  on  the  in- 
ferior side  of  the  lowest  j)inna'  much  elongated  ;  indusium  smooth  In 
American  specimens. —  British  Flora,  ed.  i.,  p.  444.  —  Link,  Fil.  Hort. 
Berol.,  p.  106.  —  Hooki:r  &  ARXorr,  British  Flora,  ed.  vii.,  p.  5S6.  — 
Gray,  Manual,  ed.  ii.,  p.  597. — Ivvrox,  in  Chapman's  Flora,  p.  595,  and 
in  Gray's  Manual,  ed.  v.,  p.  663. — .Mii.dk,  Fil.  luir.  et  Atl.,  p.  136. — 
Aspidium  dilatatum,  Swarpz,  .S\n.  Ml.,  p.  420. — Wii..i,oi:now,  Sp.  PI., 
v..  263. — !\Ii;nT:\iis,  Fil.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  93;  Aspidium,  p.  57. — Milijk, 
in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.,  xxvi.,  ii.,  p.  527. — Polysticluim  spinu- 
bsum,  var.  dilatatum,  Kocii,  Syn.  Fl.  Germ,  et  Helv.,  ed.  ii.,  p.  975 ; 
ed.  iii.,  p.  734. — Nephrodium  spinulosum  var.  dilatatum,  HooKi'.R,  Pirit. 
Ferns,  t.    19;    .Sp.    Fil.,    iv.,    p.    127. — Hooker   &    Baker,    Syn.    ImI.,    p. 


.    i' 


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III. 


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1 66 


fuun;   of  north  amiiUica. 


275. — Lastrca  dilatata.  Puksi,,  Tent.  I'tcrid,,  p.  77, — Moore,  Nat.  Pr, 
Hrit.  I'Y-rns,  t.  xxii — xxvi. — Dryopteris  dilatata,  Gkay,  Manual,  cd.  i.,  p. 
531. — Aspidium  campyloptcrutu,  KuNX.i:,  in  Silliinan's  Journal,  July, 
184S,  p.  84. 

IIaii.  —  In  shady  woods,  often  in  springy  places  and  along  shaded 
i-ivul(;ts,  from  Newfoumliand  to  Oregon  and  North-West  America,  and 
extending  southward  to  Norlii  Carohna,  'l'(;nnessee  and  Arkansas.  The 
typical  form,  our  var.  vulgarc,  has  licen  seen  in  Newfoundland,  New 
Urunswick,  Canada,  New  Kngland,  the  Middle  States,  Kentucky,  about 
Lake  Superior,  and  westward  to  liritish  Columbia.  Var.  intermediiitn 
has  nearly  the  sann;  range,  but  extends  to  'I'ennessect  anil  probably  to 
Arkansas,  and  is  not  reported  from  Newfoumliand.  It  is  the  common 
form  of  the  s|)ecies  in  the  northern  Uniteil  .Stales.  Var.  dilatatuin  is 
fouml  on  the  higher  mountains  of  New  iuiglantl,  and  extends  along 
the  Appalachian  chain  to  North  Carolina:  it  is  known  in  Newfoundland, 
New  Hriuiswick,  Canada,  anil  thence  westward  to  Oregon,  Hritish  Co- 
lumbia and  Alaska.  In  New  ICiigland  and  New  \'ork  it  seems  to  pass 
in  less  moimtainous  districts  into  both  the  other  forms.  Aspidium 
spinu/osion,  in  sevm'al  forms,  is  commn  1  in  Murope  and  northern  Asia, 
and  is  credited  to  thi-  Cape  of  tiooil  1  lope  also.  Var.  intermedium 
seems  to  be  exclusively  North  American. 

DiiSCRiPTioN:  —  The  root-stock  is  either  creeping  or  as- 
surgent,  or  even  occasionally  erect.  It  may  sometimes  be 
found  six  or  eight  inches  long,  but  is  usually  much  shorter. 
It  has  an  actual  diameter  of  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch,  but  as 
the  fleshy  bases  of  the  stalk  are  adherent  and  continuous  with 
it,  and  persist  unwithered  for  at  least  a  year  after  the  fronds 
have  gone,  the  thickness  of  the  whole  is  considerably  greater. 


: 


U\ 


!  1  i  I  :. 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


167 


When  the  root-stock  is  erect,  the  stalk  bases  are  loosely  im- 
bricated oil  all  sides  of  it,  but  when  it  is  assurgent  or 
creeping,  the  stalk-bases  of  the  lower  side  are  curved  upwards 
towards  the  light.  The  root-stock  consists  mainly  of  greenish 
parenchymatous  cells  filled  with  starch.  The  fib. j-vascular 
bundles  are  very  slender,  few  in  number,  and  placed  in  an 
irregular  circle. 

The  stalks  are  from  a  span  to  sometimes  nearly  two 
feet  long,  rather  slender,  rounded  at  the  back,  channelled 
in  front,  and  lightly  furrowed  along  the  sides.  They  are 
dark-fuscous  at  the  base,  but  above  the  base  are  ,recnish, 
or  slightly  brownish  along  the  back.  When  young  they  are 
very  chaffy,  especially  near  the  base,  but  the  cl"i.i''f  gradually 
wears  away,  and  at  length  very  little  of  it  remains  Tlie 
character  <h  the  chaff  varies  in  different  specimens,  ..nd  to 
soiTi'^  extent  in  th'-  varieties.  In  Iluropean  examples  of  var. 
dilatatttm  tHe  scales  have  a  very  conspicuous  dark  central 
spot  or  stripe.  This  is  sometimes  lacking  in  European  speci- 
mens, and  generally  so  in  North  American.  I  notice  a  little 
of  it  in  Oregon  plants,  and  Milde  speaks  of  the  stalk  of  Ameri- 
can examples  as  being  "pa/eis  feyyugineis  medio  atyis  vesfitns^' 
In  the  typical  A.  spiiiii/ositiii,  which  I  follow  Koch  in  naming 
var.  vnlgaye,  and  in  var.  iiitcnncdiuin,  the  scales  arc  concol- 
orous,  either  pale-ferruginous  or  fuscous-brown.  The  largest 
scales  are  seldom  more  than  half  an  inch  long.  They  are 
ovate,  acuminate,  entire,  and  composed  of  narrow  linear 
slightly   sinuous  cellules.     The    section   of    the   stalk  discloses 


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1 68 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


two  roundish  fibro-vascular  bundles  near  the  anterior  side, 
and  three  or  four  smaller  ones   near  the   back. 

The  fronds  always  form  a  crown,  and  vary  from  three 
or  four  to  perhaps  eight  or  ten  from  a  single  root-stock. 
The  root-stocks  often  branch,  probably  by  the  formation  of 
adventitious  buds  at  ihe  base  of  the  stalks,  and  thus  a  single 
plant  may  develop  into  a  large  cluster,  sending  up  numerous 
fronds  of  all  sizes. 

The  fronds  of  newly  formed  root-stocks,  whether  grown 
from  sporos  or  derived  from  older  plants  by  proliferous 
development,  are,  of  course,  smaller  than  those  of  well-estab- 
lished plants,  but  are  generally  also  broader  at  the  base, 
being  deltoid-ovate,  while  the  fronds  of  older  plants  are  either 
narrowly  or  broadly  ovate,  but  not  deltoid,  except  in  some 
forms   of   var.   dilatatnm. 

Var.  vidgayc  has  fronds  usually  about  twelve  or  fifteen 
inches  long,  and  four  to  seven  inches  broad  in  the  middle, 
the  shape  being  oblong-ovate.  The  texture  is  firmly  mem- 
branaceous, and  the  color  light-green,  sometimes  inclining  to 
yellowish-green.  The  pinn;c  diverge  from  the  rachis  at  an 
angle  of  from  forty-five  to  sixty  degrees.  The  lowest  pinna; 
are  separated  from  the  next  pair  by  an  interval  of  one  and 
a  half  to  two  inches,  and  are  triangular-jvate  in  shape,  the 
pinnules  on  the  lower  side  being  twice  as  long  as  the  corres- 
ponding ones  on  the  upper  side,  and  the  basal  ones  longest 
of  all.  The  second  pair  of  pinn;e  are  a  trifle  narrower  and 
commonly  a   little  longer  than  the  lowest,  and    the  third  pair 


!'i" 


/  -1 '  -; 

!■  1  !  • 


1  j  : 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


169 


Still  narrower,  and  perhaps  a  little  longer  yet.  Successive 
pinna;  are  gradually  narrower,  and  less  triangular  in  outline. 
At  about  the  fifth  pair  they  begin  to  grow  shorter  as  well 
as  narrower,  and  so  rapidly  decrease  towards  the  acute  and 
slightly  acuminate  apex  of  the  frond.  The  secondary  rachises 
are  very  narrowly  winged.  The  pinnules  arc  oblong  or 
oblong-ovate,  sub-acute,  and  set  on  rather  obliquely.  They 
are  usually  incisely  lobed,  but  sometimes  more  deeply  cut, 
into  oblong  lobes  which  are  spinulosely  toothed  at  the  apex, 
and  often  somewhat  so  on  the  sides  also.  The  veins  are 
always  free.  There  are  a  midvein  and  from  five  to  seven 
veins  in  each  lobe,  the  first  vein  being  always  on  the  supe- 
rior side.  These  veins  arc  either  simple,  or  they  bear  a  single 
short  veinlet  on  the  upper  side  half-way  between  the  midvein 
and  the  margin.  The  sori  are  seated  astride  on  the  middle 
of  the  vein,  if  it  be  truly  simple,  but  if  it  be  bent  at  an 
angle  as  if  trying  to  branch,  the  sorus  is  directed  towards  the 
course  the  branch  would  take:  —  if  the  branch  be  actually 
formed,  the  sorus  is  seated  on  it,  either  near  the  apex  or 
some  distance  below  it  according  to  the  length  of  the  branch. 
I  do  not  find  any  good  distinction  between  this  variety  and 
the  next  in  the  position  of  the  sori,  as  indicated  by  Mr. 
Davenport.  The  lower  surface  of  the  frond  is  smooth  and 
without  glands,  as  is  also  the  indusiuni,  though  most  Euro- 
pean authors  note  more  or  less  frequently  occurring  excep- 
tions to  this  rule.  The  spores  are  slightly  reniform,  and 
minutely    verrucose.  ' 


I 


P 


'f'P 


170 


FERNS  OF  NOPTH  AMERICA. 


This  plant  is  usually  considered  the  type  of  the  species; 
it  is  very  common  in  Europe,  less  so  in  America  '  It  is  well 
represented  on  Plate  xxi  of  Moore's  Nature  Printed  British 
Ferns,  and  on  Plate  18  of  Hooker's  British  Ferns.  Being- 
obliged  to  give  it  some  distinctive  name  as  a  variety,  I  have 
selected  what  seems  to  be  the  oldest,  that  used  by  Koch, 
who,  however,  placed  the  species  in  PolysticJium. 

Van  interniedinni  has  fronds  a  little  broader  in  outline 
than  those  of  var.  viilgare,  and  often  larger;  measuring  not 
unfrequently  twenty-two  inches  long  and  nine  inches  broad 
The  color  is  dark-green.  The  pinnae  diverge  from  the  rachis 
at  an  angle  of  from  sixty  to  ninety  degrees,  being  usually 
more  spreading  than  in  the  type  of  the  species.  The  lowest 
ones  are  sometimes  nearly  three  inches  distant  from  the  next : 
they  are  triangular-ovate  in  outline,  and  have  the  pinnules  of 
the  lower  side  much  longer  than  those  on  the  upper  side. 
The  first  or  basal  pinnule  is  generally  a  little  shorter  than 
the  second  one,  a  point  noticed  by  Mikie,  but  apparently 
hitherto  overlooked  by  American  authors.  Successive  pinnre 
are  a  little  narrower  and  longer,  the  longest  ones  being  com- 
monly those  just  below  the  middle  of  the  frond.  The 
secondary  rachises  are  very  narrowly  winged.  The  i)innre  arc 
usually  fairly    bipinnatifid,    being    one  degree  more  compound 

I  Milclc  lias  as  siib-varictics,  cxaltutiiin,  witli  daik-j^ivi-ii  glaiuoiis  tVoiuls,  clevatitm, 
with  nanoucr  ycllo\vish-f;iccii  aiKl  somewhat  glaiidLilar  fromls,  and  Ainurciisc,  with 
liioailly  ovate  iVoiuls  chally  beneath  witli  little  biillate  scales,  lie  says  that  towards  the 
north  of  Enropc  the  true  spiniilositiii  becomes  scarce  and  passes  gradnally  into  var. 
dilalatuiii. 


liL 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


171 


than  in  var.  vulgare,  though  there  are  fronds  in  which  they 
are  only  once  pinnatifid.  The  secondary  pinnas  are  usually 
distinctly  stalked,  and  are  spreading  like  the  primary  ones. 
The  tertiary  pinnae,  or  segments,  are  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  and 
spinulosely  toothed  on  the  sides  and  at  the  apex.  The  under 
surface  of  the  rachises  and  pinnules  are  minutely  glandular 
with  unicellular  cylindrical  or  capitate  glands.  The  venation 
is  the  same  as  in  var.  vulgare,  and  I  see  no  difference  in 
the  position  of  the  sori,  which  are  dorsal  if  on  the  veins,  or 
either  dorsal  or  sub-apical  if  they  are  formed  on  branches  of 
the  veins.  The  indusium  is  sprinkled  on  the  surface  and  at 
the  margin  with  stalked  and  sessile  glands. 

Mr.  Davenport  has  endeavored  to  elevate  this  variety  to 
the  rank  of  a  species,  under  the  name  of  Aspidium  Ameri- 
canuni,  rejecting  the  name  of  inteyinedium  because  Willdenow's 
description  "docs  not  contain  a  word  in  regard  to  the  gland- 
ular indusiums  and  under  surface,  while,  on  the  other  hand, 
his  description  of  A.  spinu/ositiii  does,  thus  exactly  reversing 
the  usual  arrangement."  To  the  first  objection  it  may  be 
replied  that  neither  docs  Willdenow  speak  of  the  glandular 
lower  surface  and  indusia  of  A.  rigidiint,  where  the  glands 
are  much  more  conspicuous ;  to  the  second  that  A.  spinnlostim 
is  often  glandular  in  European  specimens.  Willdenow  had 
no  American  examples  of  the  true  spimilosnm.  Milde,  who 
had  examined  the  specimens  of  intermedium  sent  by  Muhlen- 
berg to  Willdenow,  says  it  is  "  nothing  but  a  common  form  of 
A.   spinulosum."      But    our     in.  'riiicdiam     he    refers    to    his 


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172 


FERNS     OF     NORTH    AMERICA. 


A.  spimilosuin  genuiiutm,  indicating  the  fact  that  the  basal 
pinnules  are  shorter  than  the  next.  Dr.  Gray  also  examined 
the  Willdenovian  specimens  of  intermedium,  and  his  notes 
show  that  he  recognized  in  them  what  we  now  call  van 
intermedium.  Willdenow's  words  "pinnulis  pinnatifido-incisis  " 
also  point  towards  var.  intermedium ;  since  of  A.  spinulosum 
he  says:  "pinnulis  inciso-dcntatis."  It  is  therefore  right  to 
keep  for  this  form  the  time-honored  name  of  intermedium ; 
and  to  consider  it  a  variety  Of  .-/.  spimtlosum,  because  neither 
in  the  form  and  details  of  the  frond,  the  position  of  the  sori, 
nor  the  glandulosity  of  the  urface  and  indusia  can  any  specific 
distinction  be  fairly  discovered. 

Var.  dilatatum  has  dark-green  deltoid-ovate  or  broadly 
ovate  fronds  often  considerably  larger  than  in  the  other 
forms :  Milde  gives  three  feet  as  the  extreme  length,  but 
such  fronds  are  rarely  preserved  for  herbarium  specimens. 
The  pinn.'e  diverge  from  the  rachis  at  from  sixty  to  eighty 
degrees.  The  lowest  ones  are  frequently  but  not  invariably 
longest,  but  always  broadest :  in  one  example  from  Mount 
Mansfield  they  are  eight  or  nine  inches  long,  and  five 
inches  wide  at  the  base.  They  are  broadly  triangular, 
nearly  twice  pinnate,  the  secondary  rachis  wingless  and  the 
tertiary  very  narrowly  winged,  and  the  inferior  basal  pin- 
nules arc  over  three  inches  long.  The  inferior  basal  pinnules 
are  longer  than  the  next  ones  in  this  form,  but  the  supe- 
rior basal  pinnules  are  shorter  than  the  next.  The  pinnules 
generally   are    so    deeply    pinnatifid    as    to    render    the    frond 


Mr 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


173 


almost  tripinnate,  and  the  frond  has  a  generous  breadth  which 
distinguishes  the  variety  from  tliose  already  described.  The 
sori  are  either  apical,  sub-terminal  or  medial,  seated  on  the 
lowest  anterior  veins  or  on  short  veinlets  derived  from  them, 
the  position  varying  according  to  the  size  of  the  pinnules. 
In  American  specimens  the  indusium  is  smooth,  so  far  as  I 
have  observed,  and  the  spores  are  irregularly  winged  or 
cristate.  In  the  plant  of  Europe  the  indusium  is  said  to  be 
usually  glandular.  In  writing  the  Synopsis  Filictim,  Swartz 
at  first  united  this  form  with  A.  spinulosum,  but  in  the 
addenda  he  separated  the  two,  in  which  he  was  followed 
for  a  long  time  by  most  writers.  I  do  not  know  that  the 
first  edition  of  the  British  Flora  (i£3o)  is  the  earliest  pub- 
lication in  which  A.  dilatatitni  is  made  a  variety  of  A. 
spinidosimi,  but   it   is    the   earliest   that    I    can    find. 

Var.  dumetoriini  [Aspidium  diiinctornni,  Smith)  is  a  form 
of  var.  dilatatuin  having  dwarfish  deltoid-ovate  compactly 
bipinnate  fronds  and  large  pinnules,  the  inferior  basal  ones  . 
of  the  lowest  pinnae  not  much  elongated.  It  is  found  in 
mountainous  parts  of  Europe  ;  but  I  have  seen  nothing 
exactly  corresponding  to  it  in  America.  It  seems  to  be 
only  var.  dilatatuin  dwarfed  and  compacted  by  exposure  to 
the  sun,  and  will  probably  be  found  ere  long  in  northern 
New  England  or  Canada.  Other  European  sub-varieties  are 
mentioned  by  Moore  and  Milde,  and  the  student  is  referred 
to   their   writings    for  descriptions    or   figures    of  them. 

Var.   Boottii,   Gray,    has    been    variously     referred    to   A. 


I' 

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FERNS   or   NORTH   AMERICA 

'^ptnulosum   and   to  ^  crhtn,        u 

«c  are  co„.,„e.  goo^T"';;  f  ^«-  -o  .pec, 
separately   fig„„cl   and   described  """'^'  "   """  ^e 

this  work.  ^'''""'"'  ■"   ">=  follo,ving   p,jcs  of 

;"^7*-^"-^-,.  ne.  one       t"  ''^"^  ^^^^'  -" 

^  S--   3.    the   .nclusium.     Fig.    .     .,,  f  "  ''  ^"  ^"'^'•ged  pi„„„je 

^'§f- 5.  a  spore.  Jess  olain.  ■  °°'''    '■"^"«'"'"  of  var    w 

'       .  'ess  piainly  muriculate  than   i   i  ^"^£^are. 

6.  a  .sect,on  of  the  stalk.  "   ^   ''""^   "^"^"y  seen.     Fig. 


1 

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Plate  LXLX. 


C,  E. Faxon,  lel. 


Aim.-'i'inijixUi  Luii  S  ?^)n 


ASP  I  D  I  U  IJ    B  U  .„.  T  Til,  Tu  AoTina  r. 


LXIX. 


I 


B.s'o 


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FERNS     OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


175 


Plate    LXIX. 

ASPIDIUM    BOOTTII,  Tuckerman. 

Boott's  Wood-Fern. 

AspiDiUM  BooTTii : — Root-stOvli  stout,  creeping  or  as- 
surgent,  covered  with  persistent  upcPi  ved  stalk-bases;  stalks 
about  a  foot  long,  more  or  less  ch:iuy  with  large  thin  pale- 
brown  scales;  fronds  one  to  two  and  a  half  feet  long,  firmly 
membranaceous,  oblong-lanceolate  or  elongated-lanceolate  in 
outline,  somewhat  narrowed  towards  the  base,  nearly  twice 
pinnate,  the  sterile  ones  shorter  and  slightly  less  compound 
than  the  fertile,  pinn;e  numerous,  pointed,  the  lower  ones 
triangular-lanceolate,  broadest  at  the  base,  the  upper  ones  lan- 
ceolate from  a  broad  base;  pinnules  many  pairs,  oblong-ovate, 
mostly  constricted  at  the  base,  and  confluent  on  the  narrowly 
winged  secondary  rachis,  sharply  serrate  with  spinulose  teeth, 
the  lower  ones  cul-lobed  or  pinnatifid;  sori  midway  between 
the  midvein  and  the  margin,  medial  or  sub-apical  on  the  low- 
est superior  branch  of  each  vein;  indusium  round-reniform, 
minutely  glandular. 

Aspidium  Bootfii,  Tuckerman,  in  Ilovcy's  Magazine  of  Horticulture 
and  Botany,  ix.  (1843),  p.  145.  — Davkm-ort,  in  Amer.  Nat- 
uralist, xii.,  p.  714;  Catal,  p.  29. — Williamson.  Fern-Etchings, 
t.  xxxix. 


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176 


FERNS   or   NORTH   AMERICA. 


Aspidium   spinulosum,   var.   lioottii,   Gray,    Manual,   vA.    ii.,   p.    598. — 

Eaion,  in  dray's  Maiuial,  cil.  v.,  p.  605. 
Aspidium  crislatitm,  var.  uliginosnnt,  Milud,  Fil.  Eur.  et  Atlant.,  p.  131. 
Lastrca  ulii:;inosa,  Ni;wman,  in  "  Piiytoloyist,  iii.,  p.  671;." 
Lophoditiin  uliginosiim,  Nkw.man,  Hist.   Urit.   l-'crns,  cd.  iii.,  p.   163. 
Lastrca  cristafa,  var.  uliginosa,  Moori:,  Nat.  IV.   Urit.  I'crns,  t,  .\.\. 
Aspidium   spinulosnm   X    cnslalum,    Mii.Di:,    in    Ndv.    Act.    Acad.    Nat. 

Cur.,  wvi.,  ii.,  p.  532.  tt,  41,  .^.^  43. 
Dryopteris  rigida,  iIkav,  Manual,  cd.  i.,  p.  631. 

Hah. —  Wiit  places  in  woods,  often  in  alder-thickets  near  stream- 
lets or  ponds.  Discovered  near  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  hy  iMr.  William 
Boorr  as  c;arly  as  1843,  and  since  found  hy  si;vcra!  collectors  near 
Fresh  Pond,  Cambridge,  in  .Middlesex  County,  near  .Amherst  and  near 
Pelham,  all  in  the  same  State.  Mr.  Immst  has  it  ncjar  Brattlchoro, ;  I 
have  found  it  in  more  than  one  place;  in  Connecticut;  it  occurs  in 
central  and  southern  New  York,  and  Mr.  .'\.  Commons  lias  sent  it  from 
the  vicinity  of  Wilmington,  Delaware.  It  is  known  to  occur  in  luigland, 
in  Continental  Europe,  and  in  .Siberia. 

Description: — In  the  structure  of  the  root-stock,  ;iiul  in 
its  mode  of  growth  tiicrc  is  nothing    to  distinguish    this  fern 

Mr.  Moore's  diameter  reads  thus; — '■'Pronds  various,  early  fertile  ones  tall, 
erect,  narrovi,  linear-lanceolate,  bipinnatc  helo-v  Viith  oblong-acute  adnate  inciso-serratc 
or  lobcd  pinnules  having  arislate  incurved  tcctlf,  biirrcn  ones  sl/orter,  -mIIIi  oblong 
blunt  ish  pinnules,  adnate  or  decurrcnl :  later  fertile  ones  broader,  xuitli  oblong  bluntis/t 
crenato-serratc  pinnules ;  anterior  and  posterior  basal  pinnules  of  the  lowest  pinme 
nearly  equal  in  size." —  Mr.  .Moore's  plate  well  represents  the  three  Icimls  of  fronds  he 
describes,  all  tikeii  from  a  plant  brought  by  .\Ir.  John  Lloyd  from  Oxton  bog,  Xottin-J- 
hamshirc. 


Ill 


PERNS  OF  NORTH  AMKKICA. 


177 


from  Aspidiunt  cristatiim  or  A.  spiniilostnn.  Tlic  stalks  are 
chaffy  when  young  with  ovate  ferruginous  shining  scales, 
most  of  which  drop  off  as  the  season  advances.  The  section 
of  the  stalk  shows  about  five  roundish  fibro-vascular  bundles, 
the  two  anterior  ones  largest,  and  with  a  slight  furrow  be- 
tween thein,  which  deepens  as  the  fronds  wither,  or  when  they 
are  dried  for  preservation. 

The  fronds  grow  in  a  circle  or  crown,  several  from  the 
apex  of  the  root-stock,  and  stand  fully  three  feet  high  in  the 
largest  plants.  They  are  of  a  deej)  herbaceous  green,  moder- 
ately firm  in  texture,  smooth  above,  and  provided  with  a  few 
scattered  minute  chaffy  scales  on  the  lower  surface.  The 
early  fronds  are  usually  tall,  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate  and 
fertile,  the  lowest  pinn.X'  broadest  at  the  very  base,  and  hav- 
ing the  superior  basal  piimules  Init  little  smaller  than  those 
on  the  inferior  side.  These  larger  pinnules  are  seldom 
over  an  inch  long.  The  next  few  pairs  of  pinn;e  are  grad- 
ually a  little  longer  and  narrower,  becoming  more  oblong- 
lanceolate  in  shape.  The  pinnules  are  mostly  distinct,  ob- 
long-ovate, acutish,  adnate  to  a  narrowly  winged  secondary 
rachis,  and  pinnatifid-toothed  with  short  spinulosely  serrate 
lobes,  the  upper  pinnules  of  course  more  and  more  con- 
fluent and  only  simply  serrate.  The  sori  are  rather  numer- 
ous, not  large,  and  either  medial  or  sub-terminal  on  the 
vcinlets  a  little  nearer  the  midvcin  than  the  margin.  The 
indusium  is  dotted  with  minute  stalked  glands,  and  a  very 
few  similar  glands  may  be  detected    on   the    lower  surface  of 


V.     I 


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178 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


the  frond.  Many  sporangia  are  imperfectly  formed,  and  the 
spores  are  very  rare  :  —  both  Mr.  Faxon  and  I  have  searched 
many  fronds,  and  found  very  few  spores,  which  however 
were  ovoid-reniform  and  minutely  roughened.  Milde's  ex- 
perience is  similar,  and  he  thereupon  argues  the  possibility 
of  this  fern  being  a  hybrid,  though  in  his  latest  writings 
hv°   considers   it   a  variety   of  yf.   cfistaium.  ' 

Soon  after  the  early  fertile  fronds,  at  the  same  time, 
but  from  small  side-branches  of  the  loot-stock,  are  produced 
much  smaller  sterile  fronds,  the  segments  of  which  are  less 
distinct,  more  confluent,  and  less  deeply  toothed.  Later  in 
the  season,  another  set  of  fronds  is  produced,  intermediate 
in  size  and  outline,  but  with  pinnatifid  pinnas  and  oblong 
obtuse  confluent  segments  more  like  the  fertile  fronds  of  ^. 
cristatum.  These  fronds  may  be  either  fertile  or  sterile.  The 
spring  fronds  decay  in  the  late  autumn,  but  those  of  the 
late  growth  remain  green  till  late  in  the  winter.  All  this  is 
clearly  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Moore,  and  my  own  observations 
confirm  his  remarks. 

•  "  It  is  remarkable  tliat  the  spores  of  the  numerous  specimens  I  have  examined 
were  either  colorless  and  without  contents,  or  l)lack,  as  if  carbonized,  and  that  the  sporan- 
{;iuni  itself  was  often  tilled  with  only  a  sliapelcss  dusty  mass."  (Nov.  Acta.  Acad.  Ni't. 
Cur.  xxvi.,  ii.,  p.  536) — "Of  this  plant  I  have  seen  so  many  specimens,  that  I  m.iy  justly 
contend  that  it  is  in  very  truth  intermediate  between  A.  cristatum  and  A.  spinulosum,  so 
that  the  first  passes  gradually  ir>*o  the  second,  and  no  absolute  distinctions  may  be  found 
between  A.  cristatum  and  A.  spinulosum."     (Fil.  Eur.  et  Atl.,  p.  131.) 


jiiii;- 


m 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


179 


Hooker,  in  "  British  Ferns,"  has  referred  A.  Boottii  to 
Nephrodiiim  remottim,  Aspidhim  reinotum  of  A.  Braun.  In 
"  Species  Filicum"  it  is  not  noticeJ,  and  in  "  Synopsis  Fil- 
icuni"  it  is  made  a  variety  of  A^.  spinulosum.  Mr.  Davenport 
is  disposed  to  consider  A.  remotum  and  A.  Boottii  as  identi- 
cal, although  Milde  kept  them  apart  and  apparently  had  no 
suspicion  of  their  identity.  Mr.  Davenport  remarks  that  a 
specimen  in  the  herbarium  at  Cambridge,  marked  A.  remotum 
probably  by  Braun  himself,  is  so  like  A.  Boottii  that  "if  de- 
tached from  its  sheet  and  sent  out  for  that  fern  it  would  be 
generally  received  without  question."  I  have  only  a  cultiva^ 
ted  specimen  of  A.  remotum  from  the  Lcipsic  garden,  sent 
me  several  years  ago  by  Dr.  Mettcnius.  In  this  frond  the 
pinnae  and  pinnules  are  much  like  those  of  A.  Boottii,  but 
the  frond  is  scarcely  narrowed  at  the  base,  and  the  large  in- 
dusia  are  wholly  glandless.  Milde  says  of  A.  remotum; — 
"The  illustrious  Braun  now  considers  this  plant  a  form  of  ^. 
Filix-mas ;  nevertheless  I  venture  to  defend  the  old  opinion 
and  consider  it  a  hybrid  between  A.  Filix-mas  and  A.  spinu- 
losum. If  A.  remotum  were  really  nothing  but  a  form  of  A. 
Filix-mas,  it  is  hard  to  understand  why  this  form  is  not  more 
frequently  observed  in  Germany,  where  A.  Filix-mas  is  so  very 
common.  In  Silesia,  where  A.  Filix-mas  is  a  common  plant,  I 
have  hitherto  in  vain  sought  for  A.  remotum.    But  A.  remotum 

is  perfectly  intermediate  between  A.  Filix-mas  and  A.  spinu- 
losum" 

If  hybridity  among  ferns  be  admitted,  then  it  would  ap 


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1 80 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


pear  that  Milde  is  right  in  making  A.  Booitii  and  A.  remo- 
tum  both  hybrids  of  A.  spinulosiim,  the  one  with  A.  cristatuni, 
the  other  with  A.  Filix-mas. 

For  the  form  here  described  the  specific  name  Booitii  is 
several  years  older  than  uliginosum,  for  though  the  Aspiditim 
spinulosum  van  uliginosum  of  Braun  was  published  in  1843, 
yet  Milde  positively  asserts  that  the  plant  so  named  belongs 
to  the  true  A.  spinulosum,  and  in  no  way  to  Newman's  var. 
tdiginosum,  the  date  of  which  is  somewhere  between  1849 
and   1 85 1. 

Plate  LXIX.  —  Aspidium  Boottii,  a  rather  small  fertile  frond  from 
near  Boston.  Fig.  2  is  a  fertile  pinnule  from  one  of  the  middle  pinnce, 
and  Fig.  3  is  a  sterile  pinnule  from  one  of  the  lower  pinnae,  both 
somewhat  enlarged.  Fig.  4,  an  indusium,  Fig.  5,  a  spore,  and  Fig.  6, 
a  section  of  the  stalk. 


Plate  LXX 


If 


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L'K   Sworl 


Pla.U; 


A....^..i,i ,  >  .:i)  Lith  iio: 


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t'EHUS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


i8i 


Plate  LXX. 

ASPIDIUM  PATENS,  Swartz. 

Spreading  Wood- Fern. 

AsriDiuM  patens: — Root-stock  rather  stout,  creeping, 
scaly  with  thinnish  fuscous-brown  lanceolate  scales;  stalks 
clustered,  brownish-stramineous,  chaffy  at  the  base,  rather 
slender,  a  few  inches  to  over  a  foot  long,  fronds  usually 
longer  than  the  stalks,  membranaceous  or  chartaceous,  softly 
pubescent  beneath,  ovate-oblong  in  outline,  caudate-acuminate, 
pinnate;  pinn;e  closely-placed,  linear-acuminate,  three  to  six 
inches  long  or  longer,  five  to  seven  lines  wide,  the  lowest 
pair  scarcely  or  not  at  all  smaller,  but  somewhat  deflexed,  all 
pinnately  incised  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  the  way  to  the 
midrib ;  segments  very  numerous,  crowded,  obliquely  oblong, 
acutish,  basal  ')nes  longest;  veins  very  evident,  simple,  the 
lowest  ones  of  adjoining  segments  curved  and  meeting  at  the 
sinus,  or  sometimes  uniting  and  sending  out  to  the  sinus  a 
short  free  vcinlet ;  sori  about  midway  between  the  midvein  and 
the  margin  ;  indusia  round-reniform,  very  pubescent. 

Aspidium  patens,  Swakiz,  in  Scliraders  Journal,  1800,  ii.,  p.  26;  Syn. 
1m1.,  p.  49. — Wii.i.DKNow,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  244. — Raddi,  Fil.  Bras., 
p.  32,  t.  48. — MooKKK  &  AuNorr,  Hot.  Ikicchcy's  voyage,  p. 
405. — Mettenius,  Fil.   Hort.  Lips.,  p.    90;  Aspidium,  p.    87. — 


ii 


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182 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Eaton,  in  Chapman's  Flora,  p.  594;  Ferns  of  the  South-West, 

p.  332. —  Grisebach,  F1.    British  W.  I.  Islands,  p.  692. — FouR- 

NIER,  PI.  Mex.,  Crypt.,  p.  95. 
Poly  podium  patens,  Aiton;  Swartz,  M.  Ind.  Occ,  p.   1673. 
Nephrodium  patens,  Desvaux  ;  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  iv.,  p.  95. — Hooker  & 

Bakek,  Syn.,  Fil,  p.  262. 
Lastrca  patens,  Pkesi.,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  75. 
Aspidinm  nymp/iale,  I""oster,  "  Prodr.,  n.  442." — Schkuiik,  Krypt.  Gew., 

P-  36.  t.  34. 
Aspidinm  molle,  Kunze,  in  SillimanV,  Journal,  July,   1848,  p.  83, 

Hab. — Low  shady  woods,  Florida  to  South  Carolina  and  westward 
near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Alabama,  Louisiana  and  Texas.  Also  in 
several  carions  near  Santa  Barbara,  California,  Mrs.  Cooper,  Dr.  Rothrock, 
Mr.  Lemmon,  etc.  A  specimen  is  in  the  herbarium  at  Kew,  marked 
"San  Francisco,  Calif.  Dr.  Sinclair,"  and  the  same  station  is  reported 
in  the  Botany  of  Captain  Beechey's  voyage,  but  no  one  has  found  the 
fern  near  that  city  in  many  years,  and  it  may  be  considered  probable 
that  there  is  some  error  in  the  locality  as  given  with  specimen.  It 
is  a  common  fern  throughout  tropical  America,  and  plants  not  distin- 
guishable from  it  are  found  in  South  Africa  and  the  islands  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Description. —  The  root-stock  is  a  few  inches  long  and 
creeping.  It  is  slenderer  than  that  of  Aspidinm  cristatnm, 
but  not  cord-like  as  in  A.  Thclyptcyis.  It  bears  the  up-curved 
bases  of  numerous  stalks,  and  is  moderately  chaffy  with  small 
lanceolate  fuscous-brown  ciliated  scales ;  a  few  similar  scales 
are  found  near  the  base  of  the  stalk. 

The    stalk   varies    from  a   few  inches    to   over  a   foot  in 


ij 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


183 


length  in  the  North  American  specimens,  and  is  over  two 
feet  long  in  some  from  tropical  America.  It  is  stramineous, 
but  darker  at  the  base,  roundish-quadrangular,  with  a  furrow 
on  the  anterior  side,  and,  when  dried,  with  lateral  furrows  also. 
The  surface  is  softly  pubescent.  There  are  two  strap-shaped 
fibro-vascular  bundles  near  the  base  of  the  stalk,  but  near 
the  frond  thq  two  arc  united  into  a  single  U-shapcd  bun- 
dle. The  structure  of  the  bundle  is  not  unlike  that  of  A. 
Thclypteris,  but  here  the  interior  projections,  as  I  have  ob- 
served them,  are  four  in  number,  the  two  lateral  ones  being 
visible  in  the  separate  bundles  of  the  lower  part  of  the  stalk. 
The  fronds  vary  very  much  in  size,  but  the  largest  I 
have  seen  from  North  America  are  not  over  two  feet  long 
and  one  foot  wide.  In  the  tropics  the  size  is  often  consider- 
ably greater.  The  texture  is  thin,  but  not  without  a  certain 
degree  of  firmness.  Both  surfaces  are  pubescent  with  fine 
white  sharp-pointed  unicellular  hairs.  Large  fronds  have  as 
many  as  twenty-two  to  twenty-seven  pinn.Te  on  each  side, 
besides  the  long  pinnatifid  and  acuminate  apex.  The  lower 
pinnae  are  slightly  deflexed,  but  are  scarcely  shorter  than 
the  others.  The  middle  pinn.e  are  spreading,  or  curved  up- 
wards, and  the  upper  ones  are  oblique  to  the  rachis.  The 
pinnne  are  from  three  to  six  inches  long,  or  longer  in  some 
exotic  specimens,  narrowly  linear  and  slenderly  acuminate, 
being  rarely  more  than  half  an  inch  wide  at  the  base,  and 
keeping  nearly  this  width  for  more  than  half  their  length. 
The  lowest  ones  are  sometimes  a  little  naTowed  at  the  base. 


!r 

i; 


184 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


The  pinn.TC  are  incised  more  than  half  way  to  the  midrib  in- 
to very  numerous  obliquely-oblong,  sub-acute,  often  curved 
segments. 

The  veins  are  simple,  and  usually  from  seven  to  ten  pairs 
to  each  segment.  The  lowest  ones  of  adjoining  segments  are 
curved  and  either  extend  to  the  bottom  of  the  sinus  separa- 
ting the  segments,  or  unite  between  the  bottom  of  the  sinus 
and  the  midrib,  and  send  out  a  ray  to  the  sinus.  As  I  find 
all  intermediate  conditions  in  the  disposition  of  the  veins  I 
am  unable  to  separate  the  specimens  into  two  species.'  The 
sori  are  rather  small  and  arc  placed  on  the  back  of  the  veins 
about  midway  between  the  midvein  and  the  margins,  or  some- 
times nearer  the  margins  than  the  midvein.  The  indusia  are 
round-reniform  and  pubescent  with  hairs  like  those  of  the 
frond.  The  bcan-shapcd  spores  are  very  dark-brown,  and 
have  a  verrucose  surface. 

Plate  LXX. —  Aspidiuin  fatens.  The  principal  figure  is  from  a  frond 
collected  near  Mobile,  Alabama,  by  Mr.  Charles  Mohr.  Pig.  2  is  a  por- 
tion of  a  pinna,  enlarged  and  showing  the  venation,  etc.  Fig.  3  is  an 
indusium,  and  l'"ig.  4,  a  spore.  Fig.  5  is  a  pinna  from  a  Florida  speci- 
men, sent  by  Dr.  Chapman,  showing  tlie  anastomosing  basal  veins.  Fig. 
6  is  an  enlarged  portion  of  the  same. 

■  Mctteiiius  has  this  note; — ••  Spccimiiia  boieali-amcn'cana,  rhizomatc  dcstittita, 
mollitcr  hirsuta,  nervis  connivcntibus  vel  arciiiii  Goiiioptcrid'is  formantibiis,  cs  speci- 
niiiiiliiis  coiiiplctis  dcscribcnda  cruiit."  But  I  am  pcisuadcd  that  all  art;  forms  of  one 
species. 


PIT 


liiiil 


Plate  l:: 


\\i 


^r, ,  ,,  ,  ....  AmialnjniJ&.CoLH>.  BuS^■: 

C  Eiiixon.iiel.  , 

WOODSIA    uK£OANA.E:,toM.  WOODoiA  S  GUP  U  LINA.  hntar. 

\        V;OG.DSIA      OBTU  SA  .  Torrey. 


Plate  l;:/: 


1*1 


^ 


18. 


iinjtiijn(j  &. Co  Lith  B.s'i 


Hv 


liil 


FERNS     OF    NORTH     VMERICA. 


185 


Pi-A-E  LXXI.  Fig.  1-4. 

WOODSIA  OREGANA,  D.  C.  Eaton. 

Oregon  Woodsia. 

WooDSiA  Oregana: — Root-stocks  short,  creeping,  chaffy, 
forming  large  tufts  or  patches ;  stalks  two  to  four  inches  high, 
not  jointed,  bright-ferruginous  near  the  base,  paler  and  strami- 
neous upwards ;  fronds  lanceolate-oblong,  four  to  six  inches 
long,  pinnate,  smooth,  the  fertile  ones  tallest;  pinnae  triangular- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  pinnatifid ;  segments  oblong  or 
ovate,  obtuse,  toothed  or  crcnate,  the  teeth  often  reflexed  and 
covering  the  submarginal  sori;  indusium  very  minute,  divided 
almost  to  the  centre  into  a  few  beaded  hairs. 

Woodsio  Oregana,  Eaton,  in  Canad.  Naturalist,  ii.,  p.  90;  Gray's  Man- 
ual, ed.  v.,  p.  669;  Ferns  of  the  South-West,  p.  337. —  Baker, 
Syn.  Fil.,  cd.  ii.,  p.  48. —  Davenport,  Catal.,  p.  34. —  William- 
son, Fern-Etchings,  t.  Ii. 

Woodsia  oblusa,  var.  Lya/lii,   Hooker,   .Syn.    Ml.,  ed.   i.,   p.  48. 

Had. —  Growing  in  dense  patches  in  the  crevices  of  rocks,  often 
where  it  is  much  exposed  to  the  sun  ;  from  Oregon  and  British  Colum- 
bia eastward  to  Lake  Winnipeg  and  tlie  Keweenaw  Peninsula  of 
Michigan,  and  southward  to  Wyoming,  Utah,  Colorado  and  Arizona. 
It   has  recently  been  found   in  California  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Lemmon,   forming 


1 


i 


1 86 


FEKNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


I       ii 


"  masses  around  lava-rocks  in  high  plateaus  along  the  Fitt  River."  I 
have  seen  it  on  the  top  of  red  cjuartzite  rocks  at  Paradise  Camp,  in 
Big  Cottonwood  Canon,  Wahsatch  .Mountains,  Utah. 

DiiSCRii'TiON : — The  root-stocks  form  an  entangled  mass 
so  closely  packed  that  it  is  difficult  to  separate  a  single  root- 
stock  for  e.vamination.  They  are,  however,  rather  slender, 
covered  with  adherent  stalk-bases,  and  chaffy  near  the  grow- 
ing end.  The  chaff,  which  is  also  found  on  the  lower  part 
of  the  young  stalks,  consists  of  ovate-acuminate  obscurely 
denticulate  light-brown  scales.  The  scales  are  composed  of 
rhomboid-linear  cells,  usually  all  of  them  empty,  but  in  a 
few  of  the  scales  some  of  the  cells  in  the  median  line  con- 
tain a  dark  reddish-brown  coloring  matter,  and  occasionally 
the  number  of  the  colored  cells  is  so  great  as  to  form  a 
very  evident   miilnerve. 

The  stalks  are  rather  slentler,  greenish  or  stramineous 
near  the  frond,  but  bright-brown  near  the  base.  The  section 
is  nearly  round,  but  slightly  flattened  anteriorly.  At  the 
very  base  the  outer  sclerenchymatous  sheath  is  well  devel- 
oped, and  the  fibro-vascular  bundles  are  two  in  number, 
widely  separated  and  enclosed  in  rings  of  sclerenchyma  buried 
in  starchy  tissue.  Higher  up,  the  e.xterior  sheath  becomes 
very  ihin,  and  the  two  I)undles  approach  each  other  and 
unite,  forming  a  figure  which  reminds  one  of  the  expanded 
wings  of   a  sea-l)ird. 

The  frontls  are  aI)out  the  size  ami  shape  of  those  of 
H^.  l/vciisis,  being  from  three  to   six    inches   long,  rarely  over 


% 


'■!4M^ 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


187 


an  inch  wide,  and  lanceolate-oblong  or  linear-lanceolate  in 
outline.  They  are  broadest  in  the  middle,  from  which  they 
are  narrowed  to  a  somewhat  acute  apex,  and  grow  slightly 
narrower  to  the  base.  The  lower  pairs  of  pinnas  are  increas- 
ingly distant.  The  pinnaj  are  triangular-oblong,  the  lower 
ones  broader  than  the  middle  ones.  The  uppermost  gradu- 
ally diminish,  so  that  the  last  below  the  apex  is  only  about 
a  line  long.  The  principal  pinn.c  are  pinnatifid,  or  even  pin- 
nate, into  a  few  oblong  obtuse  more  or  less  crenately  toothed 
lobes.  The  whole  frond  and  rachis  are  perfectly  smooth  and 
glabrous,  though  in  some  immature  specimens  a  very  minute 
glandulosity  may  be  detected  by  very  close  examination. 
The  ends  of  the  lobes  are  often  slightly  reflexed,  partly 
covering  the  sori,  thus  in  some  degree  imitating  the  appear- 
ance of  a  Clicilanthcs,  for  a  species  of  which  genus  the  plant 
has  sometimes  been  mistaken.  The  veins  arc  pinnated  from 
a  midvein,  and  either  simple  or  forked,  bearing  the  sori  near 
their  extremities.  The  sori  are  minute  at  first;  but  the  spor- 
angia, as  they  mature,  often  nearly  cover  the  lower  surface 
of  the  frond.  The  indusium  is  best  examined  in  specimens 
taken  when  the  sporangia  are  about  half  developed.  It  is 
saucer-like,  and  placed  beneath  the  sorus,  as  in  the  rest  of 
the  genus.  It  is  very  minute,  and  extremely  delicate,  and 
consists  of  an  inconspicuous  central  portion  from  which  radiate 
a  few  articulated  cilia  composed  of  a  single  series  of  nearly 
globular  cells. 

The  sporangia  are  sub-globose,  and  have  a  ring  of  about 


If  1 


'!  I 


ii 


1 88 


FERNS  OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


eighteen  articulations.  The  spores  are  ovoid  and  minutely 
muricated,  or  sometimes  apparently  wing-margined,  though 
it  is  difficult  to  say  whether  the  wing  is  not  partly  an  opti- 
cal effect. 

In  its  general  form  this  fern  has  a  good  deal  of  re- 
semblance to  small  forms  of  IV.  obiusa,  to  which  it  was 
referred  by  Sir  J.  W.  Hooker.  The  rudimentary  indusium, 
however,  clearly  separates  it  from  that  species.  In  the  "  Brit- 
ish Ferns"  of  the  same  author,  mention  is  made  of  specimens 
of  IV.  hyperborea  collected  at  the  Dalles  of  the  Columbia 
River  by  Major  Raines  of  the  United  States  Army.  These 
are  a  part  of  the  specimens  on  which  the  present  species  was 
founded,  and  on  account  of  which  it  received  its  specific  name 
of  Oregana.  It  has  not  the  imperfectly  articulated  stalk  seen 
in  the  original  species  of  Woodsia  described  by  Robert  Brown, 
and  the  indusium,  though  patterned  like  that  of  W.  Ilvensis 
and  Iiyperboyca,  is  far  less  conspicuous. 

Plate  LXI.,  Fig.   1-4.  —  Woodsia    Oregana,    from    the    Utah    speci- 
mens.    P'ig.  2  is  an  enlarged  pinna.     Fig.  3,  a  .sorus.     Fig.  4,  a  spore. 


vm 


w\ 


n* .. 


FERNS     OF     NORTH    AMERICA. 


189 


PiATK  LXXI.— Fig.  5-8. 

WOODS  I A  OBTUSA,  Torrey. 

Obtuse-leaved  Woodsia. 

WooDSiA  OBTUSA : — Root-stock  short;  stalks  stramine- 
ous, chaffy  when  young,  two  to  six  inches  long;  fronds  eight 
to  fifteen  inches  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  membranaceo-herba- 
ceous,  minutely  glandular,  pinnate  or  nearly  bipinnate ;  pinnae 
rather  remote,  short-stalked,  obtuse,  the  lower  ones  triangu- 
lar-ovate, middle  ones  longer  and  narrower  in  outline,  all 
pinnately  parted ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  crenately  toothed, 
the  lower  ones  pinnately  incised  with  toothed  lobes ;  veins 
pinnated  and  forking,  free;  sori  dorsal  and  subterminal  on 
the  vcinlets,  nearer  the  margin  than  the  midvein ;  indusium 
at  first  subglobose,  afterwards  splitting  into  a  few  spreading 
concave    toothed    lobes. 

IVoodsia  obtiisa,  Toriucv,  Catal.  PI.  in  Gcol.  Rep.  of  New  York  (1840) 
Fl.  of  New  York,  ii.,  p.  500.  —  Hookku,  Sp.  ImL,  i.,  p.  62.— 
Garden  Ferns,  t.  43.— Gu.w,  Manual,  cd.  i.,  p.  629;  ed.  ii., 
p.  595,  t.  xii.  — D.\Ki.ixNGTON,  Fl.  Ccstr.,  ed.  iii.,  p.  395.— 
Mettenius,  I'il.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  98.  — F.vroN,  in  Ciiapman's  Fl., 
p.  596.— L.wvsoN,  in  Canad.  Naturali.st,  i.,  p.  2S9.— Hookkr 
&  Bakek,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  48.  —  Wiluamson,  I-'erns  of  Kentucky, 
p.    113,  t.  xliii;    Fern-Ftchings,  t.  iii. 


Ii! 


I 

if 


11! 


';-  ill 


'ill    :  i 


i! 


If 


190 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


PolypodiJim  obtitsiim,  Si'KENGKi.,  Anluitung,  p.  92;  Engl,  version,  p.  102. — 
SwARTZ,  .Syi.   Fil.,  p.  39. — SciiKL'iiK,  Krypt.  Gew.,  p.   18,  t.  21. 

Aspidium  obtiisnm,  Wu.i.dknow,  .Sp.  I'l.,  v.,  p.  254. — Sciikuiik,  Krypt. 
Gcw.,  p.    197,  t.  43(5.  —  I'uusii,   M  Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  662. 

Hypopcltis  obtiisa,  Torrkv,  Compcndiimi,  p.  380. 

Cystopteris  obtiisa,  Prksi,,  Tent.  Pteritl.,  p.  93. 

Physematiuvt  obliisum.   Hooker,  F1.  Am.   Hor..  ii.,  p.  259. 

Woodsia  Pcrriniana,  Hooker  &  Gkevii.i.k,  Ic.  Fil.,  t.  l.wiii. 

Alsopliila  Perriniana,  Sprengel,  Syst.  Veg.,  iv.,  p.    125. 

Pliyscmatium  Pcrriniaiinm,  Presl,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  66. —  Kunze,  .Analecta 
Pteridogr.,  p.  43. —  Link,  Fil.   Hort.  Beroi.,  j).  44. 

Cystopteris     Perriniana,    Link,  "Hort.  Berol.,  ii.,  p.     ;, i." 

H.M!. — On  rocks  and  >    Isides,  not  rare  ;    from  New  England 

to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  to  vieorgia,  central  Alabama,  Arkansas  and 
Indian  Territory.  It  reni.'  .a-:  in  British  ColumlMa,  where  Dr.  Lvai.i, 
found  it  on  the  Galton  Mount  h  ,  hvx  is  no^  known  in  the  eastern 
provinces  of  Canada.  In  Synopsis  luliciim  several  South  American 
varieties  are  indicated,  the  W.  incisa.  Peruviana,  and  crcnata  of  authors, 
but  I  have  not  examined  them,  and  have  no  opinion  of  my  own  to 
offer  concerning  them.  The  species  does  not  occur  in  the  eastern 
hemisphere. 

Descrii'TION.  —  This  species  of  IVoodsia  forms  tufts  or 
patches,  though  of  less  extent  than  some  of  tiic  others. 
The  root-stock  is  one  or  two  inches  long,  creeping,  covered 
with  the  remains  of  old  stalks,  and  moderately  chaffy.  The 
chafifincss  consists  of  little  ovate-acuminate  nearly  entire 
scales,  most  of   them   thin   in    texture  and   pale   in   color.     As 


if 

111 


Ill 


I  :i! 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


191 


in  //<  Oi'Cgana  some  of  the  median  cells  are  often  dark- 
colored,  and  even  so  densely  as  to  form  a  midnerve.  The 
stalks  are  several  to  each  root-stock:  they  are  commonly 
four  or  five  inches  long,  roundish,  but  flattened  or  even 
slightly  furrowed  in  front,  green  with  a  dark-brown  or  black- 
ish base  in  the  living  plant,  but  bright  brownish-straw-color 
when  dry.  There  are  two  oblique  strap-shaped  fibro-vascular 
bundles  in  the  base  of  the  stalk,  which  unite  higher  up  and 
form  one  which  has  something  the  shape  of  the  two  fore- 
wings  of  a  butterfly.  The  stalk  is  chaffy  when  young,  and 
a  little  of  the  chaff  remains  till  the  fronds  wither,  which 
they  do  at  the  earliest   frost  of   autumn. 

The  fronds  are  commonly  six  or  eight  inches  long  and 
two  or  three  inches  broad,  but  occasionally  measure  full  fif- 
teen inches  in  length  by  four  in  the  greatest  breadth,  which 
is  near  the  middle.  They  are  rather  delicately  herbaceous  in 
texture,  and  minutely  glandular,  particularly  on  the  lower 
surface  and  along  the  rachis.  The  pinna.^  are  rather  distant 
and  very  short-stalketl,  triangular-ov^ate  or  triangular-lanceo- 
late, and  usually  obtuse.  They  are  pinnatifid  into  oblong-oval 
obtuse  segments,  the  larger  ones  of  which  are  contracted  at 
the  base  and  often  pinnatifid,  and  the  smaller  ones  adnate 
to  the  midrib  of  the  pinna  and  crenate  or  crcnately  toothed. 
The  veins  are  pinnately  arranged  on  the  midveins,  and  are 
either  simple  or  forked.  They  arc  always  free,  but  not  very 
conspicuous. 

The  sori  are  placed  on  the  veins,  mostly  just  below  the 


t. 


•  t 

ill  i 


11 !' 


11,1 


192 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


I'i 


apex,  and,  consequently  arc  rather  nearer  the  margin  than  the 
midvein.  The  indusium  is  attached  beneath  the  spoiangia, 
and  at  first  nearly  or  quite  encloses  them,  as  in  a  subglobosc 
pouch ;  but  as  the  sporangia  mature  it  splits  into  from  four 
to  six  irregular  and  jagged  lobes,  which  extend  out  beyond 
the  sporangia.  It  is  very  delicate  in  texture,  and,  in  a  per 
fectly  ripe  frond,  is  very  difficult  to  find.  It  is  very  badly 
represented  in  Schkuhr's  plate  43^,  but  is  well  shown  in  the 
drawing  published  by  Hooker  &  Grevillc.  The  ring  has  six- 
teen to  eighteen  joints.  The  spores  are  dark-colored,  ovoid 
and   narrowly  wing-margined. 

The  genus  IFoodsia,  as  characterized  by  Robert  Brown, 
was  limited  to  the  species  in  which  the  indusium  is  divided 
nearly  to  the  centre  into  ciliary  processes;  and  the  present 
species  was  placed  by  different  authors  in  five  or  six  differ- 
ent genera,  before  it  was  finally  referred  to  IVoodsia,  in  which 
it  is  one  of  the  few  species  constituting  the  section  P/iysetn- 
atittm,  having  a  pouch-like  indusium  which  splits  into  radi- 
ating lobes.  The  specific  name  Pcrrhiiana  was  founded  on 
an  error,  which  is  explained  in  Dr.  Torrey's  Flora  of  New 
York.  Specimens  sent  by  him  from  New  York  were  placed 
by  Sprengcl  in  a  West-Indian  collection  made  by  Perrin.  It 
is  strange,  however,  that  Sprengcl  failed  to  recognize  his 
own  Polypodium  obtjtsum. 

The  specimen  fitjiired  was  collected  near  Boston,  by  Mr.  Faxon. 
The  details  are  a  portion  of  a  pinna,  a  sorus  and  a  spore. 


ui!i- 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


193 


pLATii  LXXI.— Fk;.  9-12. 

WOODSIA  SCOPULINA,  D.  C.  Eaton. 

Rocky- Mouhtain  Woodsia. 

WooDsiA  SCOPULINA: — Root-stocks  short,  creeping,  chaffy, 
forming  hirgc  tufts  or  patches ;  stalks  two  to  four  inches  high, 
not  jointed,  bright-ferruginous  near  the  base,  paler  and  stra- 
mineous upwards,  pubcrulcnt,  like  the  rachis  and  the  under 
surface  of  the  frond,  with  minute  jointed  hairs  and  stalked 
glands;  fronds  lanceolate-oblong,  four  to  eight  inches  long 
pinnate ;  pinn.-c  numerous,  eight  to  fifteen  lines  long,  oblong- 
ovate,  sub-acute,  deeply  pinnatiful  with  five  to  eight  pairs  of 
short  ovate  or  oblong  obtuse  crenulate  or  toothed  divisions; 
sori  sub-marginal ;  indusium  very  delicate,  deeply  cleft  into 
narrow  segments  which  terminate  in  short  hairs  composed  of 
irregular  cyliii'lrical    cells. 

Woodsia  scopulina,  liAXON,  in  Canad.  Naturalist,  ii.,  p.  91  ;  Botany  of 
U.  S.  Geo!.  Expl.  of  40th  Parallel,  p.  397  ;  Ferns  of  the  South- 
west, \i.  337.  —  HooKF.u  &  Bakku,  Syn.  Fil.,  cd.  ii.,  p.  48. — 
I'oKiKU  &  Coui.iKR,  Syn.  Fl.  Colorado,   p.   154. 

Woodsia  obtusa,  Gkw,  Enuni.  Pi.  of  Rocky    Mts.,    in    Sill.    Jour.    x.\.\iii. 
(1862),  p.  253,  not  of  Torrcy. 
Mai!,  —  Growing   in   dense    masses   on   rocks  and  in  crevices,  from 

Oregon  to  Mono  Pass,  California   (Bolander),    and  extending  eastward 

to  Dacotah,  Minnesota  and  Colorado. 


T 


ijiii 


,11 


'!: 

H            i 

i;         ■  ' 

IHu.'ii'isliKi 

194 


FliKNS     OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


Description:  —  This  species  of  IVoodsia  is  so  much  like 
tV.  Oregana  that  unless  the  specimens  are  in  good  condition 
it  is  very  difficult  to  distinguish  one  plant  from  the  other. 
The  general  habit  is  the  same ;  the  scales  of  the  root-stock 
and  of  the  lower  part  of  the  stalk  are  precisely  alike,  and 
the  color  of  the  stalks  is  similar.  In  W.  scopulina  the  stalks 
and  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond  are  finely  but  not  densely 
pubescent  with  slender  jointed  hairs,  as  well  as  minutely 
glandular  with  stalked  glands.  The  fronds  are  often  appar- 
ently bipinnatc,  but  the  secondary  rachises  are  narrowly 
winged.  The  most  important  distinction  is  in  the  indusium, 
which  is  not  always  in  condition  to  admit  of  satisfactory  ex- 
amination. It  is  deeply  and  irregularly  cleft  into  lacini^,  and 
these  are  narrowed  into  rather  short  articulated  hairs,  or  cilia, 
the  cells  of  which  are  irregularly  cylindrical  rather  than  glob- 
ular. The  whole  indusium  is  larger  and  more  evident  than 
that  of  W.  Oregana,  but  far  less  so  than  in  IV.  obhisa,  of 
which  Mr.  Baker  thinks  the  present  fern  "  scarcely  more  than 
a  variety." 

The  largest  specimens  are  from  Minnesota  and  Colorado. 

Plate   LXXI,    Fig.  9-12. —  Woocisia  scopulina,   from    Mono    Pass, 

collected  by  Bolander.  Fig.   10  is  part  of  a  pinna  somewhat  enlarged. 

Fig.   1 1   is  an  indusium,  the  sporangia  having  been   removed,  and   Fig. 
12  is  a  spore. 


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FERNS  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


19s 


Plate  LXXII. 

ONOCLEA   SENSIBILIS,   Linn^^us. 

Sensitive   Fern. 

Onoclea  SENSIBILIS  : — Root-stock  creeping,  elongated; 
stalks  scattered,  nearly  chaffiess,  a  few  inches  to  over  a  foot 
high ;  fronds  dimorphous ;  sterile  ones  triangular-ovate,  folia- 
ceous,  smooth,  quickly  withering  when  plucked,  deeply  pin- 
natifid  into  several  oblong-lanceolate  entire  or  sinuate  or 
sinuately  pinnatifid  segments,  the  lowest  pair  sometimes  dis- 
tinct, the  rest  connected  by  a  wing  which  widens  upwards ; 
the  veins  reticulated  and  forming  narrow  paracostal  areoles, 
and,  outside  of  these,  copious  oblong  or  hexagonal  meshes ; 
fertile  fronds  shorter,  contracted,  rigid,  closely  bipinnate ;  the 
pinnules  rolled  up  into  berry-like  bodies  ;  veins  free,  simple 
or  forked,  soriferous  on  the  back;  sporangia  borne  on  an 
elevated  receptacle,  half  surrounded  by  a  very  delicate  some- 
what hood-like  indusium  attached  at  the  base  of  the  receptacle. 

Onoclea  sensibilis,  Linn^kus,  Sp.  PI.,  p.  15 17.  —  Michaux,  V\.  Bor.-Am., 
ii.,  p.  272. —  SwARTZ,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  no.  —  Sciikuiir,  Krypt. 
Gew.,  p.  95,  t.  102. — VVii.i.DENow,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  287.  —  Pursh, 
Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  665. —  Hookku,  Gen.  Fil.,  t.  Ixxxii ;  F"l. 
Bor.-Am.,  ii.,  p.  262;  Sp.  Fil.,  iii.,  p.  160. — Tokrky,  F'l.  New 
York,  ii.,  p.  499.  —  Gray,  Manual,  ed.  i.,  p.  457;  ed.  ii.,  p.  599, 

^lem.  Amer. 


P 


Botany  of  Japan, 


I    ,: 


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;: 


:1 


R        i 


196 


FERNS    OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


Acad.  (n.  s.)  vi.,  p.  421.  —  Mettknius,  Fil.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  97. — 
Maximowicz,  Prim.  Fl.  Amur.,  p.  337. —  Eaton,  in  Chapman's 
Flora,  p.  596. —  HooivEU  &  B.\ki;r,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  46. —  Miquel, 
Prolus.  Fl.  Jap.,  in  Ann.  Mus.  Bot.  Lugd.-Batav.,  iii.,  p.  179. — 
Mii.de,  Fil.  Eur.  et  Atlant.,  p.  157. —  Redfield,  in  Bulletin  of 
Torrey  Botan.  Club,  vi.,  p.  4.  —  Williamson,  Ferns  of  Ken- 
tucky, p.   109,  t.  .\li ;    F'ern-Etchings,  t.  .\lv. 

Onoclea  obtusilobata,  Sciikuhk,  Krypt.  Gew.,  p.  95,  t.  103.  —  Pursh,  Fl. 
Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  665. 

Onoclea  obtusiloba,  Llnk,   F'il.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  37. 

Osmunda  froitdibus  pinnatis  foUolis  superioribiis  basi  coadtmatis,  omni- 
bus lanccolalis,  pinnato-sinuatis,  Llxn.eus,  Hort.  Cliff.,  p.  472. — 
Gronoviu.s,  Fl.  Virginica,  p.  ig6  ;  cd.  ii.,  p,  163. —  (Other 
ancient  names  are  repeated  by  Linn^us  and  Willdenow.) 

Hab.  —  Wet  meadows  and  thickets,  from  New- Brunswick  to  the  Sas- 
katchewan, extending  southward  through  Uacotah,  Kansas,  and  Arkansas 
to  Louisiana,  and  eastward  to  St.  Augustine,  Florida,  one  of  our  com- 
monest and  most  abundant  ferns,  often  occupying  large  portions  of  land 
to  the  partial  exclusion  of  other  plants.  Not  found  in  western  America 
or  in  Europe,  but  occurring  in  Japan,  Mantchooria  and  eastern   .Siberia. 

Description  : —  The  root-stock  is  about  one-third  of  an 
inch  thick,  and  irregularly  roundish  in  section.  It  creeps 
widely  below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  rooting  freely  and 
often  forking,  so  that  in  cultivation  it  is  very  difficult  to  con- 
fine the  plant  to  one  spot.  The  root-stock  contains  six  or 
eight  roundish  or  flattened  fibro-vascular  bundles  arranged  in  a 
circle  near  the  outer  surface.  It  bears  no  chaff.  The  stalks 
are  scattered  along  its  length,  the  ape.x  being  covered  with  the 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


197 


thickened  stalk-bases  of  next  year's  fronds,  and  the  stalks  for 
the  present  year  rising  a  few  inches  back  of  the  apex. 

The  fronds  are  truly  dimorphous,  the  fertile  ones  being  so 
unlike  the  sterile,  that  no  one  who  is  unacquainted  with  the 
plant  would  suppose  they  had  anything  to  do  with  each  other. 

The  sterile  fronds  vary  in  length  from  one  or  two  inches 
to  fifteen  or  eighteen,  and  are  supported  on  stalks  usually 
rather  longer  still,  so  that,  while  the  smallest  plants  may  be 
concealed  in  the  grass,  the  tallest  ones  are  often  fully  three 
feet  high.  The  bases  of  the  stalks  are  flattened,  discolored 
and  very  sparingly  chaffy ;  the  upper  part  is  green  in  the 
living  plant,  brownish-stramineous  when  dried,  smooth  and 
naked,  rounded  at  the  back,  and  slightly  furrowed  in  front. 
It  contains  two  obliquely-placed  strap-shaped  fibro-vascular 
bundles,  which  unite  below  the  base  of  the  frond  and  form 
one  having  a  U-shaped  section.  The  outline  of  the  sterile 
fronds  is  triangular  or  triangular-ovate.  The  midrib  is  winged, 
either  from  the  very  base,  or  from  the  second  pair  of  segments; 
the  wing  at  its  lower  extremity  very  narrow,  but  gradually 
widening  towards  the  apex,  so  that  its  greatest  width  is  but 
little  less  than  that  of  the  terminal  segment.  The  number 
of  segments  in  the  smallest  fronds  is  two  or  three  on  each 
side;  in  the  largest  fronds  twelve  or  thirteen  on  each  side. 
The  lowest  segments  are  rather  more  than  half  as  long  as 
the  whole  frond  ;  the  next  segments  usually  a  little  smaller, 
but  sometimes  a  little  longer  than  the  first  pair,  and  the 
remaining  ones  rapidly  decreasing.    The  segments  are  broadly 


fl  .  ' 


■( 


I     ! 


!;■    I' 


198 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


«l 


lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  es- 
pecially the  lower  ones,  and  either  rounded  or  subacute  at 
the  apex  The  sinuses  between  them  arc  rounded,  and  are 
gradually  narrowed  towards  the  apex  of  the  frond.  The 
segments  are  very  minutely  serrulate  on  the  edges ;  the 
smallest  ones  otherwise  entire,  and  the  larger  ones  either 
with  sinuous  margins  or,  in  large  fronds,  deeply  sinuous- 
pinnatifid.  The  texture  is  herbaceous,  the  surfaces  perfectly 
smooth,  the  color  of  the  upper  surface  grass-green,  of  the 
lower  surface  paler  and  slightly  glaucescent.  The  fronds 
wilt  very  soon  after  plucking  them,  and  in  wilting  there  is 
a  slight  disposition  to  fold  the  segments  together,  face  to 
face,  for  which  reason  the  plant  has  received  the  name  of 
"  Sensitive-Fern."  The  first  frost  of  autumn  destroys  the 
sterile  fronds;  and  a  late  frost  in  May  or  June  docs  the  same. 
The  midribs  are  prominent,  and  the  veins  conspicuous;  the 
latter  being  copiously  reticulated  into  areoles  which  enclose 
no  free  veinlets.  Along  the  sides  of  the  midribs  and  mid- 
veins  are  very  long  and  narrow  areoles,  and  outside  of  these 
are  obliquely-placed  oblong  areoles  in  several  irregular  rows. 
The  fertile  fronds  are  not  very  common,  and  a  young 
botanist  may  search  'n  vain  for  them  for  a  long  time.  They 
stand  only  about  half  as  high  as  the  sterile  fronds,  and  are  very 
rigid.  They  are  nearly  black  in  color:  in  winter  they  dry  up, 
but  remain  erect  through  the  next  summer,  so  that  a  fruiting 
plant  often  has  fertile  fronds  standing  of  two  years'  growth. 
The   frond   is  only  a   few  (usually  four  to   six)   inches   long, 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


199 


and  consists  of  from  four  to  ten  pairs  of  appressed  fleshy  or 
cartilaginous  pinnae,  wh'ch  arc  divided  into  a  double  row  of 
sub-globose  bead-like  segments  or  pinnules ;  the  whole  looking 
like  a  small  and  narrow  but  dense  cluster  of  diminutive  grapes. 
Each  pinnule  has  its  edges  so  much  recurved  that  the  whole 
forms  a  sort  of  pouch,  apparently  filled  with  sporangia. 

Mr.  Faxon  has  made  a  careful  study  of  the  sori,  and 
has  very  kindly   furnished   the  account  given   below." 

The  articulations  of  the  sporangia  are  said  by  F^e  to 
be  twenty-eight  to  thirty-two,  and  more  numerous  than  in  any 
other  fern.  I  have  counted  only  thirty  at  most,  and  more  fre- 
quently only  twenty-eight.  The  spores  are  ovoid  and  very 
dark-colored. 

Var.  obtusilobata,  Torrev,  F1.  New  York,  ii.,  p.  499,  t.  clx 
{Onoclea  obtusilobata,  Schkuhr),  is  not  a  permanent  variation 
of  the  species,  but  is  based  on  a  not  infrequent  condition  of 
the  plant,  in  which  the  pinnae  of  some  of  the  foliaceous  fronds 
become  deeply  pinnatifid  into  obovate  segments,  which  have 
mostly  free  veins  and  imperfectly  developed  sori.    The  indusia 

"  '  In  O.  scnsihilis  the  sori  iiic  bonie  on  the  miilille  of  the  vein,  and  consist  of  a 
tough  cylindrical  receptacle,  three  or  four  diameters  in  height,  bearing  sporangia  thickly 
all  over  its  surface,  and  covered  when  young  by  a  delicate  hood-lilte  indusiuni,  attaclied 
half-way  or  more  around  the  base  of  the  receptacle  on  tlie  inferior  side,  and  liaving  the 
crenulate-margined  opening  toward  the  apex  of  the  segment.  At  an  early  stage  the 
blackberry-shaped  sorub  is  almost  entirely  covered  l)y  the  iiulusium,  which  resembles  a 
closely  drawn  cowl,  but  with  llie  growtli  of  the  sporangia  it  is  thrown  back,  or  rent,  and 
soon  disappears,  the  sori  becoming  continent.  The  receptacle  is  very  persistent,  aiid  may 
be  seen,  covered  with  the  stalks  of  the  sporangia,  in  the  dried  last-year's  fertile  fronds, 
which  are  always  fonnil  where  the  plant  grows." 


;,/ 1  '•  . ' 


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200 


FERNS    OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


appear  as  little  whitish  scales  on  the  back  of  the  veins.  It 
occurs  in  almost  all  places  where  the  plant  is  common,  is 
often  produced  from  root-stocks  which  bear  also  normal  fronds, 
and  presents  all  gradations  from  the  usual  sterile  frond  to  the 
proper  fertile  one.  Ragiopteris  onocleoides  of  Presl  is  founded 
on  a  young  fertile  frond  of  this  species  placed  with  a  sterile 
one  of  what  Milde  judges  to  be  a  monstrous  form  of  Aspi- 
dium  Filix-mas.  Maximowicz  describes  a  var.  interrupta,  from 
the  Amoor  region,  in  which  the  fertile  frond  nearly  equals  the 
sterile,  and  has  elongated  pinnae,  with  remote  segments.  This 
condition  is  also  sometimes  seen  in  American  specimens,  and 
is  hardly  a  true  variety. 

In  an  article  on  "The  late  Extinct  Floras  of  North 
America,"  which  appeared  in  Vol.  ix  of  the  Annals  of  the  New 
York  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  in  April,  1868,  Professor 
Newberry  describes  certain  fossil  specimens  of  ferns  occurring 
in  Miocene  argillaceous  limestone  at  Fort  Union,  Dacotah, 
and  refers  them  with  little  hesitation  to  this  species.  I  have 
not  seen  the  specimens,  but,  as  similar  venation  and  not  very 
dissimilar  fronds  are  seen  in  Woodwardia  and  Pteris,  one 
may  perhaps  doubt  the  absolute  certainty  of  the  identification. 

Plate  LXXII. —  Onoclea  sensibilis ;  a  plant  from  near  Boston.  Fig. 
2  is  a  fertile  pinnule  laid  open  and  showing  the  sorl,  the  sporangia  re- 
moved from  one  receptacle,  and  the  indiisium  from  another.  Fig.  3  is 
a  young  sorus  and  its  indusium.  Fig.  4,  a  spore.  Fig.  5.  a  portion  of 
a  sterile  frond,  to  show  the  venation.  Fig.  6,  section  of  stipe.  Fig.  7, 
the  var.  obiusilobata. 


M 


Plate  LXX; 


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FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


201 


Plate  LXXIII. 

ONOCLEA  STRUTHIOPTERIS,   Hoffmann. 

Ostrich-Fern. 

Onoclea  Struthioptekis:  —  Caudex  short,  thick,  erect, 
emitting  slender  subterranean  stolons;  stalks  stout,  a  few 
inches  to  a  foot  long,  chaffy  at  the  base;  fronds  standing  in 
a  vase-like  crown,  dimorphous;  sterile  ones  one  to  ten  feet 
high,  herbaceo-membranaceous,  broadly  lanceolate,  narrowed 
from  the  middle  to  the  base,  abruptly  short-acuminate,  pinnate; 
pinnae  very  many,  sessile,  the  lowest  ones  sinuate  and  dcflexed, 
the  rest  three  to  eight  inches  long,  five  to  nine  lines  wide, 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  numerous 
close-placed  oblong  obtuse  entire  segments  provided  with  a 
midvein  and  several  simple  veinlets  on  each  side ;  fertile 
fronds  in  the  middle  of  the  crown  or  vase,  much  shorter 
than  the  sterile,  rigid,  contracted,  narrowed  at  the  base,  pin- 
nate; pinnae  one  to  two  inches  long,  crowded,  obliquely 
ascending,  linear,  obtuse,  sub-entire  or  pinnately  lobed,  the  lobes 
one  or  two  lines  long  and  broad,  the  margins  much  recurved, 
and  the  whole  pinna  forming  a  somewhat  articulated  pod-like 
body ;  veinlets  of  the  fertile  segments  few,  soriferous  on  the 
back;  receptacle  elevated;  indusium  very  delicate,  lacerate- 
toothed,  half  surrounding  the  sorus;  sporangia  at  length  con- 
fluent and  filling  the  fertile   pinnae. 


aoa 


FKRNS    ()!•     NORTH    AMERICA. 


!.  : 


Onoclea  Strnt/iio/>/iris,  IIommaw,  "  lJc;iitsi:Ul.iiKls  I'lora,  p.  ii  (1795)." — 
SwAKi/,  Syn.  I'"il.,  p.  111. — \Vi;iir.u  i\:  Moirit,  'rasclicnlnich, 
p.  47,  t.  iv.,  f.  3,  4. —  SciiKi'iik,  Krypt.  (;(;w.,  p.  07,  t.  105. — 
METrKNius,  I'il.  Hort.  I.i|)s.,  p.  97,  t,  xvii.,  f.  11-15.  —  Miidk, 
Fil.  luir.  ct  Atlant,,  p.   154. 

Onoclea  noditiosa,  Sciikuiiu,  Krypt.  (i('w.,  p.  97,  t.  104  (I'crliaps  also 
of  Michaux,  but  this  is  still  uncertain). 

Onoclea  Gcnnanica,  Hookkk,  Sp.  l-'il,,  iv.,  p.  161. —  Hookkk  &  Bakku, 
Syn.   I'"il.,  p.  46. 

Osmunda  Strutlnopteris,  Linn/eus,  Sp.  Pi.,  p.    1522. 

Slriithiopteris  Gennunica,  Wh.i.dknow,  "  Enum,  p.  1071;"  .Sp.  PI.,  v., 
p.  288. —  Link,  I-'il.  Hort.  Ik-rol.,  p.  38. —  Hookkk,  M  {{or.-Am., 
ii.,  p.  262. — ToKUKV,  M  Nt;w  York,  ii.,  p.  486. —  Gkav,  Man- 
ual, ed.  i.,  p.  623,  L'tc. —  Koiii,  .Syn.  V\.  (icrin.  c-t  Hclv.,  cd. 
iii.,    p.   739.  —  W'li.i.iAM.soN,  Forn-laciiinjfs,  t.  44. 

Struthiopteris  Pcnnsyhanica,  VVii.i.di'.now,  .Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  289.  —  i'uKsii, 
Fl.  Am.  .Se|)t.,  ii.,  p.  266. —  Tokkkv,  C\)nipendiiim,  p,  385. — 
BlfJKi.DW,   I'l.   Boston.,  cd.   iii.,   p.  421. 

Strnlhiopteris,  tiu;  jjcnus  only,  Wii.i.ijknow,  in   Bcrl.   Maj.j.,    1809,  \t.  160. 

1 1  Alt. —  Low  fjroiinds,  especially  in  fine  alluvial  soil  subject  to  the 
overflow  of  rivers;  troin  the  Saskatchewan  anil  Lake  Winnipej^  to  New 
Brunswick,  and  southward  to  Pennsylvania  and  Illinois.  Mentioned  by 
Ai.e.xanui;k  Bkaln  as  coming  from  Arkansas.  Prom  Lapland  to  .Sicily, 
and  eastward  to  the  .\moor  region,  Sachalin  and  Kamtschatha.  Not 
known  in  the  west(;rn  i)arts  of  (either  Lurope  or  America. 

Dkscription:- — The  ostrich-fcrn  is  one  of  our  finest  ferns, 
being  surpassed  in  grandeur  on!)'  by  Acrostichum  aurcum, 
IVooilwai'din    radicaiis,    and    perhaps    Osmunda    regal  is.      The 


FKRNS  OF   NOy TH   AMICUICA. 


303 


plant  is  propaj^atcd  chiefly  l)y  loiij^  and  slender  stolons,  bear- 
ing apprcsscd  rudimentary  stalk-bases.  These  stolons  are 
said  by  Sachs  to  oriffinate  from  buds  formed  on  the  stalks 
near  the  base:  they  run  underground  for  several  inches  or  a 
foot,  and  at  the  end  rise  to  the  surface  and  there  thicken  into 
a  short  erect  caudex,  covered  by  imbricating  stalk-bases,  and 
throwing  up  from  the  apex  a  grand  vase-like  circle  of  foliage, 
which  is  often  higher  than  a  man's  head,  and  sometimes  ex- 
tends  above  his   utmost  reach. 

The  stalks  are  seldom  over  a  foot  long:  they  are  flat- 
tened, blackish,  and  chaffy  at  the  base,  but  above  ground 
they  are  green,  drying  dull-brown,  somewhat  four-sided,  and 
deeply  channelled  in  front,  when  dried  furrowed  on  the  sides 
also.  They  contain  two  flattened  fibro-vascular  bundles.  The 
stalks  of  the  sterile  fronds  are  rather  longer  than  the  others, 
but  more  rigid,  and  remain  erect  till  the  second  year. 

The  sterile  fronds  are  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  grad- 
ually narrowed  to  the  base  from  near  the  middle  and  abruptly 
short  acuminate.  The  pinn.e  are  usually  of  nearly  equal 
breadth  from  the  base  to  beyond  the  middle.  They  are  pin- 
natifid  to  within  a  line  of  the  midrib  into  numerous  oblong 
and  obtuse  segments,  the  veins  of  which  are  free,  simple  and 
pinnatcly  arranged  on   a  midvein. 

The  fertile  fronds  are  produced  late  in  the  summer,  md 
are  contracted,  much  shorter  than  the  others,  and  very  rigid. 
The  pinna?  are  sometimes  nearly  entire,  and  in  other  ex- 
amples pinnately  lobed.    The  margins  are  very  much  recurved. 


204 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


!  ■  \ 


SO  that  the  pinnae  are  pod-like,  and  either  sub-cylindrical  or 
somewhat  moniliform.  The  venation  is  free,  and  the  sori  are 
dorsal  on  the  veins.  Mr.  Faxon  writes:  "The  indusium  cat. 
be  detected  only  when  the  fertile  frond  is  very  young,  and 
appears  as  a  very  delicate,  lacerate  membrane,  attached  at  the 
base  of  the  receptacle,  and  serving  to  separate  the  sorus  from 
its  neighbors.  I  have  not  found  it  in  any  case  hood-like  as 
in  O.  scnsibiiis.  The  sori  are  quickly  confluent,  and  all  trace 
of  the  indusium  is  soon  lost.  The  membranaceous  edge  of 
the  transformed  fertile  pinna  is  attached  near  the  bases  of  the 
inferior  sori  and  a  fold  is  usually  found  pressed  against  the 
sori  as  seen  in  the  drawing  (Fig.  3).  This  is  usually  ruptured, 
so  as  to  leave  a  portion  attached  at  the  base  of  the  sorus, 
and  must  not  be  misiaken  for  the  true  indusium,  which  is 
within." 

The  sporangia  have  twenty-six  or  twenty-eight  articula- 
tions of  the  ring.     The  spores  are  dark-colored  and  ovoid. 

Imperfectly  fertile  fronds  are  often  found,  which  are  anal- 
3gous  to  the  " obtusiiobata"  condition  of  O.  scnsibi/is. 

Plate  LXXIII. —  Onoclea  Struthiopteris,  about  half  the  natural  size 
of  a  small  plant.  Fiy.  2  is  part  of  a  fertile  pinna  with  one  side  laid 
open  to  slunv  the  venation  and  the  sori.  Fig.  3  is  a  cross  section  of 
the  .nie,  showing  on  one  side  a  sorus  with  its  indusium,  and  on  the 
other  a  denuded  receptacle,  the  indusium  showing  in  section  only.  Fig. 
4,  an  indusiuiT..  iMg.  5,  part  of  a  ste-ile  pinna.  F'ig.  6,  a  section  of 
the  stalk.     Fig.  7,  a  spore. 


il»<l 


llg»i; 


m 


Ik, 


i  ! 


If 
: 


liiii 


t  Faxon .  'ie\ 


Plate  UCiW 


I 


PF,LL'5:A  ASt^ERA.  Baker. 


Annalrm;;  &.  Co  Lith  Buta 

CHKILANTHl-  /^    LlNL"  Hi-ilMEKl.  lior^k. 


teij 


Plate  LXXIV 


'    12 


. 

■  / 
/ 

\ 

\' 

''i 

Li 

;'i 

f. 

-v-^ 

v., 

14 

< 

< 

jiubniM;  &.  Co  Lith  h^stor 


m 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


205 


Plate  LXXIV.  — Fig.  1-4. 

PELL^A  ASPERA,   Baker. 

Rough  Cliff- Brake. 

Pell^a  aspera  :  —  Root-stock  rather  short,  ascending, 
chaffy  with  appressed  linear-acuminate  entire  brown  scales 
mostly  with  a  darker  midnerve;  stalks  clustered,  rather 
slender,  rigid,  two  to  four  inches  long,  black,  but  with  a 
pale-ash-colored  scurfy  pubescence;  fronds  sub-coriaceous, 
oblong-lanceolate,  four  to  six  inches  long,  bipinnate;  pinn.'e 
deltoid-ovate;  pinnules  next  the  main  rachis  often  somewhat 
lobed,  the  rest  oblong,  slightly  auriculate  on  one  or  both  sides, 
all  of  them  having  the  upper  surface  roughened  with  harsh, 
short,  simple  or  forked  whitish  hairs ;  involucre  pale,  continu- 
ous, minutely  crenulate-denticulate. 

Pcl/o'a  aspera,  Bakek,  Syii.  Fil.,  p.   148.  —  Eaton,  P'erns  of  the   South- 

West,  p.  319. 
ClieilaHthes  aspera,  Hooker,  Sp.    Fil.,    ii.,   p.   in,  t.  cviii,  A.  —  Eaton, 

in  Bot.  Mcx.  Boundary,  p.  234. 

Hab. — Texas  and  New  Mexico.  Near  the  Rio  Grande,  A.  Schott. 
Near  the  Santa  Rita  Copper  mines  and  along  the  San  Pedro,  Bigelow. 
First  collected  by  Chari.es  Wright  in  1849.  It  has  not  been  collected 
by  any  one  in  more  than  twenty  years  and  is  very  rare  in  herbaria. 


206 


FERNS    OF    NORTH     AMERICA. 


:l  '■ 


Description:  —  This  compaiatively  little-known  fern  is 
one  of  those  ambiguous  species  which  might  finii  its  place 
in  either  Cheilantlies  or  Pellcca  with  about  equal  propriety. 
Hooker,  who  gave  the  earliest  account  of  it,  and  illustrated 
it  with  an  excellent  figure,  placed  it  in  the  former  genus, 
and  in  his  section  "  Pteridoidea;,"  and  next  to  C/i.  caves- 
cens  and  Cli.  caiidafa,  species  scarcely  known  to  himself  at 
that  time.  Baker,  in  continuing  Synopsis  I'i/iciiin,  remo\cd 
it  to  Pclhca,  together  with  Clicilaiithcs  Alabamcnsis  and 
Ch.  iutramarginalis,  probably  because  of  the  continuous 
involucres. 

The  root-stock,  in  the  specimen  available  for  the  present 
description,  is  about  the  thickness  of  a  crow's  quill,  and 
scarcely  more  than  an  inch  long.  Near  the  growing  end  it 
is  forked  into  two  short  nearly  equal  branches.  It  is  covered 
with  very  narrow  long-pointed  entire  scales  of  a  ferruginous 
color,  most  of  them  so  thickened  and  deeply  colored  along 
the  middle  as  to  form  a  very  decided  midnerve. 

The  stalks  are  a  few  inches  long  and  about  half  a  line 
thick,  blackened,  and  covered  at  the  very  base  with  brownish 
chaff,  which  is  replaced  along  the  rest  of  the  stalk  and  the 
rachis  with  fine  pale-cinereous  appressed  paleaceous  hairs.  The 
stalk-section  is  round,  and  shows  a  thick  outer  sclerenchyma- 
tous  sheath  and  a  somewhat  butterlly-shaped  central  ubro- 
vascular  bundle. 

The  fronds  are  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline, 
rather  wider  in  the  middle   than    at    the    base,   and    gradually 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


207 


narrowed  to  an  acute  apex.  The  texture  is  subcoriaceous,  and 
the  color,  when  fresh,  probably  a  rather  pale  shade  of  green. 
The  secondary  rachises  are  a  little  scaly  as  well  as  paleaceous- 
pubescent.  The  pinna;  are  short-stalked,  triangular-ovate  or 
triangular-lanceolate  in  outline,  the  largest  ones  about  an  inch 
long  and  half  an  inch  wide,  and  composed  of  three  or  four 
pairs  of  pinnules  besides  the  terminal  one.  The  basal  pin- 
nules arc  often  three-lobed  or  broadly  hastate,  and  obscurely 
petiolulate,  the  rest  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  oblong-ovate, 
two  or  three  lines  long,  and  often  slightly  auricled  on  one 
or  both  sides  of  the  base,  the  uppermost  ones  not  separated 
but  confluent  with  the  triangular-ovate  terminal  segment. 
The  whole  upper  surface  is  harsh  and  roughened  with  minute 
tubercles  which  are  tipped  with  short,  rigid,  simple  or  forked 
or  three-branched  whitish  hairs.  Hooker  says  :  —  "This  has  a 
good  deal  tiie  habit  and  general  appearance  of  Chcilanthes 
canescens  of  Kunze,  and  has  as  much  claim  to  be  placed  in 
the  genus  as  that  species,  the  continuous  involucre  being 
however  that  of  Ptcris  or  Allosorus  \Pellcca\  Our  plant  is 
much  more  delicate  and  graceful,  the  stipes  and  main  ra- 
chises cbeneous,  the  primary  pinnae  again  truly  pinnate.  But 
the  remarkable  character  exists  in  the  transversely  waved 
margin  of  the  fertile  pinn.e  and  segments,  and  the  harsh,  rigid, 
simple  or  bi-  and  sometimes  tri-partite  white  hairs  seen  on 
the  ridges,  especially,  of  the  undulations.  It  is  assuredly  a 
very  distinct  and  new  species."  The  transverse  undulations 
are  not  always  very  clear,  and  are  possibly  due  to  contraction 


208 


FliRNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


\ :  ;li 


between  the  veinlets  in  drying,  but  the  hair-tipped  tubercles 
are  found  even  more  abundantly  on  the  recurved  margins  of 
the  fertile  pinnules  than  near  the  midvcin,  and  are  a  very 
remarkable  characteristic  of  the  species.  The  very  edge  of 
the  recurved  margin  is  thin  and  white-cartilaginous,  sparingly 
hairy,  and  minutely  denticulate  or  crcnulate.  The  under  sur- 
face of  the  pinnules  is  paler  than  the  upper  surface,  and  bears 
a  few  minute  appressed  hairs. 

Pcllcea  rigida,  from  Mexico,  with  very  different  fronds,  is 
roughened  in  a  very  similar  way. 

The  sporangia  have  a  ring  of  about  twenty  articulations. 
The  spores  are  subglobose  and  faintly  trivittate. 

Plate  LXXIV.,  V\g.  1-4. — Pellaa  aspera.  Fig.  2  is  an  enlarged 
portion  of  a  pinna.  I'ig.  3,  a  portion  of  a  pinnule,  seen  from  the 
under  side,  still  more  enlarged.     F"ig.  4  is  a  spore. 


PERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


209 


Plate   LXXIV.  — Fk;.   5-9. 

NOTIiOL^NA   PARRYI,   D.  C.  Eaton. 

Parry's  Notholscna. 

Nothol/ENA  Parryi  :  —  Root-stocks  short,  tufted,  thickly 
covered  with  linear-acuminate  entire  chaffy  scales  mostly  hav- 
ing .1  distinct  blackish  midnerve ;  stalks  clustered,  slender,  two 
to  five  inches  long,  dark-brown  or  blackish,  minutely  striated, 
hirsute-pubescent  with  spreading  articulated  whitish  hairs; 
fronds  about  as  long  as  the  stalks,  oblong-lanceolate,  tripin- 
nate;  lower  pinn;e  distant,  ovate,  a  little  shorter  and  broader 
than  the  middle  ones ;  ultimate  segments  crowded,  roundish- 
ovate,  half  a  line  to  a  line  long,  crenately  incised,  densely 
covered  above  with  entangled  white  articulated  hairs,  and 
beneath  with  a  still  heavier  similar  tomentum  of  a  pale-brown 
color;  ends  of  the  lobes  very  slightly  recurved;  veins  spar- 
ingly forked,  bearing  at  their  ends  a  few  blackish  sporangia, 
which   at  length  project  beyond  the   margin  of  the  segments. 

Nothohcna  Parryi,  Eaton,  in  American  Naturalist,  ix.,  p.  351;  Ferns  of 
the  South-West,  p.  306. —  Dav::ni'ort,  Catal.  p.   12. 

Hab. —  Crevices  of  basaltic  rocks  near  St.  George,  Utah,  Drs. 
Pakkv  and  Palmer.  Valley  of  the  Colorado,  Arizona,  Palmer.  Marengo 
Pass,  .San  Bernardino  County,  California,  Parry.     Eastern  Slope  of  .San 


2IO 


FERNS     OF     NORTH     AMKRICA. 


Hiii  ! 


Jacinto  Mountains,  San  Diego  County,  Wm.  Stout.  Specimens  exist  in 
the  collection  of  plants  made  in  California  by  Dr.  Bkiklow,'  while  engaged 
in  Lieut.  VViiippi.ic's  survey  lor  a  Railroad  route  to  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
but  are  not  referred   to  in    the  Motany  of  his    Report. 

Description  : — This  little  woolly  fern  grows  in  dense  tufts, 
probably  in  very  dry  and  exposed  places  amon{^  the  rocks, 
where  it  has  to  endure  great  heat  antl  long-continued  drought. 
The  root-stocks  are  evidently  combined  into  masses  of  con- 
siderable extent.  When  disentangled,  a  root-stock  is  found  to 
be  scarcely  an  inch  long,  and,  with  its  covering  of  stalk-bases 
and  chaff,  about  two  lines  in  thickness.  The  chaff,  which  is 
also  found  on  the  bases  of  the  stalks,  consists  of  very  narrow 
entire  slender-pointed  rather  rigid  scales,  in  general  of  a 
light  cinnamon-brown,  but  nearly  always  provideil  with  a  very 
narrow,  but  definite,  midnerve  of  so  dark  a  hue  as  to  be 
almost  black.  This  midnerve  is  frequently  somewhat  inter- 
rupted, and   never  extends  quite  to  the  apex  of   the  scale. 

The  stalks  are  clustered,  very  slender,  terete,  wiry,  black- 
ish-brown, very  minutely  striated,  and  pubescent  with  spread- 
ing pointed  white  hairs  having  one  or  two  joints  near  the 
middle.  Mixed  with  these  hairs  are  some  that  are  shorter 
and  appressed;  also  a  few  sessile  glands.  Microscopic  exami- 
nation of  the  stalk  shows  a  heavy  outer  sheath  of  blackish 
sclerenchyma,  and  a  central  fibro-vascular  bundle,  somewhat 
V-shaped   in   its    section.     After   the   pinnne    have    fallen    from 

'  Tlif  spcciiiiins  WLic  ikUitid  in  I'lot".  (iiii\'>>  licil);iiiiiiii  liy  .Mr.  Davcnpovt,  who 
ril)t;iiin.'(l  pt'iniissioii  to  ilotacli  a  lilllc  pintinn  Ini  my  c'\aiiiin.iliuii. 


i'i-; 


i.  s  ;m| 


FEKNS   OF    NORTH    AMICKICA. 


21  I 


the  rachis,  or  the  fronds  from  the  stalks,  the  latter  remain 
on  the  root-stock  for  a  year  or  two  before  they  fall  off  or 
decay. 

The  fronds  are  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate  in  out- 
line, from  very  small  in  young  plants  up  to  five  inches  long 
in  the  largest  I  have  seen.  Their  general  color  is  greenish- 
white  above  and  ferruginous-white  beneath,  the  whiteness 
being  due  to  the  heavy  covering  of  slender-pointed  entangled 
hairs  which  cover  both  surfaces,  but  the  lower  surface  more 
thickly.  This  wool  is  much  coarser  and  longer  than  in  N. 
Newbcfyyi,  ami  considerably  coarser  than  in  Clicilnutlies  lanu- 
gittosa,  to  which  the  present  fern  bears  a  very  close  resem- 
blance, and  for  which  it  was  at  first  mistaken.  In  a  frond 
of  full  size  there  arc  seven  or  eight  pairs  of  pinn.Te,  the 
lowest  ones  nine  or  ten  lines  long,  five  f)r  six  lines  broad, 
and  distant  from  the  next  pair  by  an  interval  of  a  full 
inch.  Succeeding  pinna'  are  nearer  together,  rather  narrower 
and  longer,  and  the  upper  ones,  again  are  smaller  and  smaller, 
and  crowded   very  closely  together. 

The  piiin.e  are  twice  pinnate,  the  pinnules  set  very  close 
together,  and  scarcely  visible  through  the  woolly  covering. 
When  denuded  of  this  they  are  found  to  be  very  small, 
usually  less  than  a  line  long,  roundish-ovate,  and  crenately- 
incised  or  crenate.  The  upper  ones  are  less  distinct,  and  the 
uppermost  arc  confluent  with  the  terminal  segment.  They 
have  the  outer  margin  very  slightly  recurved,  but  never 
enough  so  to  cover  the  sporangia,  which  are  placed,  three  or 


3ia 


PERNS    OH    NORTH    AMERICA. 


four  together,  on  the  ends  of  the  sparingly  forked  or  simple 
veinlets. 

The  sporangia  are  very  dark-colorcil,  and  have  a  ring  of 
about  twenty  joints.  The  spores  are  globose,  and  probably 
trivittate,  but  the  vitt.e  have  not  yet  been  detected. 

The  hairs  of  the  surface  are  usually  composed  of  three 
cells,  which  are  fifteen  to  twenty  diameters  long,  terete,  dilated 
at  the  articulations,  and  those  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond 
containing  a  little  pale-brown  cndochrome,  which  settles  mostly 
in  the  ends  of  the  cells.  The  terminal  cell  is  acute  at  the 
free  extremity. 

The  upper  surface  of  Cheilanthes  lanuginosa  is  scantily 
furnished  with  whitish  webby  hairs,  and  is  never  hirsute- 
tomentose  as  in  our  present  fern. 

Plate  LXXIV.,  Kig.  5-9.  —  Nothohrna  Parryi,  from  Dr.  Parkv's 
Utah  specimens.  Fig.  6  is  a  pinnule  denuded  and  magnified  about 
eight  diameters.  V\<g.  7,  a  part  of  the  same,  more  magnified.  I'ig.  8, 
a  spore.  Fig.  9,  some  of  the  tomentum,  highly  magnified,  and  show- 
ing the  nodes  perhaps  a  trifle  larger  than  I  have  described  them. 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


313 


PiwvTK  LXXIV.  — Fig.  to-15. 

CHEILANTIIES   LINDIIRIMnRI,    Hooker. 

Lindheimer's   Lip-Fern. 

Chhilanthes  I.indheimeri: — Root-.stock  slender,  elon- 
gated, chaffy  with  rather  thin  ovate  ferruginous-brown  scales, 
the  darker  midncrve  broad,  but  not  well-defined;  stalks  scat- 
tered, four  to  seven  inches  long,  wiry  blackish-brown,  pol- 
ished, at  first  bearing  pale  delicate  linear-lanceolate  slender- 
pointed  scales  and  minute  paleaceous  hairs ;  fronds  three  to 
five  inches  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  three  to  four  times  pinnate; 
primary  pinn.e  ovate-oblong,  mostly  closely  placed ;  ultimate 
pinnules  roundish,  bead-like,  one-fourth  of  a  line  long,  very 
much  crowded,  sometimes  lobed,  the  unchanged  margin  much 
incurved;  upper  surf.icc  of  frond  white-tomentose,  lower  sur- 
face very  chaffy  with  delicate  pale-ferruginous  ciliated  scales, 
those  of  the  ultimate  pinnules  more  and  more  ciliate  and 
passing  into  entangled  branched  hairs. 

Cheilanthes  Lindheimeri ,  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.  loi,  t.  cvii.,  A. — 
MicrrENii's,  Cheil.inthes,  p.  35. —  F.aton,  T'>ot.  Mex.  Boundary, 
p.  234 ;  l-'orns  of  tlie  .Soiitli-Wost,  p.  317.  —  Hooker  &  Baker, 
Syn.  Fil.,  p.   140.  —  DwENFfiRT,  Catul.,  p.   15. 


214 


FERNS    OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


Myriopteris  Lindheimeri ,  J.  Smith,  Bot.  Voy.  Herald,  p.  240. — Fournier, 
PI.  Mex.,  Crypt.,  p.    125. 

Hab.  —  Western  Texas,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  probably  in 
crevices  of  exposcil  rocks,  !•".  Linoiikimku,  Wright,  Kinh.  I'ai.mkr, 
KoiiiuocK.  Also  in  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Mexico  (Skkmann),  md  near 
San  Luis  Potosi,  Parry  &  Palmer,  No.  999. 

Df.scru'TIOn  :  —  This  little  fern  has  a  slentlor  root-stock 
about  one  line  in  thickness,  and  several  inches  long.  It  is 
covered  with  appressed  or  slightly  spreadin;,'  chaffy  scales 
which  are  a  little  more  than  a  line  in  length,  ovate,  acute, 
ciliate  at  the  apex  when  whole,  ferruginous-brown  in  color, 
and  provided  with  a  rather  broad  but  not  well-defined  mid- 
nerve  or  central  space  in  which  the  cells  are  filled  with  a 
deep-rcsinous-colored  coloring  matter. 

The  stalks  are  slender,  terete,  wiry,  nearly  black,  and  at 
length  shining.  They  bear  a  few  ferruginous  scales  at  the 
base,  but  for  the  greater  part  of  their  length  arc,  wlien  young, 
chaffy  with  very  thin  and  pale  linear-lanceolate  slender-pointed 
denticulated  scales  mixed  with  minute  paleaceous  hairs.  A 
transverse  section  shows  that  the  exterior  sheath  of  scleren- 
ehvmatous  tissue;  is  very  thick  and  hard,  and  that  the  solitary 
fhp, -vascular  bundle,  as  in  many  of  the  relateil  species,  is 
transversely  oval  with  a  deep  indentation  on  the  anterior  side, 
or,  as  termed  in  previous  parts  of  this  work,  butterfly-shaped. 

The  fronds  ;ire  about  as  long  as  the  stalks,  and  ovate- 
lanceolate  in  general  ^hape.     One  of  the  largest  seen  measures 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


215 


a  little  over  four  inches  in  length  and  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  in  breadth.  Such  fronds  arc  fully  quadripinnate.  The 
primary  pinna;  are  placed  closer  together  than  in  C.  Fendleri, 
are  ovate-oblong  in  shape,  nearly  sessile,  and  diverge  from 
the  rachis  at  an  angle  of  about  sixty  degrees.  The  secondary 
and  tertiary  pinn.e  and  the  ultimate  pinnules  are  compacted 
very  densely;  the  latter  are  very  minute,  mostly  about  one- 
fourth  of  a  line  in  diameter,  rounded,  sub-sessile,  and  either 
entire  or  so  •"■  jply  lobed  as  to  be  almost  divided  into  three 
similarly  rounded  or  slightly  pyiiform  segments.  The  outer 
margin  is  so  revolute  as  to  make  them  almost  pouch-like. 
The  veins  lire  forked  and  only  two  or  three  to  a  pinnule. 
The  whole  under  surface  of  the  frond  is  densely  clothetl  with 
imbricated  ferruginous  scales,  which  are  very  delicate  in  tex- 
ture, ovate  with  very  long  anil  slender  acuminations,  and  ciliate' 
with  long  and  curling  hairs,  especially  at  the  base.  On  the 
pinnules  these  scales  become  very  narrow,  and  at  last  have 
no  perceptible  central  portion,  but  consist  of  slender  blanching 
hairs  which  arc  much  entangled  and  constitute  a  heavy  tomcn- 
tum.  Tile  upper  surface  is  webby  with  similarly  branching 
wiiitc  and  exceedingly  delicate  hairs,  having  no  evident  artic- 
ulations. When  tile  frond  is  very  old  this  \vel)l)iiiess  partly 
wears  otf,  wliile  the  color  of  the  scales  of  liie  lower  surface 
gradually  becomes  iiuich  ileeper. 

The  sporangia  are  very  fi'W  to  each  pinnule,  and  are 
entirely  hiilden  bemath  the  scaly  and  woolly  covering.  The 
ring  is  coniposi-d  of  about   twciilv  joints.     The  spores  are  very 


H 


li:       M 


11 


2l6 


FliRNS    OF    NORTH    AMHRICA. 


large,  dark-colored  and  quite  globular.  Mr.  Faxon  has  ob- 
served the  three  radiating  vittae  which  are  found  throughout 
the  genus. 

Chcilanthcs  IJndheimeri  differs  from  CIt.  myyiophylla  in 
having  a  very  slender  root-stock,  and  the  coveriiig  of  the  frond 
more  decidedly  tomcntose,  especially  on  the  upper  surface. 
The  pinnules,  too,  are  smaller  and  more  densely  crowded. 
C.  Fcmilcfi,  which  has  also  a  slender  root-stock,  has  no 
tomentum,  and  the  pinnules  are  not  at  all  crowded. 

Prcsl  proposed  a  sub-genus  of  Chcilantltes  for  the  species 
with  minute  concave  or  vesiculiform  pinnules,  giving  it  the 
name  of  P/iysiipfcfis,  and  enumerating  three  species,  C.  len- 
tigera,  myriopiiylla  and  rccfiosa.  Some  years  afterwards  Fc'e 
made  a  genus  of  tne  sanie  group,  callip.g  it  Myriopfcfis,  and 
dividing  it  into  two  ;;ections,  7:  nnyrioptcris,  for  the  species 
with  a  proper  involucre,  and  Cncu'  utf/tastnnii,  for  those  hav- 
ing a  recurved  margin  in  place  ()f  an  involucre.  Fournler 
keeps  Fee's  genus  Myrioptefis,  but  says  nothing  ai)out  the 
two  sections.  It  is  a  very  difficult  group,  for  the  species  are 
all  n»uch  alike,  and  the  earlier  .uithors  failed  to  ividicate  the 
most  distinctive  points   of  difference. 

Plate  LX.\1\'.,  I'ijf.  10-15. —  Chcilanthe!:  fjiuihcimcri.  from  a 
specimiMi  colU'clcil  !>)■  I.iiullu;iimT  liiinsdl'.  l-'ig.  \\  is  a  secomlary 
pinna,  (.■nlarj,rcil,  ami  liavin_ir  tlic  scaly  ami  t<)irn;nit)st:  covering  mostly 
removed.  I'ig.  12,  a  pinmile,  alinos.t  ilcmulcd.  I'ij^'.  i_v  :••  s|)ore.  I"ig. 
;4,  a  scale  from  the  lower  surl.ice.  I'"ig.  15,  entangled  ha'rs  from  the 
u|>|)cr  surface. 


I  !:   i: 


■  ,      I 


'"■  E  Faxon.  i1  el 


t.>. 


ASPIC  lUIJ    jUO 
PKEG0tTERIi3    P  OLYP  :D  lOIBE  3. 1-ee. 


ATmatnmtf  &.  Co  lit) 


Plate  [:>--■: 


,rff*rt.-*;>^ 


7 


m«tnini)&.Co  I,il) 

M.  Kun;:. 


S:  i'  I 


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if! 


h    il 


AiiL. 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


217 


Pi.MK  LXXV.  — l-ic.   1-4. 

PHHGOPTHRIS    POLYPODIOIDBS,    Fee. 

-Common   Beech- Fern. 

PHiidoi'TEUis  POLYPOiMoiDEs: — koot-stoclc  crccpiiig,  slen- 
der, eloni^fated,  ;it  first  softly  paleaceous;  stalks  scattered, 
slender,  stramineous,  two  to  twelve  inches  high;  fronds  triangu- 
lar, three  to  eight  inches  long,  about  two-thirds  as  broad  at 
the  base,  thinly  herbaceous,  slightly  hairy  on  both  surfaces  and 
scantily  paleaceous  on  the  niitlribs,  beneath  twice  pinnatifid ; 
pinna;  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  pinnatifid  half  or 
two-thirds  of  the  way  to  the  miilrii»  into  luimerous  closely 
placed  oblong  obtuse  entire  or  obscurely  crenulate  segments, 
lower  pinna;  separate  and  turned  obliquely  downwards  and 
forwards;  basal  segments  of  the  rest  adnate  to  the  main 
rachis,  and  forming  a  series  of  polygonal  and  usually  nar- 
rowly connected  wings  along  its  sides;  sori  rather  small, 
rounded,  placed  near  the  tips  of  the  veinlets  mostly  near  the 
margin  of  tlie  segments;   sporangia  sparingly  pilose. 

P/ii;j;op/i-ris  /"olvpiu/ioitics,  1m  1:,  (iL-n,  I'll.,  p.  24;,. —  Ivmo.v,  in  (jray's 
M.inii.il.  cil.  v.,  p.  003. —  Mn.DK,  l-'il.  iuir.  ri  Athiiit.,  p  loo. — 
Wii  1 1  wisoN,  l-'cms  of  KeiUiicky,  p.  Si  t.  xxvii;  {'"criiluchings, 
t.   \x\iii. 


3l8 


I'liKNS    OF     NORTH     AMICRICA. 


Plu.\i;ol>Uris  vul_s;aris.  Mi:i  iksius,  i-'il.  Mori.  Lips.,  p.  S3;  Plu;g(i|)tcTis, 
|).    15. —  J.  Smiiii,   I't.Tiis,   Urilisli  ;iiul  l-orcign,  p.    171. 

Pb/ypoiiinm  J'/iet^optcn's,  Linn.uis,  Sp.  I'l.,  p.  1550. —  Swaktz,  Syn.  Ml., 
p.  40.  —  ScitKriiu,  Krypt.  (i(;w.,  p.  17,  t.  20.  —  Wm.i.dk.now, 
Sp.  I'l,  v..  p.  199.  —  HooKKK,  Fl.  Hor.-.\m.,  ii.,  p.  20.S. — 
ToKKi-.v,  I'l.  N(!\v  York.  ii..  p.  4S4.  —  Ruimuxiit,  Dist.  Cryi)t. 
Vase,  in  Imp.  Ross.,  p.  51.  —  (Ikav,  Manual,  (;ii.  i.,  p.  623; 
cd.  ii.,  p.  5(>(). — Moour.,  Nat.  IV.  Ilrit.  I'Y'rns,  t.  iv.  —  M.wi- 
Mnwnv.  I'rini.  I"!,  .\niur.,  p.  337. — Hookkk,  Sp.  I''il.,  iv.,  p.  245; 
Urit.  i'cins.  t.  3. — Lwvmin,  in  Canaii.  Nat.,  i.,  p.  269. — Hookkk 
^  Haki'.k,   .Syn.   I'il..   p.   30S. 

Polypodiuin  toniu'tti/e,  .Mhiima,  l-l.  Mor.-.\ni.,  ii.,  p.  271. — Wii.i.dknow, 
.Sp.    I'l.,   v.,   p.    2<x). —  I'l  usii,   {■'I.   \m.  .Sept.,  ii.,   p.  659. 

Polystiilium  J'iui^op/eris,  Koiii     •  I'l  (iciin.,  iii..  p.   72." 

Gymiiocurpiuin  I'ke^opl  rii,   N'iav.m.w,   I  list,    iirit.    I'crns,  vx\.    iii.,  p.  49, 

Hah. — Damp  woods  and  hillsid<'s.  commonest  in  the  mountainous 
parts  of  New  l'ji<rlaiul  and  thi-  Middle  .States,  the  raiiye  in  America 
e.xtendinjr  to  Nowfoundlanii,  Labrador  and  (.Ireenland  in  the  liasi,  and 
to  the  Saskatchewan,  .Sitka,  Alaska  ami  Unalaska  in  the  North-West, 
hut  not  known  in  the  United  Slates  west  ot  the  one  hundn^iith  mer- 
idian.' Icelanii,  Kurop<:  and  northern  .\sia  to  .Mantchooria,  Kamtschatka 
and  Japan. 

Dicsckii'iioN :  —  The  root-stock  of  this  fern  is  only  abotit 
one  line  in  thickness,  hut  is  often  a  loot  lon_o^,  or  even 
longer.      It    creeps    just    beneath    the    surface   of    the   ground, 

'  W'liilt'  ciiim'lliii.i  the  pripul'  1  nil  iiil'iii mi'il  lli.it  ll  has  just  lioi'ii  discovoiccl  iiiMi 
San  Ii)S(?.  Calil'orni:!,  luil  there  i<  not  wws  lime  to  investigate  the  acciir.u\  nf  the  icpint. 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMF.KICA. 


219 


or  ill  the  crevices  of  mossy  rocks,  and  throws  up  fronds  usu- 
ally about  an  inch  apart.  The  newer  portion  bears  a  few 
\'ery  thin  ovate  scales ;  and  the  fronds  for  the  next  year's 
growth  are  seen  closely  coiled  up  a  few  inches  in  advance 
of   the  fronds  of  the  present  year. 

The  stalks  are  very  slender,  variable  in  length,  and  some- 
what hairy.  When  very  young  they  bear  lanceolate  long- 
pointed  scales,  which  usually  have  one  or  two  needle-pointed 
marginal  hairs  near  the  apex.  The  stalks  are  green  when 
fresh,  brownish-stramineous  when  dry.  They  contain  two  oval 
fibro-vascular  bundles  which  unite  into  one  trough-like  bundle 
some  distance  below  the   base   of    the  frond. 

The  frond  is  triangular  in  outline,  more  or  less  acumi- 
nate, and  usually  considerably  longer  than  broad.  It  is 
slightly  hairy  above,  and  more  so  beneath,  with  appressed 
or  spreading  acute  unicellular  shining  hairs.  Along  the  mid- 
ribs, both  primary  and  secondary,  are  scattered  delicate  pale- 
ferruginous  scales,  ciliated  with  spreading  slender-pointed  hairs. 
The  two  lowest  pinn.e  are  somewiiat  detle.xed  and  turned  ob- 
liquely forwards.  Thi;se  are  lanceolate  or  broadly  lanceolate  in 
shape,  somewhat  narrowed  towards  the  base,  and  are  commonly 
not  connecteil  with  the  next  pair,  the  basal  segments  being  free 
from  the  rachis  or  general  midrilx  The  remaining  pinnae 
have  the  basal  lobes  nearly  or  cpiite  as  long  as  tiu;  miildle 
ones,  adnate  to  the  rachis.  and  connected  with  each  other  by 
a  narrow  wing,  or  else  plainly  conlluent,  so  that  the  rachis 
is    bordered    nearly    tliroughout     its    length    by    an    irregular 


220 


I'lCKNS     Ol"     NORTH     AMIiKICA. 


wiiijf-likc  border.  Thi-  lol)cs  of  the  pinn.f  arc  placed  close 
toj^ether,  ami  are  ohlong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  set  ob- 
lii|uely  on  the  secondary  midribs.  I'hey  are  either  entire  or 
crenately-toothed.  Ihe  veins  are  pinnately  arranged,  the  lower 
ones  forked,  the   upper  ones  simple. 

The  sori  are  seated  in  the  veinlets  a  short  distance  below 
the  acute  apices,  and  consecjuently  near  the  margin  of  the 
segments.  They  are  rather  small,  roundish  or  slightly  oblong, 
and  are  usually  seen  on  all  the  pinn.x'  of  a  fertile  frond.  The 
sporangia  have  about  fourteen  articulations.  In  many  spo- 
rangia one  or  two  slender-pointed  hairs  are  borne  near  the 
top,  reminding  one  of  the  similar  hairs  of  the  scales  of  the 
young  stalk.  The  spores  are  ovoid,  univittate,  smooth  and 
yellowish. 

This  fern  is  taken  as  the  type  of  the  genus  /*//('i^<>/>/crt's, 
which,  as  explained  on  page  151  of  this  volume,  is  .d^undantly 
distinct  from  \\)ly podium,  though,  perhaps,  not  sufficiently  so 
from  Asf>i(iiitm. 

From  /'.  licxiii:^oiiof>tcra  this  species  is  distinguished  by 
its  usually  smaller  size,  narrower  outline,  and  the  more  nearly 
entire  segments  of  the  pinna.  Mut,  as  in  m.iny  other  ;mal- 
ogous  cases  of  relationship,  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  decide 
to  which  of  the  two  species  ;i  specimen  ought  to  be  referred. 

Pliili!  l.XW,  l-iiLj.  1-4. —  /^/lea^opti-ria po/yfiot/ioiihx.  l''ig.  2  is  a  seg- 
mcnf,  enlarged  about  eight  diameters.     Fig.  3  is  a  sorus.    I'ig.  4,  a  spore, 


!       1 


11 


•i— ^ 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMliRlCA. 


221 


I'LviK  LXXV.  — I'K;.  5-,S. 

ASPIUIUM    JU(;LANDn'()LIUM.    Kunze. 

Walnut-leaved   Shield-Fern. 

AsriDii'M  juglandiI'OLIUM:  —  Root-stock  short,  erect,  very 
chaffy  with  hirge  ovate  dark-brown  scales;  stalks  a  lew  inches 
to  a  foot  lonjj^,  very  chaffy  when  young;  fronds  four  to  twelve 
inches  long  (much  larger  in  tropical  America),  coriaceous, 
smooth  and  shining  above,  sparingly  chaffy  beneath,  pinnate, 
or  the  earliest  ones  simple;  pinna-  short-stalked,  ovate-oblong 
or  broadly  lanceolate,  the  terminal  ones  distinct  and  often  the 
largest,  the  lateral  ones  one  to  eight  or  ten  on  each  side,  two 
to  six  inches  long,  one  or  t\\o  inches  broad,  obtusely  cuneate 
or  truncate  or  sul>-cordate,  serrate  with  rather  distant  incurved 
teeth,  acute  at  the  apex;  veins  j)innately  branched,  veinlets 
few  in  each  group,  nearly  parallel,  either  free  or  uniting 
towarils  the  margin;  sori  rather  large,  scattered  in  two  or  more 
irregular  rows  between  the  midrib  and  the  margin;  indusium 
orbicular,  peltate,  somewhat   toothed  around  the  ci\\j^c. 

Aspidiiim  jni^^laudijolium,  KiN/i:,  in  Linna-a,  \.\.,  p.  363. —  Me'itenius, 
Fil.  1  lort.  I  ips.,  |).  S7,  t.  xxii.,  Ii_s^.  ('>-~Ji :  As[)idiiiin,  p.  35. — 
lIutiKKK,  Sp.  I'il.,  iv.,  |).  3S.  —  lliioKi.R  iS:  H.vkku,  Syn.  ImL, 
p.   257.  —  ii.vioN,  {•'(M-ns  of  die  South-Wtist,  [).  336. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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222 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Polypodium  juglandifolitim,    Humboldt,    Bonpi.and   &    Kuntii,    in  Will- 

denow,  Sp.  PI.  v.,  p.   195  ;    Nov.  Geii.,  i.,  p.    10,  vii,  t.    665. 
Amblia  juglandifolia,  Pkicsi.,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.   185,  t.  vii.,  fig.  22. — FtE, 

Gen.  P'il.,  p.  284,  t.  xxii..  H,  fig.    i. 
PhaneroplUebia   juglandifolia,   J.    .S.\nTii,    in    Mooker's    Journ.    Bot.,  iv., 

p.  187. 
Cyrtominm  jiiglandi folium  and   C.  nobile,  MoouK,  lnde.\,  \i.  277. 
Aspidium  nobile,    Schtkchtendai.,    ih    Linn;ea,    v.,    p.    610. —  I^unzk,    in 

Linnaea,  xiii.,  p.  146,  xviii,  p.  344;    Die  Farrnlvr.,  i.,  p.  155,  t. 

l.wii.  —  Mettkniu.s,  Fil.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  87  ;    Aspidium,  p.  37. 
PhaneroplUebia   nobilis,    Presl,   Tent    Pterid.,    p.    85,    t.    ii.,    fig.    19. — 

Hooker,   Gen.    Fil.,   t.   xlix,   A. —  Fee,   Gen.    Fil.,    p.    282,   t. 

xxii.  B,  fig.  2.  —  LiEBMAN.v,  Mex.  Bregn.,  p.    1 24.  —  Eaton,  in 

Bot.  Mex.  Boundary,  p.  235. 
Cyrtomium  nobile,  Mookk,  Index,  p.  277. 
Aspidium  pumilum,  Makticns  &  Gai.eoiti,  Syn.  Fil.  Mex.,  p.  64,  t.    17, 

fig.   I. 
Phaticrophlebiii  piimila.  Fee,  Gen  Fil..  p.  282. 
Phanerophlebia    nobilis,    P.    pnmila,    P.    Lindeni,  P.  jiiglaiidi folia   and 

P.  remotispora,  F'ourniek,  PI.  Mex.,  Crypt.,  p.    100.  ; 

Hais. — Western  Texas,  at  Van  Horn's  Wells  and  the  Huecco 
Tanks,  collected  by  the  botanists  of  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey. 
Mexico    to  Venezuela. 

Description: — The  few  fronds  brought  home  from  the 
survey  of  the  Mexican  Boundary  about  twenty-five  years  ago 
are  the  only  specimens  known  to  have  been  collected  any- 
where  within  the   limits    covered   by    this   work.     The    region 


|g 


^^^^^^^gggg^^^^^^ 


FERNS     OF     NORTH    AMERICA. 


223 


which  includes  the  two  stations  above  iiamed  lies  between  the 
Rio  Pecos  and  the  Rio  Grande,  and  here  a  number  of  Mexi- 
can and  tropical  American  types  find  their  northern  limit. 

In  Venezuela  this  fern  attains  a  height  of  three  feet,  but 
in  Mexico  it  is  commonly  of  lower  stature,  and  the  Texas 
specimens  arc  not  above  a  foot  long,  stalk  included. 

The  root-stock  is  erect  and  somewhat  woody.  It  is  cov- 
ered with  large  ovate  dark-brown  ciliated  scales,  which  in  the 
larger  plants  have  a  still  darker  and  denser  central  spot.  The 
stalks  are  from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  long,  or  even  longer. 
When  young  they  are  very  chaffy  with  narrower  scales  than 
those  of  the  root-stock,  but  this  covering  gradually  wears  off. 
The  stalks  arc  channelled  in  front,  and  contain  two  lateral 
strap-like  fibro-vascular  bundles,  besides  several  smaller  threads 
at  the  back. 

The  fronds  arc  coriaceous  in  texture,  and  everywhere 
bordered  by  a  narrow  cartilaginous  edge,  which  is  extended 
into  acute  and  incurved  teeth  especially  towards  the  ends  of 
the  pinn;c.  The  upper  surface  is  smooth  and  shining,  and 
the  lower  surface  bears  a  few  little  scattered  chaffy  scales. 
The  Te.xas  fronds  have  six  or  seven  pinnae  on  each  side,  be- 
sides a  separate  terminal  pinna  a  little  larger  than  any  of  the 
others. 

Specimens  from  farther  south  sometimes  have  as  many  as 
twelve  pinn.e  on  each  side,  and  sometimes  only  one ;  indeed 
a  frond  is  not  rarely  seen  perfectly  simple.  The  plant  selected 
for  our  illustration  is  from  Chiapas    in    southern   Mexico,  and 


I 

"-I 

'  'Hi 


224 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


i'i 


shows  gradations  from  a  simple  frond  to  those  with  one  pinna 
on  one  side  and  two  on  the  other. 

The  venation  is  so  variable  that  two  genera  were  proposed 
by  F^e,  one  for  the  specimens  with  free  veins,  and  one  for 
those  with  anastomosing  veins.  Even  the  careful  Mettenius, 
who,  more  than  any  other  botanist,  demonstrated  the  futility 
of  founding  genera  upon  differences  of  venation,  admitted  two 
species,  Aspidium  juglandifol'mm  and  A.  nobile,  the  first  with 
anastomosing  veins,  the  second  with  free  veins.  In  the  Texas 
fronds  the  veins  are  nearly  all  free,  very  few  anastomosing 
near  the  margin.  The  Chiapas  plants  have  the  venation  very 
irregular,  partly  anastomosing  and  partly  free.  Other  specimens 
show  a  like  variability,  even  on  the  same  pinna,  and  abun- 
dantly justify  Hooker  in  referring  all  the  forms  to  one  species. 

The  sori  are  dorsal  on  the  veins,  and  form  a  row  each 
side  of  the  midrib,  and  a  little  distance  from  it.  Outside 
of  each  of  these  rows  is  a  second  row  less  complete,  and 
outside  of  this  are  often  found  a  few  scattered  sori.  The 
indusium  is  orbicular  and  peltate,  as  in  the  section  PolysticJmm, 
but  owing  to  the  occasional  and  sometimes  regular  reticula- 
tion of  the  veinlets,  the  species  is  referred  to  the  section 
Cyytomium,  in  \vhich  Aspidium  falcatum,  A.  caditcmn,  and 
two  or  three  other  species  are  also  placed  in  Synopsis  Filictim. 

Plate  LXXV.,  Fig.  5-S. — Aspidium  jngtandi folium,  from  Chiapas, 
Mexico,  collected  by  Ghiosbreght.  Fig.  6  is  an  enlarged  portion  of  a 
pinna,  showing  the  variable  ven-'.tion.  Fig.  7  is  an  indusium,  and  Fig. 
8  is  a  spore. 


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FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


225 


1'i.vii;    LXXVI. 

ASPLHNIUM   FILlX-FdiMINA,  Bf.rnhakdi. 

Lady-Fern. 

AsPLENiUM  FiLix-FCEMiNA  :  —  Root-stock  rather  stout, 
creepini;'  or  assurgent,  covered  with  the  bhickened  imbricating 
bases  of  former  stalks;  stalks  clustered,  a  few  inches  to  a 
foot  long,  chaffy  at  the  base,  greenish  or  brownish-stramineous, 
or  even  light  purple  upwards;  fronds  one  to  three  feet  long, 
forming  a  crown,  softly  membranaceous,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  more  or  less  narrowed  at  the  base,  twice  or  some- 
times thrice  pinnate;  primary  pinna?  numerous,  short-stalked, 
oblong-lanceolate  from  a  bio.id  base,  acuminate  ;  pinnules  ad- 
nate  to  the  narrowly  winged  secondary  rachis,  ovate-oblong 
and  doubly  serrate,  or  elongated  anil  pinnately  incised  with 
cut-toothed  segments;  veins  forked  or  pinnated,  the  lowest 
superior  vcinlet  of  each  group  commonly  soriferous;  sori  near 
the  midrib  or  midvein;  indusium  short,  variously  curved,  often 
crossing  the  fertile  veinlet  and  continued  down  on  the  other 
side,  usually  lacerate-ciliate  on  the  free  aih^c. 

•  Asphiiiitin  I-'iIi\-fin)iiiia,V>v.v,\\\\\<w.\\\  Schradcrs  N.  Journ.  Hot.,  1S06, 
ii.,  p.  26,  4S,  t.  ii.,  t'lq-.  7. —  R.  HudWN,  IVod.  M  Nov.  Moll., 
p.   150. —  HooKKK,  Brit.   M.,    ed.    ii.,  p.  445. —  Link,    Fil.    Hort. 


226 


FliKNS     OF     NORTH     AMURICA. 


ii 


Berol.,  p.  93. —  TdUKKY,  Vl.  New  York,  ii.,  p.  493. —  Kocii,  Syn. 

Fl.  (k-rm,  it  Hclv.,  cd.  iii.,  p.   736. —  Gray,    Manual,  cci.  i.,  p. 

628.  i!il.  ii.,  ]).  595,  ed.  v.,  p.  662. —  MivriKNius,  I'"il.    Hort.   I.ips., 

p.  79  ;  Asplciiiiim,  |).  199. —  IIookku,  Sp.   Im!.,  iii.,  |).   217;   I^rit. 

Ferns,  t.  35- — 1  IcKiKKuit  1{.\ki:k,  Syn.  I'il.,  p.  227. —  Faion,    in 

Chapman's  Flora,  p.  593  ;   I'crns  of  tlu;  .South-West,  p.  330. — 

DAVKNi'tiur,    Catal.,    p.    24. —  Wimiamson,    Ferns   of   Kentucky, 

p.    73,    I.    x.\iii  ;    l'"('rn-l'ltchings,   t.   x.xvii. 
Polypodiiim  Filix-fa^mina,  Linn.kis,  Sp.  I'l.,  p.    1551. 
Atkyrium  Filix-famin.i ,  Roni,  "Tent  \'\.  Germ.,  ii.,  p.  65." — Pk[;si.,  Tent. 

Pteriil.,  p.  9S. —  RupRECMT,  Dist.  Crypt.  Vase,  in  Imp.  Ro.ss.,  p. 

40. —  Nkwman,  Hist.  Hrit.  I'erns,  etl.  iii.,  p.  20S. —  Mo(juic,  Nat. 

Pr.    Urit.     Ferns,   t.    x.\.\ — .\.\.\iv. —  Mii.di:,    l"il.     Fur.    et   Atl., 

p.  49-  '  .'        '      • 

Aspidiiim  I'ilix-fcemina,    Swaktz,    in  Schrailcrs  Journ.,    1800,  ii.,  p.  41  ; 

Syn.   I'il.,  p.  59.  —  ScHKUiiK,   Krypt.  Gcw.,  p.  56,    t.  58,  59. — 

\Vii,i,dkj\o\v,  Sp.    Fl.,   v.,   p.   276. 
Ncphrodiiim   Fi/ix-fa-iniun,   Mk  iiaix,   V\.   Hor.-Am.,   ii.,   p.    26S. 
Ncphrodiitni  asp/cnioides.  Mien   j.\,  M.    Bor-Am.,  ii.,  p.  268. 
Aspidium  asplcnioidcs,  Swaki/,,    Syn.    ImI.,  p.  60. —  Wii.ij.ienow,   Sp.    PI. 

p.  276. —  PuKsii,   I'l.  Am.  .Sept.,  ii.,  p.  664. 

Athyrium  asp/cnioides,    Di;.svaux,  "  Prodr.,    p.    266." — Moore,  Index,    p. 
179. 

Aspidium  (tu>;i/s//ii)i.  Wii.i.OENow,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  277. 

Aspkiiium  Mic/iauxii,  .Si'rkxgkl,  "  Syst.,  p.  88." — Kunze,  in  Sill.  Journ., 

July,   1848,  p.  86. 
Aspleniiim  .If/iyrium,    Si'rengei.,    .Anlcitunq^,    p.    113,  l'2ngl.    Version,  p. 

124.      (The  synonymy  niiirht  he   extended  to  very  great  length, 

as    may  he   seen  hy   any  one   consulting  the  works  of  Hooker, 

Moore  and  Mettenius.  above  referred  to.) 


iHii 


I'l'KNS  Ol'-   NOIMII    AMICKICA. 


327 


The  so-callcicl  varieties  of  this  fi;ni  art;  almost  iiiiuiiminiljlc,  Init  all 
pass  into  one  aiiotlicr  l)y  various  jrrailations.  'I'hc  chid"  forms  occurring 
in  Nortli  America  an;  tlie  following. 

Var.  exile: — I'Vonds  threi-  to  si\  inches  hi.i^h,  lanceolate,  pinnate; 
pinna:  oblony-lanceolate,  ileeply  cut  into  ohlonjf  lacinia-  which  are  two- 
to  three-toothed    at   th(\    (muI. — I'erns  of  the  South-West,  p.   3,^0. 

Var.  ans^us/iim : — I'Voiuls  oik;  to  three  feet  iii,Ljh,  rather  rigid, 
narrow  in  outline,  ni^arly  i)ipinnate  ;  pinn;e  ohliciuely  ascemling  or  curved 
upwards,  narrowly  lancc;olate ;  segments  oblong,  crowiled,  crenateil  or 
serrate ;  .sori  usually  abundant,  straight  or  curved. —  l'"erns  of  the  Soulh- 
Wcst,  p.  330. — Aspidimn  angiistum,  Wii.i.dic.now — Aspleniitm  Fi/ix-fiewina, 
var.  Mie/ianxii,  Mkitkniu.s,  As|)Ienium,  p.  kjq. —  IvvroN,  in  King's 
Report,  Hotany,  p.  396. —  Alhyriiiin  nsp/cnioit/es,  \Ar.  ansrustiiin,  Mooki;, 
Index,  p.   \-q. 

\'-xx.  hitifolium.  I  looKi'.ii ;  —  I'Vonds  two  to  three  fctet  high,  oblong- 
lanceolate  in  oiuline,  nearly  bipiiuiate  ;  pinn.e  three;  to  four  inches  long, 
oblong  lini;ar,  having  a  narrowly  winged  secondary  rachis  ;  piniuiles 
broadly  ovale  and  Ibliaceous,  obltisi!,  siini)ly  '"'  doubly  serrate  ;  sori  nearer 
the  midvein  than  the  margin  ;  indusia  often  curved,  the  basal  ones  fre- 
quently horseshoe-shaped. —  .Sp.  l-'il.,  iii.,  p.  218. —  E.vrox,  Ferns  of  the 
South-Wcst,  p.  330. —  yU/iyiiiiiii  J-'i/ix-Jwniitia,  \ar.  latijoliiim,  Moore, 
Nat.   IV.    lirit   I'erns,  I.   x.s.xi,    H.  > 

\'ar.  eomniiine: — I'Vond  ample,  delicate;,  luo  to  four  feet  high, 
broadly  oblong-ovate,  twice  pinnate,  pinna;  elongated,  four  t(;  eight  inches 
long;  pinnules  oblong-lanceolate,  pointetl,  more;  or  les'  ^innately  incised 
and  serrate,  distinct  or  confluent  op  the  .secondary  rachis  by  a  very  narrow 
and  inconspicuous  wing;  sori  short;  indusium  straight  or  curveil  or  horse- 
shoe-shaped.— i-'trnsof  the  .South-West,  ]>.  331. — .llhyrinm  Filix-fiemina, 
\:w .  ovatuiii ,  Modui:,  I.  c,  t.  .wxii. —  The  tully  developed  normal  form  of 
the  species,  passing  into  all  llie  others  by  insensible  differences. 


■;(  ;i 


m 


228 


I'RRNS    OF    NORTH    AMllKICA. 


V'ar.  cytlosorum,  Rirur.ciii; — Im-oikIs  very  larj^'c,  often  five;  fw!t 
high,  iirul  cij^fluccn  to  twciuy  iiiclics  Imiad  ;  llic  secondary  pinna-  or 
pinnules  often  nearly  an  inch  and  a  lialf  Vnv^,  ol)lon;^-Ianccolatc',  pin- 
natcly  incised,  or  nearly  aj^^ain  pinnate  ;  sori  short,  roun(hsi\ ;  indnsium 
very  short. —  Dist.  Crypt.  Vase,  p.  41  ;  also  var.  Silclicnsc  of  tiu;  same 
author. —  I-Iaton,  l-'erns  of  the  .Soulii-West,  p.  3,^1. — Athyriitin  Filix- 
fivmiita,  var,  cyclosornm,  Mooui:,  Iiule.x,  p.    1S3. 

Other  forms,  as  var.  ladnialiDii  (MooKi:;  D.\vi;.M'our,  Catal.  p.  24) 
willi  small  fronds  ;uul  laciniatcd  seirmeiits,  and  var.  crisUilum  (\\\n.\..\s- 
ToN)  with  nuiitifiil  apic('s  of  frond  and  |)inna;,  are  sometimes  found, 
but,  thoujrh  they  may  he  permanent  in  cultivation,  they  are  i<j  he  con- 
sidered  aberrant  monstrosities   rather   than    varieties. 

Hah. —  Moist  shady  wooils  and  hillsides,  scjmetimes  in  sunny  places 
as  alonir  roadsides  and  under  walls,  common  in  most  parts  of  the 
United  States  and  Ihitish  America,  ami  e.xtendinjj;  nearly  throughout 
the  North  Temperate  Zone.  \'ar.  hxtifolium  ami  \  u .  ;  losorum  are  more 
common  on  the  Pacific  coast,  hut  are  n  it  nnknown  in  the  l*!astern 
Stales  and  in  luirope. 

Description: — The  root-stock  is  creeping-  or  oblique, 
rarely  erect,  and  is  covered  with  the  adherent  and  blackened 
bases  of  old  stalks,  the  whole  mass  being  nearly  an  inch  thick 
in  large  plants,  and  several  inches  long. 

The  fronds  stand  in  a  crown,  and  the  stalks  of  the  stand- 
ing fronds  are  clustered  at  the  apex  of  the  root-stock.  At 
first  the  stalks  and  the  young  fronds  are  covered  with  black- 
ish fuscous  or  soinetinies  lighter  colored  ovate-acuminate  scales, 
but  most  of  these  soon  we.ir  off,  a  few  only  remaining  at 
the   base   of    the    stalk.     The    stalks    contain    two    strap-like 


FRKNS   (M--    NORTH    AMERICA. 


329 


fibro-vascular  l)iindlcs,  which  unite  into  one  U-shapcd  bundle 
below  the  base  of  the  frond.  In  living  plants  the  stalks  are 
oftencst  green,  but  very  frequently  the  color  is  a  beautiful 
brownish  pink,  or  .ilniost  red.  This  color  is  not  peculiar  'o 
any  one  variety,  and  is  found  oftenest  in  plants  growing  in 
the   shade. 

'I"he  fronds  vary  in  length  from  four  or  five  inches  to 
nearly  as  many  feet,  from  narrovvly  lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate 
•  in  outline,  and  from  pinnate  with  pinnatifid  pinnr-e  to  nearly 
quadripinnate  in  composition.  The  texture  is  rather  thinly 
herbaceous,  and  they  do  not  endure  the  frosts  of  autumn. 
Very  generally  the  lower  pairs  of  pinnae  are  shorter  than  the 
rriiddle  ones,  sometimes  very  much  shorter,  so  that  the  frond 
tapers  from  the  middle  to  a  very  narrow  base.  The  frond 
itself  and  the  primary  pinn.e  are  acuminate,  and  in  the  most 
highly  developed  form  the  pinnules  are  pointed.  The  pinnules 
arc  always  serrated,  if  not  incised,  the  teeth  usually  acute, 
and  often  slightiy  incurved. 

The  veins  are  pinnately  arranged;  tiie  veinlets  simple  or 
forked.  The  indusir'  are  normally  confined  to  the  upper  side 
of  the  fertile  veinlets ;  they  often  cross  the  veinlet  and  continue 
some  little  distance  down  the  lower  side,  thus  becoming  horse- 
shoe-shaped or  hippocrepiform.  Frequently  they  are  but 
slightly  recurved,  and  commonly  all  the  forms  of  the  indusium 
may  be  found  on  one  frond  The  indusium  is  very  tender, 
and  usually  laciniately  fringed.  The  spores  are  bean-shaped, 
yellowish  and  smooth. 


230 


FEKNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


f'   ' 


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Various  attempts  h.-ivo  been  made  to  separate  specifically 
the  North  American  forms  from  the  European,  but  the  opin- 
ion of  Hooker,  Mettenius  and  Milde  that  all  belong  to  one 
species  is  undoubtedly  correct. 

The  Lady-fern  takes  kindly  to  cultivation,  and  is  often 
seen  in  the  dooryards  of   our  half-rural  towns. 

Plate  LXXX'l.  Asplenium  Fi/ix-fwinina,  a  plant  from  New  Haven, 
iiaving  the  stalks  and  rachiscs  bright  brownish  pink.  Fig.  2  is  an  en- 
larged portion  of  a  pinnule.  Fig.  3,  an  indusiuin  less  recurved  than 
we  sometimes  see  them.  I'^ig.  4,  a  spore.  Fig.  5  is  a  pinnule  of  var. 
commune;  I'ig.  6,  a  pinna  of  var.  latifolium ;  Fig.  7.  two  pinnie  of 
var.  angusliim  ;  Fig.  8,  two  pinnules  of  var.  cyclosonim ;  Fig  9,  a  frond 
of  var.  exile.  ' 


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FHRNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


231 


^li 


Plate  LXXVII. 

ADIANTUM  TENERUM,  Svvartz. 

Brittle  Maidenhair. 

Adiantum  TENERUM : — Root-stock  rather  stout,  creeping, 
knotted ;  stalks  often  a  foot  long,  erect,  wiry,  terete,  smooth, 
nearly  black  and  very  lustrous,  as  are  all  the  divisions  of  the 
rachis ;  fronds  as  long  as  the  stalks,  broadly  deltoid-ovate  in 
outline,  thrice  or  four  times  pinnate  at  the  base;  pinnae  of 
every  degree  stalked,  the  lower  primary  ones  having  very 
long  stalks;  ultimate  pinnules  usually  eight  to  ten  lines  long, 
smooth,  membranaceous  but  elastic,  rhomboid,  the  base  cuneate 
or  obtuse-angled  and  articulated  to  the  disk-like  apex  of  the 
ultimate  petiole,  the  upper  and  outer  margins  more  or  less 
lobed,  and  in  the  sterile  fronds  denticulate,  the  veinlets  ex- 
tending to  the  points  of  the  teeth;  fertile  fronds  having  the 
ends  of  the  lobes  recurved  and  forming  numerous  short- 
oblong  or  somewhat  lunate  or  often  slightly  two-lobed  involu- 
cres. 

Adiandtm  kiicnim,  Swaktz,  "  Fl.  Ind.  Occ,  iii.,  p.  1719;"  Syn.  Fil.,  p. 
125. —  \Vii.i,Di-\o\v,  Sp.  I'l.,  v.,  p.  450. —  Presi.,  Tciit.  I'terid., 
p.  159.— Link,  Fil.  Hort.  Bcrol.,  p.  71. —  Hikikkr,  Sp.  Ml.,  ii., 
p.  45— Metikmus,    Fil.,    Hort.    Lips.,   p.  48.— Gkisebach,  Fl. 


i , 


H* 


1  jr 


232  FERNS     OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 

Brit.  W.  I.  Islands,  p.  666. —  Hooker  &  Bakku,  Syn.  I'll.,  p. 
46. —  FouKNiEU,  PI.  Mex.,  Crypt.,  j).  127. — Kkyskrung,  Gen. 
Adiantum,  in  Mem.  Acad,  du  St.  'Petersb.  sen  vii.,  .\.xii.,  No. 
2.  p.  13.  35. —  Katon,  in  Bulletin  of  Torr.  Botan.  Club.,  vi., 
p.  306. 

Hab. —  Banks  of  Halifax  River,  Florida,  Mr.  S.  N.  CiiA.MiiiiULiN, 
Miss  M.  C.  Rkvnoi.ds,  Ma)-,  1S77.  Sides  of  'sinks'  in  limestone  near 
Ocala,  Florida,  Mr.  \V.  H.  .Siiocki.kv  and  Mr.  Ciirisiian  Bicii  (March, 
1878),  and  gathered  abundantly  near  the  same  place,  by  Capt.  J.  Uon- 
NKLi,  S.Mrni,  in  April,  1S79.  A  common  fern  in  the  West  Indies,  Ber- 
muda, Mexico,  V^enezuela  and  some  parts  of  Soutii  America.  Plants 
from  I'lorida  referred  to  this  species  by  Dr.  Cha[)man  are  ^/.  Capilhis- 
Vcncris,  and  the  name  was  j)iven  by  Dr.  'lorrey  in  l£mory's  notes  of  a 
Military  Reconnoisance,  p.  155,  to  specimens  of  A.  Capi/liis- ycneris 
and  ^i.  cinai\i^itia(njii. 

Descrh'TIOn  : — The  root-stock  is  creeping,  and  about  as 
thick  as  a  goose-quill,  but  owing  to  the  many  short  nodose 
lateral  branches  which  it  often  bears,  it  appears  much  thicker. 
It  is  covered  with  fuscous-brown  ovate-acuminate  ciliated  chaff 
intermixed  with  narrow  chaffy  hairs. 

The  stalks  are  often  a  foot  long,  and  sometimes  exceed 
this  measure  by  several  inches.  They  are  erect,  terete,  rigid, 
smooth,  almost  if  not  cjuite  black  in  color,  and  have  as  fine 
a  polish  as  is  ever  seen  in  ferns.  The  largest  ones  are  a  line 
and  a  half  tidck  near  the  base.  The  fibro-vascular  bundles 
are  two  at  the  base  of  the  stalk,  but  they  presently  unite 
into    one    showing  in    its    section    the   form  of    a   V.     All    the 


ri 


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K 


i\   y;ii. 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMFRICA. 


233 


branches  of  the  rachis  have  the  same  ebony-like  color  and 
polish. 

The  largest  fronds  are  over  a  foot  long,  and  nearly  as 
broad  at  the  base  as  they  are  long;  so  that  the  outline  is 
broadly  triangular.  The  lower  primary  pinucX'  have  a  stalk 
from  two  to  four  or  five  inches  long,  and  the  stalks  of  the 
rest  of  the  pinnae  and  pinnules  are  successively  shorter,  those 
of  the  ultimate  pinnules  being  from  one  to  three  lines  long. 
The  second  primary  pinna  is  very  often  rather  larger  than  the 
first,  but  the  rest  of  the  pinn.-e  rapidly  diminish  and  become 
simpler,  so  that  the  ninth  or  tenth  pinna  is  reduced  to  a 
single  pinnule.  All  the  pinn;c  and  pinnules  are  strictly  alter- 
nate, and  the  arrangement  of  the  frond  is  anadromous  through- 
out, the  first  pinnule  being  always  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
rachis  of  the  pinna  to  which  it  belongs. 

The  ultimate  pinnules  are  in  general  rhomboid,  though 
many  of  them,  especially  the  terminal  ones,  have  the  outer 
and  upper  margins  rounded  into  one  continuous  curve.  They 
vary  in  length  from  three  or  four  lines  to  nearly  ;. .  inch. 
The  base  is  an  angle  of  from  about  sixty  to  one  hundred  and 
thirty  degrees,  Ijut  oftenest  about  a  right  angle.  The  outer 
and  upper  margins  are  lobed,  usually  slightly,  but  sometimes 
to  a  depth  of  two  or  three  lines.  In  the  sterile  fronds  the 
lobes  are  denticulate,  the  veinlets  extending  to  the  points  of 
the  teeth.  In  the  fertile  fronds  the  ends  of  the  lobes  are 
recurved  to  form  the  fruiting  involucres,  which  are  from  four 
to  twelve  to  a  pinnule,  short,  transversely  oblong,  or  some- 
what crescent-shaped,  and  often  slightly  two-lobtd. 


I  I'll 
iff 


i 


234 


FERNS     OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


The  great  peculiarity,  which  distinguishes  this  Maidenhair 
and  its  ally,  A.fyagile,  from  the  rest  of  the  pyramidal-fronded 
Adianta,  is  the  very  conspicuous  disk-like  enlargement  of  the 
apices  of  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the  rachis,  the  pinnules 
being  articulated  to  .these  disks,  and  very  readily  failing  from 
them  when  the  frond  is  old  or  not  carefully  dried. 

Miss  Reynolds  was  the  first  to  gather  this  fern  in  Florida, 
though  mistaking  it  ior  A .  Capilhis-l'encris;  send  she  expressly 
noticed  that  "  last  year's  fronds  were  all  gone,  or  i  athcr  the 
pinntt  had  dropped,  leaving  the  shining  black  wiry  stems 
standing  upright,  and  spreading  out  their  slim  fingers,  while 
the  baby  fronds  were  coming  up  all  around  them.  Some  were 
old  enough  to  be  well  fruited,  while  others  were  very  tender 
and  of  a  lovely  pink  color."  The  locality  was  pointed  out 
to  her  by  Mr.  Chamberlin,  who  had  known  of  it  for  a  long 
time,  "in  rich  hummock-land,  where  wild  oranges  and  other 
trees  made  a  constant  shade."' 

Adiantum  Faylcycnsc,  Moore,  is  a  variety  of  this  species, 
originating,  it  is  said,  in  the  island  of  Bermuda.  The  pin- 
nules are  very  large,  fan-shaped  and  deeply  lobed  on  the 
rounded  outer  margin. 

Plate  LXXVII. —  Adiantum  (enerwn,  from  Florida.  Fig.  2,  is  an 
enlarged  pinnule,  showing  the  articulation.  iMg.  5,  a  fruiting  lobe,  the 
indusium  opc.ied.     F^ig.  4,  a  trivittate  spore. 

•  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  vi.  (.Sept.,  1877),  p.  176. 


C  I-  Idxon  ii".l 


FTr:r;I8    LONGIFCLIA. 


AnnstmniJ  %  Co  Li 

PTS  RIS    ;]KF:1UJLATA.  :,.i 


II LATA.  :.,i 


I  11J 


. 


FHKNS    Ol-     NOUllI    AMliKICA. 


235 


PlJlTK   LXXVllI.— FlO.  1-4. 

PTERIS   LONGIFOLIA,  Linn/KUS. 

Lonjf-leaved  Brake. 

Pteris  LONGIFOLIA :  —  Root-stock  rather  short,  somewhat 
woody,  knotted,  chaffy  with  soft  narrow  scales;  stalks  clus- 
tered, straniineous,  nearly  smooth,  a  few  inches  to  over  a 
foot  long  ;  fronds  as  long  as  the  stalks  or  longer,  lanceolate 
in  outline,  narrowed  at  base,  pinnate ;  pinn;e  numerous,  char- 
taceous,  smooth,  linear,  sub-sessile  by  a  truncate  or  subcor- 
date  base,  ol)tuse  or  acuminate,  minutely  denticulate,  the 
terminal  one  often  the  longest  and  usually  distinct  from  the 
nearest  ones;  "eins  very  numerous,  once  or  twice  forked, 
free;  fertile  froii  Is  with  narrower  pinn.e,  the  whitish  involucre 
erose-denticulate  and  continuous  along  the  sides  of  the  pin- 
n.'c;    sporangia  accompanieil   by  slender  jointed  paraphyses. 

Pteris  lonpfolia  Linnveus,  Sp.  PL,  p.  133  i. —  Swariz,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  95. — 
ScuKUMK,  Krypt.  Gew.,  p.  S4,  t.  <SS. —  Wu.i.uknow,  Sp.  PI.,  v., 
p.  369. —  AdARDii,  Rccciisio  (icn.  Ptcrid.,  p.  i. —  ildnKKK,  Sp. 
Fil.,  ii.,  p.  157. —  Mkitknus,  1m1.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  56. —  E.vroN, 
in  Chapman's  Flora,  p.  589 ;  1m1.  Wright,  ct  Fendl.,  p.  203. — 
HiCNiiiAM,  I'^l.  Hongkong.,  p.  447. —  Gkiskmacii,  F1.  Hrit.  W.  I. 
Islands,  p.  668. —  Hookkr  &  Hakf.r,  Syn.   Fil.,  p.  153. —  Mii.dk, 


236 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


!'i 


Fil.  Eur.  et  Atlaiit.,  p.  43. —  Kuiin,  Fil.  Afr.,  p.  83. —  Four- 
NiER,  PI.  Mex.,  Crypt.,  p.  144. —  BiiDDOME,  Ferns  of  So.  India, 
p.  II,  t.  x.\.\iii. —  CiARBUU,  in  Hot.  Gazette,  iii.,  p.  83. —  Daven- 
port,-Catal.,  p.   17. 

Pteris  costata,  Wii.ldenow,  .Sp.  pi.,  v.,  p.  36,  •  Hooker  &  Aunott,  Bot. 
Beechey  Voy.,  p.  256.  t.  51. 

Pteris  cnsi/olia,  Swartz,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  95. —  Wii.i.denow,  Sp.  PL,  v., 
367. —  Wii.i.KOMM  &   Lanue,  Prodr.   Fl.   Hispan.,  i.,  p.  4. 

Pteris  tenuifolia,  Brackenuiuge,  Fil.  of  U.  S.  lixpl.  Exped.,  p.    112. 

Lonchitis  non  ramosa  longissimis  angusds  if  ad  basim  aiiriculatis  foliis, 
Plumier,  Fil.  Amen,  p.  52,  t.  69.  (Other  references  and 
synonymy  may  be  found  in  the  works  of  Agardh,  Hooker  and 
Milde  here  quoted.) 

Had. —  Key  West,  C  I.  Lyons,  1857  ;  crevices  of  rocky  ledges  in 
the  open  pine-barrens  at  Miami,  Florida,  Dr.  Gaui)i:u.  West  Indies, 
Mexico  and  Venezuela,  and  in  tropical  and  sub-tropical  regions  all  round 
the  world,  including  southern  Australia,  Syria  and  the  Mediterranean 
countries  of  luirope. 

Description: — -The  root  stock  is  creeping,  but  rather 
short,  stout  and  woody.  It  is  covered  with  fine  and  delicate 
amber-brown  chaffy  scales,  which  are  also  found  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  stalks,  and  sometimes,  though  not  in  our  Florida 
specimens,  follow  the  stalk  and  rachis  to  the  apex  of  the 
frond,  as  in  some  examples  from  Santo  D(,mingo,  Chiapas 
and  the  Pacific  Islands.  The  stalks  of  fully  developed  plants 
are  often  a  foot  long,  ami  sometimes  longer.  Their  color  is 
stramineous  or  brownish  stramineous  in  dried  specimens. 
They  are  erect  and  very   strong,    having   a  very   thick   outer 


o» 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


237 


sclerenchymatous  sheath.  There  is  a  furrow  or  channel  clown 
the  anterior  side,  and  the  back  is  rounded.  The  section  of 
the  fibro-vascular  bundle  is  horseshoe-shaped,  as  it  is  said  to 
be  in  all  the  related  species  of  the  genus,  being  very  different 
from  that  of   the  common  Bracken  of  the  northern  states. 

The  frond  is  lanceolate  in  outline,  being  often  longer  than 
the  stalk.  Dr.  Garber's  specimens  from  Florida  have  from 
seven  to  thirteen  inches  of  stalk,  and  from  seventeen  to 
twenty-three  inches  of  frond.  A  fine  specimen  from  Cuba, 
collected  by  Mr.  Wright,  has  twenty-eight  inches  of  stalk 
and  forty  of  frond. 

The  largest  of  the  Florida  fronds  has  forty-two  pinnae 
on  each  side.  Other  plants  have  sometimes  a  still  greater 
number,  and  sometimes  very  few,  even  so  few  as  five  or  six 
on  each  side. 

The  longest  pinnae  are  usually  near  the  middle  of  the 
frond,  being  about  three  inches  long  in  the  specimens  from 
Florida,  and  five  or  six  inches  long  in  some  from  elsewhere. 
The  terminal  pinna  is  very  variable;  sometimes  it  is  much 
the  longest  of  all,  and  sometimes  it  is  shorter  than  the  aver- 
age. From  the  middle  of  the  frond  to  the  base  the  pinnas 
grow  shorter  and  shorter,  so  that  the  lowest  ones  are  often 
only  a  few  lines  long.  The  pinnas  arc  nearly  sessile,  the 
base  commonly  truncate,  but  sometimes  sub-cordate,  or  even 
doubly  auricled.  The  apex  is  oftenest  acuminate  but  not 
rarely  obtuse.  Sterile  fronds  have  pinnar-  three  to  six  lines 
wide,  and  minutely  denticulate  on   the  semi-transparent   carti- 


,1'* 


238 


FERNS    OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


\\\    i« 


laginous  margin.  The  veins  are  very  numerous  and  once  or 
twice  forked.  Fertile  fronds  iiave  narrower  pinnre  and  a  con- 
tinuous whitish  erosely  denticulate  involucre  occupying  both 
margins.  The  sporangia  are  accompanied  by  numerous  artic- 
ulated hairs  or  paraphyses,  which  Milde  says  are  in  place  of 
a  true  indusium.  The  spores  are  somewhat  three-cornered, 
faintly  trivittate,  and  have  raised  reticulating  ridges  over  the 
whole  surface. 

Agardh  describes  six  varieties  of  this  fern,  the  differences 
being  mostly  in  the  base  of  the  pinn.'e,  whether  subcordate 
or  auriculate,  in  the  smooth  or  paleaceous  stalk  and  rachis, 
and  in  the  more  or  less  serrate  sterile  pinnae ;  forms  which 
have  been  described  by  various  authors  as  species,  but  which 
afford  no  constant  distinctions:  —  indeed,  as  Agardh  remarks, 
the  several  forms  do  not  come  from  different  places,  but  the 
most  different  grow  together  in  any  native  land  of  the  species. 

Pfci'is  loiigifoUa  has  been  cultivated  at  Kew  since  1770, 
and  is  now  one  of  the  commonest  species  seen  in  the  conser- 
vatories of  tropical  ferns.  ' 

Plate  LXXVIII. —  Fig.  1-4.  Plcris  loiigifolia,  from  Moriila.  I'ig. 
2  is  an  enlarged  portion  of  a  fertile  pinna.  Fig.  3  is  a  smaller  jjart 
of  the  same  still  more  magnilieil,  so  as  to  show  the  sporangia  and 
the  paraphyses  seated  on  the   marginal    receptacle.     Fig.   4   is  a   spore. 


N'     'i^ 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


239 


Plate  LXXVIII.t-Fig.  5-7. 

PTERI3   SERRULATA,   Linn/Eus,  Fil. 

Serrulate  or  Chinese  Brake. 

Pteris  SERRULATA :— Root-stock  creeping,  rather  stout; 
stalks  densely  clustered,  slender,  smooth,  stramineous,  a  few 
ipMies  to  a  foot  long;  fronds  membranaceous,  smooth,  ovatt  in 
outline,  six  to  fifteen  inches  long,  bipinnatifid;  rachis  winged 
often  to  the  base  of  the  frond ;  pinnas  lanceolate  or  linear, 
the  terminal  one  very  much  elongated,  the  next  lower  pairs 
simple,  the  lowest  ones  once  or  even  twice  pinnatisect  with 
a  few  distant  segments,  the  terminal  ones  always  lonp  _,t; 
margins  of  the  sterile  fronds  sharply  serrate  but  not  cartila- 
ginous; involucres  whitish,  very  long  and  continuous,  the 
edge  entire ;  sporangia  without  paraphyses. 

Pteris  serrulala.  Linx.eus,  Fil.,  "  Siippl.,  p.  425,  excl.  syn." — Swartz, 
Syii.  1-il.,  p.  97. — ScuKuiiK,  Krypt.  Gcw.,  p.  85,  t.  91. —  Will- 
UKNow,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  373. —  Agardii,  Recensio  Gen.  Ptcrid., 
p.  13. —  HooKKR,  Sp.  Fil.,  ii.,  p.  167. —  MicTi-KN-ius,  Fil.  Hort. 
Lips.,  p.  56. —  IJextiiam,  F1.  Hongkong.,  p.  448. —  IMiquel, 
Prolusio  l'"l.  JaiKiii.,  p.  172. —  Hooker  &  Bakkr,  Syn.  Fil.,  p. 
155- — Davkntdrt,  Catal.,  p.  18. —  ICatox,  in  Hulletin  of  Torn 
Botan.  Club.   \i.,    p.    507. 


If 


. 


240 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


Had. —  Shaded  banks  of  rivulets  in  forests  near  Mobile,  Alabama, 
C.  MoiiK.  Walls  in  the  City  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Professor 
Lewis  R.  Gibbes.     China,  Japan  and  Natal  Colony. 

Description:  —  In  many  respects  this  fern  is  so  like 
Pteris  Crctica  that  a  full  description  is  not  needed.  It  has  the 
same  habit  of  growth,  and  fronds  of  about  the  same  stature. 
The  pinnae  and  pinnules  of  the  sterile  fronds  are  shorter  and 
broader  than  in  the  fertile.  The  terminal  pinna  is  commonly 
longer  than  all  the  frond  beside.  The  terminal  segments  of 
the  lower  pinn.'E  are  also  much  elongated.  The  pinnae  are 
so  far  dccurrent  on  the  rachis  that  the  latter  is  winged  from 
the  top  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base.  The  sterile  pinnae  are 
sharply  and  irregularly  serrate ;  the  fertile  ones  serrate  only 
towards  their  apices.  The  pinnae  have  not  the  narrow  n.-- 
tilaginous  edge  seen  in  Pteris  Cretica. 

Mr.  Mohr  thinks  the  plant  native  in  the  station  he  dis- 
covered, but  as  it  is  otherwise  known  only  in  the  far  East, 
it  is  possible  at  least,  that  it  may  be  introduced.  It  is  well 
established  in    Charleston. 

Plate  LXXVIII. —  I'ig.  5-7.  The  drawing  is  taken  from  a  plant 
kindly  furnished  by  Professor  Gibbes.  The  details  are  a  part  of  a 
pinna  and  a  spore. 


Plate  LXXIX. 


1 1  E  Faxon,  del. 


-;hl:ilanthe 


/CHHJLANTKn  ;3    MYRIOPHYLLA,  D 

CHE^LANTHE?    '"^  FAO  ILulMA.  K 


V. 

FEMDLERI.  H.  ;  k 


)  .1 


'»  L.,0,  Bv:<  n 


-.1  !    . 


,j;^ijgi:it-i^ia&:iaAi:...^;,;^ 


i  it' 


™ 


Plate  LXXrx. 


?o 


21. 


IL  3 


i 


if 


Pi  ' 


Hi 


u. 


mr^f^mm^^irmr^ 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


241 


Pi,ATK  I, XXIX.- Fig.   1-7. 

CHEILANTIIIiS    FENDLHRI,    Hooker. 

Fendler's  Lip-fern. 

CheilanthI'S  Fendlicri:  —  Root-stock  creeping,  very  slen- 
der and  cord-like,  covered  with  delicate  bright-brown  ovate- 
lanceolate  scales  nearly  destitute  of  niidnerve ;  stalks  dark- 
brown,  mostly  scattered,  two  to  five  inches  long,  chaffy  at  the 
base  like  the  root-stock,  but  upwanls  with  very  narrow  pale- 
brown  scales  ;  fronds  ovate-lanceolate,  three  to  six  inches  long, 
tripinnate  ;  scales  of  the  primary  rachis  like  those  of  the  stalk, 
those  of  the  secondary  and  tertiary  rachises  larger,  broadly 
ovate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  bright-brown  but  white-margined, 
imbricated  and  overlapping  the  very  minute  bead-like  rounded 
and  entire  or  obovate  and  2-3  lobed,  more  or  less  crowded 
ultimate  segments;  these  are  naked  above,  and  beneath  com- 
monly bear  at  their  centre  a  single  broad  scale;  herbaceous 
involucre  formed  of  the  much  recurved  outer  margin. 

Cheilantlics  Fetidleri,  Hookeu,  Sp.  Fi!.,  ii.,  p.  103,  t.  cvii.,  B. —  Eaton, 
in  Hot.  Mex.  Boundary,  p.  234. —  1-Io(5KF.u&  Baker,  Syn.  Fil., 
p.  139. —  I\)KTi:r&  Coulter,  Syn.  V\.  Colorado,  p.  153. — Eaton, 
Ferns  of  the  South-West,  p.  315   (excluding  California  plants). 

Myriopteris  Fend/cri,  Fournier,  PI.  Mex.,  Crypt.,  p.   T25. 


\  .Am 


I  ■■'.■] 


n 


til 


2^2 


FERNS     OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


i«  il. 


I  Iab. —  Crevices  of  rocks,  from  Colorado  to  western  re\as,  New 
Mexico  ami  Ari/oiui.  I'ournier  says  it  occurs  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico 
and  in  Columl)ia.  The  Calilornian  plants  formerly  referred  to  this  species 
I  now  consider  all  forms  of  C.  /uy>'io/>/i)'//a. 

Description:  —  The  foot-stock  is  slcmlcr,  creeping  ami 
elongated.  Its  scales  are  somewhat  spreading,  thin,  ferruginous- 
brown,  and  destitute  of  midnerve.  The  stalks  are  scattered, 
dark-brown,  wiry,  and,  though  at  first  somewhat  chaffy,  are 
at  last  nearly  smooth.  The  idtimatc  pinnules  or  segments 
are  beaded,  round,  nearly  sessile,  entire,  or  often  three-lobed, 
especially  the  terminal  ones  or  those  of  the  very  rare  sterile 
fronds.  The  segments  are  aiiout  half  a  line  broad.  The 
scales  which  copiously  cover  the  lower  surface  are  broadly 
ovate,  pointed,  composed  of  sinuous  cellules,  and  are  entire  or 
very  sparingly  ciliate  at  the  base. 

This  fern  is  closely  allied  to  C.  myyiopliylla,  and  im- 
perfect specimens,  destitute  of  root-stock  and  badly  preserved, 
are  not  easily  distinguished  from  equally  poor  examples  of  that 
species.  The  principal  differences  between  the  several  species 
of  this  group  will   be   indicated    imder  C.  myriophylla. 

Plate  LXXIX.  I'ig.  1-7. —  CheiUintlus  Fcndlcri,  from  Arizona 
specimens  collected  by  Dr.  I'ahner.  I'ig.  2  is  a  part  of  a  pinna  en- 
larged, seen  from  above.  I'ig.  3,  a  pinnule  seen  from  beneath.  Fig.  4, 
the  same  denuded.  Fig.  3,  an  ultimate  segment  partly  laid  open.  Fig. 
6,  a  scale  from  a  Colorado  specimen.      Fig.  7,  a  spore. 


ii  ^m 


FERNS    OF    NOKIH    AMEKICA. 


843 


Plate    LXXIX.— Fig.  8-15. 

CHEILANTIIES    MYRIOPIIYLLA,   Desvaux. 

Elegant   Lip- Fern. 

Chuilanthes   myriofhylla  :  — Root-Stock   short,  usually 
ascending,  often  nodose,  covered  with  closely  imbricating  nar- 
row dark-brown  rigid  scales ;  stalks  clustered,  two  to  si.x  inches 
high,    wiry,  castaneous,    covered    with    partly    deciduous  pale- 
cinereous    narrow     appresscd     scales    and     paleaceous     hairs; 
fronds    three    to    eight    inches    long,    ovate-oblong    or    oblong- 
lanceolate,    smooth    and   green    or    deciduously    pik)se    above, 
three  to    four    times    pinnate;    rachises    and    midribs    densely 
covered  beneath  with  pale-brown  or  ferruginous  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate   ciliated  scales;    pinn.e   deltoid-ovate,    narrower    up- 
wards; ultimate  segments  minute  (half  a  line  broad),  roundish 
or  roundish-pyriform,  crowded,    innumerable,   sometimes  (espe- 
cially in  the  sterile  fronds)  three-lobed  or  parted,  covered  beneath 
with   ovate    scales    having  few   or    many   long   tortuous    cilia 
passing   into    branched    and    entangled    hairs,    the    unchanged 
margin  of  the  segments  much  incurved. 

Cheilanthes  mynophylla,   Desvaux,    in    Hcrlin   Maj?.,  v.,   p.   32S;   Joiirn. 
Hot.   Appl.,   ii.,  p.  44,    t.    13,  fig.    I.— F-lnoKKR,  Sp.    Fil.,    ii.,   p. 


n\ 


%\\ 


'I- 

•  ii' 


244 


I'I'KNS   OF    NOKTH    AMICKICA. 


loo,   I.   cv.,  A. —  Mi;rn;Mus,   Clit;ilaiitlics,    p.    35. —  Hookkk   & 

Uakiu,  Syn.   I'il.,  |i.    140. —  luTON,  in    Mullctin   of  Tnrr.    liotaii. 

Cliil),  vi.,  p.  33;    I'criis  of  llic  Soutli-Wt'st,  p.  316. 
Myriopicris  myriopliylhi,  J.   Smiiii,   lii>t.   Voy.    Ih;rakl.,   p.    233,   3)0. — 

FouKNiF.u,  PI.  Mox.,  Crypt.,   p.   125. 
Cheilanlhes  e/eirans,    Dksvaux,  111    licrliu    Mag.,  v.,    p.  32S  ;    Jour.    Mot. 

Appl.,  ii.,  p.  43,  t.    13,    lig.    2. —  HooKKK,  Sp.    ImI,,    ii,,   j),    102, 
,  t.   cv.,    II. —  Mkitknius,    Clu.'ilaiUlics,    p.    35. —  Kuiin,  lU.-iir.    z. 

Mt:x.  I'arnllor.i,  p.  S. 
Myriopteris    (•/i\!;<r/is,    J.    .S\irrii,    Ferns,    Hrit.    and     l''or(;ign,    p.    174. — 

1m)Uunii;k,  1*1.  .Mi;.\.,  Crypt.,  p.   125. 
Clicilanthcs  paleacea,   Makticns  ^  GAi.iiorn,  Syn.   I'"il.,  Mux.,  p.  76,  t.  21. 

lig.  2. 
Myriopkris  pixlcacca,  Vi'.v.,  Gen.  i'il,,  p.   149;   8me  Mem.,   p.  115;  ymo 

Mem.,  p.   10. 

Hab. —  In  crevices  of  rocks  and  on  exposed  rocks,  mostly  at  ele- 
vations of  from  30015  to  5000  feet,  from  \vest(;rii  Texas  through  Nc!W 
Mexico,  Arizona  and  Nevada  to  California,  extcncling  southward  to  I'eru 
and  Chili. 

Description:  —  The  slight  diversities  which  this  little 
fern  presents  in  the  longer  or  shorter  root-stock,  the  broader 
or  narrower  fronds,  the  more  or  less  ciliated  scales  of  the 
frond  and  the  rounded  or  pyriforni  or  incisely  lobed  ultimate 
segments,  have  caused  authors  to  found  several  supposed 
species  on  what  is  believed  to  be  but  one  kind  of  fern. 

The  scaly-fronded  species  of  Clicilantlics,  §  Pliysapteyis,  are 
probably  only    five,  of   which    C.  myyiophylla,  C.  Feitdlcri,  C. 


FERNS  OF   NOKTH   AMKUICA. 


HS 


5. HodKKK     & 

i>f  Torr.    MotJin. 

316. 

I'-    233,    .^|o.— 

2H  ;  Jour.  Hot. 
'il.,  ii.,  p.  102, 
CuiiN,   li(!itr.    z. 

ign,  p.  174.— 
^x.,  p.  76,  t.  21. 

.,  p.  1 15 ;  yi"<-' 

mostly  at  ck:- 

througli    Nt;w 

:Invarcl  to  I'cru 

h  this  little 
the  broader 
cales  of  the 
bed  ultimate 
al  supposed 
)f  fern. 
vsaptcris,  are 
J''eii(i/cri,  C. 


C/eve/au(/ii,  and  C.  [Jiidliehuct-i  oceur  in  our  southwestern 
States  and  Territories,  .some  of  them  extendintr  to  South 
America,  and  one,  C.  scariosa,  Presl,  is  foimd  in  the  mountains 
of  Peru,  and,  it  is  said,  in  those  of  Mexico.  C.  saifiosa  and 
C.  myyiopliylla  Iiave  usually  a  short  and  condensed,  often 
nodose  root-stock,  and  consequently  clustered  fronds  :  the  other 
three  have  more  or  less  elonj.jated  and  cord-like  root-stocks, 
the  fronds  more  or  less  scattered  aloni^  its  lenj^th.  All  have 
thrice;  or  four  times  i)innated  fronds,  the  ultimate  sei.(ments 
very  luunerous',  usually  crowded,  bead-like  and  roundish  or 
rouiulish-obovate  with  recurved  marj^ins  in  the  fertile  fronds, 
but  llattened,  larger,  and-  jjfenerallv  lobcd  in  the  sterile  fronds, 
which  arc  far  less  common  than        ■  others. 

The  scales    of  the    root-stock  closely    appressed    and 

ha\e  a  d.irk  and  stroiiLj  midnerve  \  myrio/yliylla,  C.  Lind- 

heimcri  and  C.  Clcvelandii:  they  are  dark  and  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate in  C.  scariosa,  and  paler,  more  ovate  and  not  so  closely 
appressed  in  C.  Fciidlcri. 

In  C.  J'ciid/cri  the  scales  of  the  frond  are  entire,  or  very 
sparingly  ciliate  at  the  base;  in  C.  inyyiopJiylla  they  are  ciliate 
with  comparatively  few  long  aiul  slender  hairs,  which  are 
more  abundant  in  C  C/cvc/andii.  In  C.  scayiosa  the  scales 
cover  both  surfaces,  and  are  very  large,  ovate-lanceolate,  and 
erosely  ciliate-denticulate,  and  in  C.  Lindltcimcyi  they  are 
mostly  replaced  by  an  entangled  tomentum.  C.  IJndlieimen 
is  tomentose  on  the  upper  surface;  C.  niyriophylla  some- 
times sparingly  hairy  on  the  upper  surface,  but  oftener  smooth, 


'ill! 


246 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


and  C.  Clevelixndii  and  C.  Fendhfi  ha\'c  the  upper  surface 
always  smooth,  though  in  both  C.  Clcvelaiidii  and  C.  niyri- 
opltylla  the  cilia  of  the  scales  often  curl  over  the  upper 
surface  of  the  pinnules  and   simulate  pubescence   there. 

In  all  these  plants  the  scales  arc  at  first  whitish,  often 
silvery-white,  and  it  is  only  as  the  fronds  mature  that  the 
scales   turn  gradually  to  various  shades  of  brown 

The  specimens  brought  by  Mr.  Stout  from  Cajon  Pass 
and  San  Jacinto  mountain  in  California  have  a  slenderer 
root-stock  and  less  ciliated  scales  than  the  commoner  form, 
but  on  careful  study  and  comparison  I  can  find  no  good 
reason    for   considering    them    specifically   distinct. 

Many  specimens  of  this  fern,  including  all  the  California 
plants  and  some  from  western  Texas  (C  ll'n'g/if,  No.  2126) 
have  passed   heretofore   for  C.  Fcmilcyi. 

Kuhn  cpiotes  Mettenius  as  saying  that  Desvau.x's  speci- 
mens of  (".  ('/(\i^(i//s,  and  C.  myriopliylla  are  prccisel)-  alike. 
He  prefers  the  name  c/egans,  as  being  more  commonly  used 
in  gartlens. 

I'latc  LXXIX. —  V'\g.  8-15.  Chvilantltcs  myriopliylla,  I'roiu  Calirornia. 
Fig.  II  is  part  of  a  pinna,  cnlart^cd.  l-ig.  12,  a  pinnule  seen  iVoni 
Iicncath.  Fij;  13,  the  sanit^  witli  the  scales  removed,  nnci  sliowini;  a 
rc:\v  scattered  hairs  (wliich  are  often  wantinsj;).  \'\'g.  14,  an  ultimate 
segment  ikMualed  and  partly  opened.  Figs,  8,  9,  15,  scales  from  dif- 
ferent specimens.     I'ig.   16,  a  spore. 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


247 


PiATK  I. XXIX.— Fig.  17-21. 

CHEILANTHES    GRACILLIMA,    D.   C.   Eaton. 

Lace -Fern. 

Cheilanthes  GRACILLIMA : — Root-stocks  creeping  and  as- 
surgent,  forming  a  dense  entangled  mass,  chaffy  with  appressed 
rigid  narrow  dark-brown  scales ;  stalks  slender,  two  to  eight 
inches  long,  dark-brown,  at  fust  sparingly  chaffy,  soon  smooth 
and  shining;  fronds  usnally  one  to  fonr  inches  long,  linear- 
oblong,  bipinnatc  or  sometimes  partly  tripinnate ;  primary  and 
secondary  rachises  bearing  delicate  narrow  bright-brown  scales 
ciliated  at  the  base;  pinn.e  many  pairs,  crowded,  three  to  six 
lines  long;  ultimate  pinnules  crowded,  oblong-oval,  about  one 
line  long,  at  first  webby  above,  soon  smooth,  beneath  heavily 
covered  with  matted  ferruginous  wool;  involucres  yellowish- 
brown,  formed  of  the  continuously   recurved  margin. 

Cheilanthes  gtwcillitna,   lv\roN,  i:i  Hot.  Mcx.  Boundary,  p.    234;    Ferns 
of  the   Soulh-Wcst,  p.  313. —  Hookkk   &   Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p. 

«39- 

Cheilantlia   ivs/ifct,    BuvcKENUiDGii,    I'"il.  of  U.  S.  E.xpl.    Exped.,   p.    91, 

not  of  .Swartz. 

Hah. — Growiiio  in  diMisc  masses  among  rocks,  mostly  at  elevations 
of  from  6000  to  Socrn  ft'ct,  from  t!ic  Yoscmitc  Valley  to  Oregon.     .Mso 


!■■  ■■ !' 


248 


FliRNS    OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


in  British  Columbia  near  the  Pend  d'Oreilie  River,  Dr.  Lyai.l.  First  col- 
lected on  the  Sacramento  River,  California,  and  on  the  banks  of  streams 
in  Oregon,  by  Brackknkidgk,  but  first  described  from  a  few  little  speci- 
mens collected  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon  by  Dr.  Nkwhekuv. 

Description.— The  species  most  closely  related  to  this 
fern  is  C.  Eatoni,  from  which  it  differs  by  the  narrower  and 
usually  less  compound  fronds,  larger  and  more  oval  pinnules, 
and  their  nearly  or  quite  smooth  upper  surface. 

The  scales  of  the  root-stocks  are  very  narrow,  slender- 
pointed,  and  ferruginous-brown  with  a  darker  midnerve,  which 
•  does  not  extend  to  the  base  of  the  scales.  The  scales  which 
occur  rather  sparingly  along  the  rachises  are  long  and  narrow, 
and  elegantly  ciliated  at  the  base.  The  tomentum,  which  is 
very  dense,  is  nearly  white  in  very  young  fronds,  but  deep 
chestnut-brown  in  mature  ones.  It  seems  to  be  composed 
of  scales  which  are  so  deeply  ciliated  as  to  leave  no  undi- 
vided central  portion. 

The  pinnules  are  oblong-oval,  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
•  they  are  broad.  Some  of  them  are  partly  lobed  at  the  base, 
as  if  the  frond  were  becoming  tripinnate,  and,  indeed  the 
largest  fronds  are  partly  tripinnate. 

The  involr.crc  Vr  herbaceous,  and  continuous  round  the 
margin  of  the  pinnules. 

The  plant  figured  was  collecteil  in  Plumas  County,  California,  by 
Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin.  The  details  are  a  pinna  seen  from  above,  a  pinnule 
from  beneath,  the  same  denuded  and  a  spore. 


11 


I  H 
I 


fo 


Plate  L.<:x:. 


CEIaxon 

1-3  A3PLENIUM    DENTATUM.L. 


IG. 

Annstajnfl  &  Co  Lifr,  Pos^ 

15-17  AG  PLENIUM    FIRMaM,r:2 


4-9ASPIDIUM    MOERIOIDES.Bor'y.  )o-i4  GERATOPTERIS   THALIGTRO  IDES  .  rr: 


/5 


16. 

Aimslninij  &  Co  Lit>  Pes! 

IRMUM,  iu. 
^01DES,Bro 


•aMMM 


t? 


FERNS     OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


249 


Plate  LXXX.— Fig.  1-3. 

ASPLENIUM    DENTATUM,   Linn^us. 

Toothed  Spleenwort. 

AsPLENiuM  DENTATUM :  — Root-Stock  short,  erect;  stalks 
tufted,  one  to  five  inches  long,  dark-brown  at  the  base,  becom- 
ing green  higher  up,  those  of  the  fertile  fronds  tallest;  fronds 
as  long  as  the  stalks,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  thin-herbaceous, 
smooth,  simply  pinnate;  rachis  green,  flattish ;  pinuct  few, 
distant,  moderately  long-stalked,  half  an  inch  long,  or  less, 
ovate-rhomboid  or  rounded-obovate,  cuneate  on  the  lower  side 
of  the  base,  truncate  on  the  upper,  v/utuso,  crenate'y  lobed 
or  crenate,  those  of  the  sterile  fronds  rounder;  veins  few, 
simple  or  forked  ;  sori  four  to  eight  on  a  pinna,  nearer  the 
midvcin  than  the  margin,  oblong,  the  lowest  superior  one  often 
diplazioid;  indusium  pale,  the  edge  slightly  erose. 

Asplenium  thntalum,  Linn,i;us,  Sp.  PI.,  p.    1540.-- .Swartz,   Syn.  Fii.,  p. 

80.— VVlLLUENOW,     Sp.     PI.,    v.,    p.     324.— HOOKKR     &    GkKVIl.li:, 

Ic.  Fii.,   t.    Ixxii.— HooKKR,    Sp.    i'il.,    iii.,    p.   ,30.— Ivmon,    in 
Chapman's  Flora.,  p.  592.—  Gkiskiucii,   I'l.  Brit.  VV.  I.  I.slands, 
p.   683.— HooKKR    &    Bakkr,    .Syn.    Fii.,    p.    196.— Gaubkk,    in 
Bot.   Ciazcttc,    iii.,    [>,    84. 
Trichomanes  latifolium  denlatum,  Pi.u.mier,  Fii.  Amer.,  p.  58,  t.  101,  C. 


5 


II  ]»  rttwp  iV9  mufitftmmoiimwmim 


250 


FURNS     OF     NORTH    AMERICA. 


ill 


Hab. —  Holes  and  crevices  of  limerock  in  a  hunimoclt  at  Miami, 
Florida,  Garber.  Florida,  Hinnky  in  Torrey's  herbarium.  Carolina,  accord- 
ing  to    Moore    (Index,  p.    124).  West  Indies  and  tropical  America. 

Description  :  —  Dr.  Garber  says  of  this  tern ;  "  Like  the 
other  small  species  of  the  genus  it  grows  out  of  the  crevices 
of  limerock,  and  sometimes  by  the  close  grouping  of  the  little 
tufts,  covers  the  entire  face  of  shaded  rocks  ;  but  instead  of 
being  found  on  the  sides  of  rocky  ledges  like  the  northern 
species  it  is  restricted  to  rocky  sides  of  depressions,  or  rock- 
holes,  lower  than  the  surrounding  surface." 

The  root-stocks  are  nearly  erect  though  short.  The 
fronds  are  somewhat  dimorphous,  the  sterile  ones  being  both 
smaller  and  on  shorter  stalks  than  the  fertile  ones.  The 
upper  part  of  the  stalk  and  the  flattened  rachis  are  green, 
much  as  in  ^.  viride.  The  pinnae  are  from  four  to  ten  on 
each  side,  the  terminal  one  obtuse,  and  often  as  large  as  any 
of  the  others.  They  are  roundish-obovate  in  the  sterile  fronds, 
ovate-oblong  or  slightly  rhomboid-ovate  in  the  fertile  fronds. 
They  are  crenated  or  even  crenately  lobed.  The  veins  are 
few,  and  the  sori  near  the  midvein.  The  superior  basal 
sorus  is  often   double,  a  common  thing  in  most  Asplenia. 

Plate  LXXX. — Fig.  1-3.  Asplenium  dentatum  hom  V\oni\^..  Fig. 
2  is  an  enlarged  fertile  pinnule.  Fig.  3,  a  spore,  wing-margined  and 
covered  with  netted  ridges. 


FBRNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


251 


^Tl 


Plate   LXXX.— Fig.  4-9. 

ASPIDIUM    MOHRIOIDES,    Bory. 

Falkland  Islands  Shield-Fern. 

AspiDiUM  MOHRIOIDES: — Root-stock  rather  stout,  short, 
erect  or  ascending,  very  chaffy ;  stalks  clustered,  one  to  six 
inches  long,  very  chaffy  with  large  ovate-acuminate  scales 
intermixed  with  smaller  ones  and  paleaceous  hairs;  fronds 
coriaceous  or  sub-coriaceous,  at  first  chaffy,  four  to  twelve 
inches  long,  oblong  lanceolate,  sub-acute,  narrowed  slightly 
from  the  middle  to  the  base,  pinnate;  pinnae  numerous,  six 
to  eighteen  lines  long,  crowded,  usually  imbricated,  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  pinnately  lobed  with  crenately  toothed 
segments,  or  in  very  large  fronds  again  pinnate  with  crenated 
ovate-trapezioid  obtuse  pinnules,  the  teeth  obtuse  or  barely 
pointed,  never  nuicronate;  sori  on  the  upper  pinnae;  indusia 
orbicular,  fixed  by  the  centre,  smooth,  very  large  and  often 
imbricated. 

Aspidiiim  mo/irioides,  Bory  de  St.  Vincent,  in  Bot.  Voy.  de  la  Coquiile, 
p.  267,  t.  35,  fig.  i;  "Mem,  Soc.  Linn.  Paris,  iv.,  p.  597." — 
J.  D.  Hooker,  Fl.  Antarctica,  ii.,  p.  392.  t.  cxiix. — Mettenius, 
Aspidium,  p.  45. —  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil.,  iv.,  p.  26. —  Hooker  & 
Bakek,  Syn.  P'il.,  p.  262. 


252 


FERN.S    OF    NORTH    AMKRICA. 


Polystickum  mohrioides,  I'uksi.,  Ti:iU.  Ptuiicl.,  p.  Sj. —  Bkackenriuoe,  Ferns 
of  U.  S.  lixpl.  I'^xprtl.,  p.    203. 

Hab. —  Mountains  ot  nortlicrn  California,  at  an  elevation  of  Sooo 
feet,  J.  G.  Lemmon,  July,  1S79.  First  discovered  about  ic;.4  by  tlu: 
botanists  of  Duperry's  voyage  of  the  Coquille  at  the  I'"alkland  Islands. 
Afterwards  collected  by  Darwin,  J.  I).  IIookkr  and  others,  at  the  same 
locality,  and  now  known  from  several  places  in  the  mountains  of  Chili, 
from  Port  Famine,  on  the  Straits  of  Maorellan  (Capt.  Kixg),  from  Orange 
Harbor,  Tierra  del  l'"uego  (U.  S.  Fxpl.  lixped.),  and  lastly  from  Marion 
Island,  one  of  the  Prince;  Edward  group,  where  it  was  found  by  the 
Challenger   Expedition. 

Description  :— Mr.  Lemmon  vvritts  that  this  fern  grows 
in  loose  and  moist  granitic  soil,  the  root-stocks  hiilden  under 
rocks,  and  a  great  many  plants  in  one  cluster.  "  It  is  very 
abundant  on  the  side  of  a  little  valley  at  the  headwaters  of 
the  South  Fork  of  the  Sacramento,  and  along  the  southern 
sloping  side  of  Mount  Eddy,  which  rises  on  the  northern  side 
of  this  valley." 

That  a  fern  known  heretofore  only  from  the  regions  ad- 
jacent to  the  extreme  southern  end  of  South  America  should 
occur  in  the  mountains  of  Northern  California,  is  remarkable. 
But  it  should  lie  remembered  that  among  ph.'cnogamous 
plants  there  are  many  instances  of  very  closely  allied  plants 
occurring  in  both  Chili  and  California,  antl,  among  Ferns. 
Pellcca  andyomcdcefolia  is  both  Californian  and  Chilian,  while 
several  other  species  are  common  to  Arizona  and  Chili,  most 
of  them   occurring  at   many  intermediate   points   also. 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMIvKICA. 


253 


The  present  fern  belongs  to  the  section  I'olysticluim  of 
the  genus  Aspidiitm,  having  round  involucres  centrally  af- 
fixed in  the  middle  of  the  sorus  to  the  hack  of  the  fertile 
vein. 

The  ioot-stocks  and  the  lower  part  of  the  stalks  are  very 
chaffy,  the  scales  being  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
and  commonly  finely  ciliate  along  the  upper  part  of  the  mar- 
gins. In  the  Port  Famine  plant  they  are  much  narrcnver,  and 
the  color  is  very  dark,  but  in  the  Orange  Harbor  specimens, 
and  in  those  figured  by  Bory,  they  are  more  brownish,  and 
the  shape  is  the  same  as  in  Mr.  Lemmon's  specimens. 

The  stalks  are  clustered  around  the  apex  of  the  root-stock, 
as  they  arc  in  A.  nninitiim  and  A.  acnlcafniii,  and  are  at  first 
covered  with  chaff,  large  and  small  scales  intermixed,  clear  to 
the  frond,  which  is  itself  also  chaffy  when  young;  but  in 
mature  fronds  much  of  this  chaffiness  is  lost,  so  that  in  Syn- 
opsis Filiciiiii  a  part  of  the  character  given  is  "both  surfaces 
naked."  The  Californian  plants  vary  in  height  from  four 
inches  to  about  a  foot.  The  Patagonian  plants  arc  from  three 
inches  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high.  In  general  the  frond  is 
two  or   three  times  as   long  as   the  stalk. 

The  fronds  are  rather  thick  in  texture.  Their  general 
outline  is  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  slightly  to  the 
base  from  near  the  middle,  and  sub-acute  at  the  apex.  The 
pinnae  are  rounded-ovate,  and  crcnatcly  toothed,  or  slightly 
three-lobcd  in  the  very  smallest  plants;  pinnately  incised 
with    crenately   toothed    lobes    in    plants   a   little    larger,   such 


1'*. 


254 


FKRNS    OF     NOKTH    AMF.RICA. 


I    ''■'< 


Pl 


Hi 


h' 


as  that  which  serves  for  our  figure,  and  again  pinnate  with 
rhomboid-ovate  incised  and  toothed  pinnic  in  still  larger 
plants.  The  teeth  are  generally  obtuse,  and  if  pointed  are 
still  muticous  or  '''^-^titute  of  the  niucronate  or  spinulose  point 
which  is  always  in  ^.  aculeatnm  anil  our  other  common 

species  of  this  section. 

The  sori  are  abundant  on  the  upper  pinnce,  and  are  placed 
mostly  near  tlie  midvoins  of  the  lobes.  The  indusia  are  very 
large,  orbicular,  nearly  entire,  and  often  slightly  wrinkled  on 
the  surface.  They  often  lap  over  each  other  a  little,  so  as  to 
be  slightly  imbricated.  The  spores  are  ovoid  and  have  an 
uneven  surface. 

The  form  of  Aspidium  aculcafitiii  to  which  the  name  of 
var.  scopuliiiiim  was  given  at  page  125  of  this  volume  is 
almost  as  much  li'-e  A.  molirioidcs  as  it  is  like  A.  aculeatnm, 
but  as  it  has  th(  '^s  of  the  pinn.e  somewhat  aculeate  it  is 
better  to  leave  it    .     a  the  latter  species. 

The  specific  name  molirioidcs  refers  to  the  considerable 
resemblance  the  fronds  of  this  species  have  to  those  of  Mohria 
tliiirifraga,  a  schiz.Tcaceous  fern  of  South  Africa. 

Plate  LXXX. —  Fig.  4-9.  Aspidium  molirioidcs,  from  California,  a 
small  specimen.  Fig.  5  is  an  enlarged  pinna.  Fig.  6  is  a  pinnule,  one 
of  the  indusia  removed  and  more  magnified  at  Fig.  7.  Fig.  8  is  a 
spore,  and  Fig.  9,  a  scale  from  the  rachis,  both  more  or  less  magnified. 


FEkNS   01'    NORTH   AMERICA. 


355 


)innate    with 

still     larger 

pointcil   are 

iiulose  point 

her  common 

id  arc  placed 
isia  are  very 
wrinkled  on 
ttle,  so  as  to 
md  have   an 

the  name  of 
1  volume  is 
/.  acnleatum, 
iculeatc  it  is 

considerable 
e  of  Mohria 

n  California,  a 
a  pinnule,  one 
.  Fig.  8  is  a 
less  magnified. 


Plate    LXXX.— Fig.  10-14. 

CERATOPTERIS    TMALICTROIDES,   Brongniart. 

Floating  Fern. 

Ceratoi'tekis  thalictkoidus:  — Plant  aquatic,  annual; 
stalks  thick,  succulent,  full  of  air  vesicles;  fronds  flaccid, 
half-succulent,  often  proliferous  from  the  surface  or  the  edges; 
the  earliest  sterile  ones  floating,  ovate,  simple  or  three-lobed; 
later  ones  larger  and  more  compound,  the  largest  of  them  a 
foot  long,  erect,  ovate  in  outline,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  with 
ample  triangular-ovate  divisions  which  are  adnate  to  a  winged 
midrib;  veins  finely  reticulated  into  oblong-hexagonal  meshes, 
the  areoles  pellucid-dotted;  fertile  fronds  taller  than  the  sterile, 
decompound  with  very  numerous  narrowly  linear  confluent 
segments;  margins  recurved  and  concealing  the  sub-globose 
sessile  sporangia  scattered  on  longitudinal  veins  or  recep- 
tacles; ring  of  sporangia  very  broad,  sometimes  nearly  com- 
plete,  often    much    reduced   or   even    wanting. 

Ccratoptcris  thalictroides,  Brongniart,  "in  Bulletin  See.  Philom.,  182 1, 
p.  1S4,  t.  i.  " — HooKiiK,  Gen.  Fil.,  t.  xil ;  Sp.  i'"il.,  ii.,  p.  235. — 
Brackenuidge,  I""erns  of  U.  S.  F.xpl.  Exped.,  p.  67. —  Meite- 
Nius,  Fil.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  39. —  Moore,  Inde.\.,  p.  230. —  Grise- 
BACH,  Fi.  Brit.  W.  I.   Islands,  p.  672.— Hooker  &  Baker,   Syn. 


256 


FERNS     OF     NOitTH     AMERICA. 


Fil.,  p.  174. —  Kny,  in  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.,  .xxxvii.,  No.  4. — 
Eaton,  in  Bull.  Torr.  Botan.  Club,  vi.,  p.  263.  -  Cuktiss,  in 
Botan.  Gazette,  iv.,  p.  232. 

Acrostichum  thalictroides,  LiNNit;us,  Sp.  PI.,  p.   1527. 

Pteris  tltalictr aides,  Swakiz,  Syn.    Fil.,  p.  98, —  Willdknow,  Sp.  PI.,  v., 

P-   3/8- 
Tclcozoma  tlialictroides,  R.  Bkdwn,  "  App.  Frankl.  Jour.,  p.  54." 
Ellobocarpiis  olcraccus  and  E.  cormitus,  Kaui.iuss,  Enuni.  Fil.,  p.   148. 
Acrostichum  siliquosuin,  Linn.-eus,  Sp.  PI.,  p.   1527. 
Parker i a ptcridoides,  Hookkr,  "  Exot.  Flora,  t.  137  and  231." — H00KER& 

Gkeville,  Ic.  Fil.,  t.  xcvii. 
Ccratoptcris  Parkeri,  J.  .Smith. —  Mettenius,  Fil.  Hort.   Lips.,  p.  39. 

Nearly  a  score  of  additional  names  are  given  in  Moore's  Index 
Filiitim,  and  several  more  in  Hooker's  Species   Filiciim. 

Hak. —  Floating  on  the  waters  of  Prairie  Creek  in  Soi'':h  Florida, 
Dr.  A,  P.  CiARHKK,  July,  1S78.  Head  waters  of  the  St.  John's  River, 
Florida,  .\.  H.  CuRriss,  October,  1S79.  Quiet  and  slowly  moving  waters 
throughout  the  tropics  ;  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil ;  Africa, 
southern  Asia,  Australia,  etc. 

Description: — Mr.  Curtiss,  who  has  made  a  large  col- 
lection of  .specimens  of  this  most  peculiar  fern,  states  that  the 
plant,  where  he  found  it,  "somewhere  in  the  vast  inundated 
prairie  region  north  of  the  Everglades,  was  floating  free  (e.v 
actly  like  Pistin  and  .Izolhi)  in  water  ten  feet  deep.  The 
fronds  are  arranged  in  rosettes,  each  having  roots  of  its  own. 
The  young  ones  are  central,  of  the  usual  crosier  shape,  and 
the  spongy  stipes   bear  a  few  hyaline,  cup-shaped    scales." 

The  plant   is  an    annual,   growing  from    the    spore,  form- 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


257 


ing  its  prothallus,  with  tiie  antheridoia  and  arcliegonia,  pro- 
ducing its  embryo,  and  growing  first  into  a  plantlet  with 
minute  obovate  fronds,  and  soon  into  a  mature  plant,  buoyed 
up  by  the  spongy  leaf-stalks  and  minutely  vesiculose  fronds, 
and  later  sending  up  into  the  air  fully  developed  sterile  and 
fertile  fronds,  and  at  last  dying,  and  contributing  its  propor- 
tion of  decaying  vegetaljle   matter   to  its   native   lagoons. 

Its  whole  life  history  has  been  described,  and  illustrated 
by  Dr.  L.  Kny,  Director  of  the  Institute  of  Vegetable  Phy- 
siology in  Berlin.  He  states  that  he  has  been  able  to  examine 
Jiving  plants  only  of  Ccnrfopfc/'is  tlialictroides,  and  apparently 
considers  that  there  is  a  second  species  of  the  genus,  following 
the  opinion  of  Mettenius,  and  contrary  to  the  final  judg- 
ment of  Hooker,  who  himself  formerly  proposed  Parkeria 
pteridoides  as  a  distinct  genus. 

The  floating  fronds  of  this  fern  vary  from  simple  and 
minute,  to  deltoid-ovate  fronds  several  inches  long,  temately 
compound,  but  with  all  the  ample  ovate-triangular  or  oblong 
segments  conHuent  on  broadly  winged  and  more  or  less  in- 
flated midribs.  The  larger  erect  sterile  fronds  have  triangular- 
lanceolate  segments  often  an  inch  long  and  half  an  inch 
wide.  The  veins  are  everywhere  reticulated  ihto  little  oblong- 
hexagonal  meshes,  and  when  held  up  to  the  light  appear 
pellucid-punctate,  from  an  internal  stratum  of  large  cells  filled 
with  air. 

The  fertile  fronds   are    three   or  four    times    pinnate,  and 
are  divided  into  narrow  linear  or  horn-like  segments,  the  margins 


m 


\% 


i^.a 


258 


FERNS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


recurved  so  as  almost  to  meet  at  the  midvein.  The  veins  are 
reticulated  into  long  and  narrow  areoles  (as  they  are  also  in  the 
stalks),  and  the  sporangia  are  seated  on  the  longitudinal  veins 
of  the  both  lamina  and  the  recurved  portion.  The  sporangia 
are  sub-globose,  solitary,  and  sessile.  Their  walls  are  ex- 
tremely thin  and  delicate.  The  wing  is  so  variable  that  its 
different  forms  have  given  rise  to  several  species  and  at  least 
two  genera.  It  is  very  broad  but  not  at  all  prominent:  some- 
times it  is  nearly  complete,  and  at  other  times  it  is  reduced 
to  a  few  cells.  In  the  Florida  specimens  I  have  counted 
about  twenty-two  joints.  The  spores  are  globose-tetrahedral, 
and  are  curiously  marked :  on  the  apex  arc  three  short  radi- 
ating lines  ;  below  them  the  three  rounded  sides  are  marked 
with  somewhat  parallel  lines.  In  germination  the  exospore 
opens  upwards  from  the  three  apical-lines ;  the  endospore  rises 
in  the  form  of  a  conical  papilla,  with  its  generating-cell  at 
the  apex,  while  within  the  cxoxpore  the  cells  still  go  on  divid-- 
ing.  On  account  of  this  and  other  peculiarities  in  its  early 
growth  Dr.  Kny  considers  that  the  plant  forms  a  good  sub- 
order of  ecjual    rank   with  Polypodiacece,  Osmmuiacccc,   etc, 

Piatt!  LKXX. — V\<g.  10-14.  Cemfopkrii  tkalictroides,  horn  ¥\or\d^. 
P'ig.  1 1  is  a  part  of  a  fertile  segment  enlarged,  anil  partly  laid  open  to 
sliow  tlie  venation  and  tlie  position  of  tiie  sporangia.  Fig.  12  is  a 
sporangium.  iMg.  13  and  14  are  spores  in  different  positions  copied 
from  Kny. 


HM 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


259 


Plate  LXXX.— Fig.    15-17. 

ASPLENIUM    FIRMUM,  Kunze. 

Firm-leaved  Spleenwort. 

Asplenium  FIRMUM  :  —  Root-stock  short,  erect,  sparingly 
chaffy;  stalks  clustered,  nearly  naked,  two  to  six  inches  long, 
dark  at  the  base,  greener  upwards,  marked  by  two  narrow 
herbaceous  lines  descending  from  the  lowest  pinn.ne;  fronds 
four  to  eight  inches  long,  two  to  four  inches  broad,  oblong- 
ovate,  acuminate,  'broadest  at  the  base,  firmly  membranaceous 
or  sub-coriaceous,  smooth,  pinnate  ;  pinnae  five  to  twenty  on 
each  side,  the  uppermost  sessile  and  coalescing  with  the  pinna- 
tifid  apex,  one  to  two  inches  long,  half  an  inch  wide,  the  rest 
short-stalked,  varying  from  oval  to  rhomboid-lanceolate,  obtuse 
or  acuminate,  crenate  or  serrate,  the  base  cut  away  obliquely 
on  the  lower  side  and  parallel  with  the  rachis  on  the  upper, 
but  not  auricled;  veins  mostly  once  forked,  the  upper  ones 
simple  ;  sori  two  or  three  lines  long,  mostly  simple  and  placed 
on  the  upper  branch  of  each  vein;  indusiuni  fuscous,  entire. 

Asplenium  finnniii,  Kunzic,  "in  Bot.  Zeit.,  iii.,  p.  3S3  ;"  in  Linnvka,  xxiii., 
p.  304. —  MErri'Mis,  Fil.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  73. —  Hooker,  Sp.  Fil., 
iii.,  p.  135,  t.  cixxiv. —  Eatox,  in  Bulletin  of  Torrey  Botaii. 
Club,  vi.,  p.   264. 


;  viti 


!  i 


26o 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Asplenium    abscissum,    Baker,    Syn.  I'il.,  cd.    ii.,    p.  203,    and    possibly 

of  Willdenow,  but  this  is  very  doublful. 
Asplettitim  polymorphum,  Martens  &  Gai.kotit,  Syn.    Fil.    Mex.,   p.    56, 

t.   15,  fig.  2. 
Asplenium  salicifo/ium,   Fournier,  PI.  Mex.,  Crypt.,  p.   106. 

Hab.  —  In  .sinks  or  chasms  in  limerocic,  near  Ocala,  Florida,  W.  H. 
Shocklev,  J.  DoNNELi.  .Smith.     Mexico  ami    the    West  Indies    to    Peru. 

Description: — The  fronds  are  firmly  membranaceous, 
rather  than  sub-coriaceous.  They  are  ovate  or  triangular  ovate  in 
outline,  with  a  long  pinnatifid  and  acuminate  ape.x.  The  upper 
pinnae  are  adnate  to  the  rachis  and  more  or  less  decurrent  at 
the  base,  forming  a  narrow  wing  on  the  rachis.  The  inferior 
pinnae  have  short  stalks,  and  have  the  upper  side  of  the  base 
closely  parallel  to  the  rachis,  while  the  lower  side  is  cut  away 
obliquely.  The  pinnie  are  usually  acuminate,  but  not  always  so. 
The  sori  are  oblong,  and  placed  about  midway  between  the 
midvein  and  the  margin.  Sometimes  the  lowest  one  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  base  is  diplazioid.  The  spores  are  oval,  and 
covered  with  reticulating  ridges. 

Asplenium  abscissum  of  Willdenow  is  sometimes  con- 
sidered to  be  this  fern,  and  sometimes  A.  Icetum.  It  may 
have  been  made  up  of  both.  Fournier  identifies  this  fern 
with  A.  salicifolium  of  Linnajus,  which  is  contrary  to  the  usu- 
ally   received   opinion. 

Plate  LXXX. —  F'ig.  15-1 7"  Aspleriium  firmuin,  {mm  Florida.  Fig. 
16  is  half  of  a  principal  pinnee,  somewhat  enlarged,  and  Fig.  17  is  a  spore. 


'  'if  a. 
-m 


C  E  Fiixuii.del. 

ls-7.0PHiCGLCSSlJM   GROTALOPHCROIDES.  Walter. 

kiOOPillOGLGSSUM  NUDIGAULE.  L.fil.  i-4  OPHiOGLC  S  S  UM    VULGATUM, 

lH40PHiOGLOSSUM    PALlvLMUM.  PIu:ui< 


T'   ;',      ' 


'}Ki, 


n 


natron^  &.  Co  LiO-  fol 


.GATU; 
M,  PI 


u:iii< 


mil 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMitKICA. 


20 1 


Plate  LXXXI.— Fig.   1-4. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM  VULGyVFUM,  Linn/EUS. 

Common  Adder's-tongue. 

Ophioglossum  vulgatum: — Root-stock  slender,  erect; 
fronds  mostly  solitary,  two  to  twelve  inches  high;  sterile  seg- 
ments fleshy,  sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  plant;  ovate  or 
elliptical,  one  to  three  inches  long  ;  midvcin  indistinct  or  nonci 
the  veins  forming  large  areoles  enclosing  smaller  ones  and 
a  few  free  veinlets;  fer'ile  spike  an  inch  long  or  more,  apic- 
ulate,  commonly  long-stalked  and  overtopping  the  sterile 
segment. 

OpIiioglossHin  vulgatum,  Linn^us,  Sp.  Pi.,  jj.  518. —  Micn.\ux,  Pi.  Bor.- 
Am.,  ii.,  p.  275. — .SwAKT/,  Syn.  Im!.,  p.  169. —  .ScuKiniu,  Krypt. 
Gevv.,  p.  155,  t.  153.— Wiu.iJKxow,  Sp.  1'!.,  v.,  p.  5,s.— I'ursh, 
Fi.  Ain.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  655. —  TouKKV,  Fi.  N(jw  York,  ii.,  \>.  505. — 
Presi.,  Siippl.,  p.  49. —  Gkay,  Manual,  i;d.  i.,  p.  636;  cd.  ii.,  p. 
602,  t.  .\iii. — Newman,  Hist.  Brit.  P'erns,  cd.  iii.,  p.  326. — Moore, 
Nat.  IV.  lirit.  I'criis,  t.  Ii.,  B. — ilooicEU,  Brit.  Pern,s,  t.  46 
(exci.  van). — Mii.ue,  Fil.  Eur.  ut  Ati..  p.  188. — VViixiamson, 
In-rns  of   Ivcntucky,  p.    148,    t.    iix.;    I'-ern  Etchings,    t.    ixv.,  A. 

Had. — Cotninoncsi  in  low  meadows,  Ijut  sometimes  on  dry  hillsides ; 
Canada  and  New  luigland  to  Texas  and  .Arizona.  Also  in  Unaiaska, 
F^urope,  Western  Asia.  Madeira  and  the  Azores. 


^J 


262 


FERNS     OF     NORTH     AMKKICA. 


Description: — The  common  Adtlors-ton^mc  has  an  erect 
or  sometimes  creeping  root-stock  nearly  two  lines  thick  and 
sometimes  one  or  two  inches  Ion;.;".  The  roots  are  tleshy 
about  half  a  line  in  diameter,  and  extend  horizontally  from 
the  root-stock  often  to  a  ilistance  of  several  inches.  Occasion- 
ally one  of  them  forms  an  adventitious  ))ud  and  produces  a 
new  plant  at  some  little  distance  from  the  old  one.  The  frond 
for  the  year  grows  from  just  below  the  ape.K  of  the  root-stock. 
At  the  base  of  the  stalk  is  a  short  stipule-like  sheath,  which 
encloses  a  pointed  bud,  standing  on  the  apex  of  the  root- 
stock.  This  bud  contains  the  undeveloped  fn)nd  for  the  next 
year's  growth,  and,  according  to  Hofmeister,  even  the  rudi- 
ments of  the  frond  for  another  year  may  be  detected  within 
the  same  bud.  The  fronds  of  successive  years  face  in  opposite 
directions.  In  O.  vnlgatitm  but  one  frond  is  commonly  pro- 
duced each  year.  Sometimes,  however,  a  second  frond  is 
borne,  and  in  var.  polypliyUitm,  Al.  Braun,  two  or  three  fronds 
are  commonly  found  together  on  one  root-stock. 

The  height  of  the  plant  varies  from  two  to  three  inches 
on  dry  hillsides  to  over  a  foot  in  damp  grassy  meadows. 
The  common  stalk  is  usually  a  little  shorter  than  the  pedun- 
cle of  the  fruiting  spike ;  but  this  proportion  varies  much  in 
different  specimens.  Sometimes  the  peduncle  of  the  spike  is 
so  short  that  the  latter  scarcely  rises  above  the  apex  of  the 
sterile  segment. 

The  sterile  segment  is  sessile  on  the  side  of  the  stem, 
commonly  about  two  inches  long  and  less  than  an  inch  wide, 


:il 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


263 


but  sometimes  twice  this  size.  It  is  (jblon<^^-ovate  or  ellip- 
tical in  shape,  entire,  rather  obtuse,  smooth  and  tlcshy.  The 
veins  rise  separately  from  the  fibro-vascular  biiiuUes  in  the 
stalk,  anil  are  rcticulateil  into  large  irregularly  obovate  areoles, 
which  enclose  smaller  areoles,  and  these  often  enclose  a  free 
vein.  There  is  no  principal  vein  or  midrib  in  this  species, 
though  in  some  foreign  ones  there  is  said  to  be  a  midrib, 
and  a  faint  one  is  sometimes  seen  in  O.  nudicnitlc. 

The  fertile  spike  consists  of  a  central  axis  containing 
three  somewhat  anastomosing  fibro-vascular  bundles,  and  from 
fifteen  to  thirty  sessile  sporangia  on  each  side  of  it.  These 
sporangia  are  connate,  each  one  with  the  next  above  and 
below  it,  fleshy  or  sul>coriaceous,  yellowish,  entirely  without 
ring  or  manifestly  reticulated  surface,  and  open  by  splitting 
horizontally  when  ripe.  They  differ,  as  do  also  those  of  the 
allied  genera,  Bofi-ychium  and  HelniintJiostachys,  from  the 
sporangia  of  true  ferns,  not  only  in  being  more  solid  and  in 
having  no  ring,  but  essentially  in  their  origin  ;  for,  though 
as  in  true  ferns,  they  belong  to  the  leaves,  they  are  not  of 
the  nature  of  tricliomes,  i.  e.,  produced  by  transformation  of 
single  surface  cells,  but  are  from  the  inner  tissue  of  the 
leaves,  and  are  covered  with  an  epidermis  continuous  with 
that  of  the   leaf  or  frond.'       Equally  important  differences  are 


i'l 


il 


•  See  Sach's  Text-Hook,  as  translated  bv  nennctt,  p.  3S1.— "The  Sporangia  of 
tlie  Ophioglossacca;  are  so  essentially  (lil)erciit  from  those  of  Ferns  and  Rhizocarps  that 
these  plants  cannot,  fur  this  reason,  be  arranged  in  either  of  these  classes;  whether  they 
<hner  as  s,ncally  from  those  of  tlie  Equisetacea;  and  Lycopodiacea'  is  yet  to  be  proved  by 


I 


,:;il 


a64 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


observed  in  tlie  nature  and  histoiy  of  the  protliallus,  which  is 
green  and  above  ground  in  true  Ferns,  and  destitute  of  chlo- 
rophyll and  subterranean  in  Ophioghssacca.  While,  therefore, 
the  latter  constitute  a  distinct  natural  onler,  they  are  still  so 
like  true  Ferns  in  many  respects,  that  they  must  still  be  called 
Ferns ;  and  that  general  name  must  be  understood  as  covering 
three  natural  orders,  Filiies,  Mtxrnttiacece  and  Ofihioglossacece. 
The  spores  of  O.  vn/gaium  are  smo(jth,  pale-yellow,  sub- 
globose  and   trivittate. 

Plato  LXXXI. —  I'^iy.  1-4,  Ophioglosstim  viilgalum,  from  near 
Boston,  rig.  2  is  a  [lart  of  a  fertile  si)ik(!.  JMy.  3  is  the  upi^er  part 
of  a  sterile  seyineiU,  where  the  larger  areoles  are  less  distinct  than  in 
the  lower  half.     I'ig.  4  is  a  spore. 


the  liistiiis  iil'lluir  di-vclopmoiit.  .  .  .  K;icli  s|)()rniii;iiiiii  is,  in  Botrycliiuin,  an  entire  lobe 
of  a  leaf,  the  inner  tissue  nt'  wliicli  picidnccs  the  mother-cells  of  tho  spores.  \  longitu- 
dinal section  through  tliu  unripe  so-called  spike  of  O.  vii/i,'^atuin  shows  that  the  outer 
layer  of  the  wall  of  the  sporauj^inni  is  a  continuous  prolongation  of  the  epidermis  provided 
with  stoniata  anil  covering  the  whole  of  the  fertile  branch  of  the  leaf.  .  .  .  The  spherical 
cavities  which  contain  the  masses  of  spores  arc  imbedded  in  the  tissue  of  the  organ,  and 
are  therefore  entirely  surrounded  by  its  parenchyma. 


Ins,  which  is 
;ulc  of  chlo- 
le,  therefore, 
are  still  so 
.till  he  called 
I  as  covering 
/lioglossacece. 
-yellow,  sub- 

n,  from  near 
le  iipi^er  part 
jtinct   than    in 


in,  an  entire  luhe 
uies.  A  longltu- 
vs  lliat  till!  outer 
lidcrmis  provided 
.  .  The  spherical 
if  the  organ,  and 


FEKNS  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


865 


Plate  LXXXI.— Fig.  5-7. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM  CROTALOPHOROIDES,  Walter. 
Bulbous   Adder's-tongue. 

Ol'HIOGLOSSUM  CROTALOPHGROI  JES  :  —  Root-Stock    sub-glo- 

bose,  tuberous,  fronds  usually  several  from  one  root-stock, 
two  to  six  inches  high;  sterile  segment  j,ft  below  the  mid- 
dle of  the  plant,  six  to  eighteen  lines  long,  somewhat  fleshy, 
broadly  ovate  or  cordate,  abruptly  ctjntractcd  at  the  base  into 
a  short  petiole;  midvein  none,  areoles  not  enclosed  in  larger 
ones;  fertile  spike  three  to  six  lines  long,  rather  thick,  apicu- 
late,  its  peduncle  usually  twice  to  four  times  longer  than  the 
common  stalk. 
Ophioglossuvi    crotalophoroides.    Walter,    Flora    Caroliniana,    p.    256.— 

KuNZK,  in  Linnaea,  ix„  p.   13  ;  in  Sill.  Journ.,  July,  1848,  p.  82. 
Opkioglossiim  bulhomm,    Michaux,    F1.    Bor.-Am.,   ii.,   p.    276.— Swartz, 

Syn.  Fil.,  p.   169.— VVtLLDENow,  Sp.  PI.  v.,  p.  60.— -  Pursh,    F1. 

Am.  Sept.,  ii.,  p.  655.— Bakton,  F1.  North  ,-\mer.,  t.  56,  fig.  2.— 

PuEsi.,  Siippl.,  p.  5i._STUi<\f,  Eniim.  Pi.  Vase.    Crypt.    Chilen- 

siiim,  p.  46.— HooKKK  &  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  445.— Garbek,  in 

Botan.  Gazette,  iii.,  p.  85. 
Ophioglossiim  tuberosum,  Hooker  &  Arnoit,    Bot.    Beechey  Voy.,  p.    53 
Ophioglossum  tf/rt^«w,  Carmiciiaei..— Hooker  &  Greville,  Ic.  Fil.,  t.  40.— 

Pri;.sl,  Suppl.,  p.  51. 


266 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Ophioglossum  vulgatum.  viir.  crotalophoroides,  Eaton,  in  Chapman's 
IHora,  p.  599. 
Had. —  Old  fields  and  low  sandy  grounds  from  Soiitii  Carolina  and 
Florida  to  Louisiana.  Dr.  CiAUBKR  found  it  at  Manatee,  Florida,  and 
Professor  .Eugkm;  A.  Smith  reports  it  as  being  abundant  near  Tusca- 
loosa, Alabama.  The  range  extends  to  Chili,  and  possibly  much  farther. 
FuRSii  says,  "  New  Jersey  to  Carolina,"  but  no  one  in  recent  years  has 
detected  it  in  New  Jersey,  and  it  may  be  doubted  whether  it  was  ever 
found    there. 

Description: — The  root-stock  is  solid  and  sul>globc)se, 
two  to  four  lines  thick,  and  furnished  with  a  lew  commonly 
descendinj^  roots  much  slenderer  than  those  of  O.  vulgatum. 
Several  fronds  (2  to  6)  are  produced  in  one  season,  some  of 
them  sterile.  The  sterile  fronds  or  segments  are  broadly  ovate 
or  nearly  round,  cordate  or  sul>cordate  at  the  base,  and  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  to  the  stalk.  The  areolation  is  more  uniform 
than  in  O.  vulgatum.  The  fertile  spike  is  usually  long  stalked, 
and  bears  at  the  top  a  short  and  rather  thick  spike  of  sporan- 
gia. After  the  spores  are  discharged  the  spike  bears  some 
resemblance,  in  miniature,  to  the  rattles  of  a  rattlesnake;  at 
least  Walter  must  have  thought  so.  His  specific  character, 
"fioudibus  subconiatis,  scapo  froudUrus  tcrtius  iongiori,"  de- 
scribes our  plant  so  well,  that  can  be  no  doubt  that  his  plant 
is   the  san     as  Q.  bu/bosuui. 

\'h\w.  l.X.\.\I. — Vl'^.  5-7.  Ophioglossum  crolalophoroidcs,  from  Fer- 
nandina,  I'luriila,  collectad  !))•  Mr.  l-'axon.  Fig.  6  is  a  sterile  segment, 
slighlK'  enlarged,   sliowing  the  \enaliiin.      I'ig.    7  is  a  spore. 


FERNS    OF    NOKTH    AMliKiCA. 


267 


Pi-ATK   r.XXXI.— Fk;.    8-10. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM  NUDICAULH,  Lkvn^us,   Fil. 
Dwarf  Adder  s-tongue. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM  nudicaulk:— Root-Stock  short,  slightly 
tuberous;  fronds  usually  several,  one  to  six  inches  hi-h  ;  sterile 
segment  four  to  nine  lines  long  in  our  plant  (larger  in  some 
foreign  specimens),  somewhat  fleshy,  elliptical-ovate,  acute  at 
both  ends,  sub-sessile  near  the  base  of  the  plant ;  midvein 
sometimes  i)resent,  areoles  not  enclosed  in  larger  ones  ;  fertile 
spike  three  to  six  lines  long,  apiculate,  set  on  a  long  and  slender 
peduncle. 

Ophiootosmm  nu./iaiu/c,  Linnvkus,  Fil.,  ••  Suppl..  p.  44.^"-.Swaktz,  Syn. 
i'il.,  pp.  109,  397,  t.  iv..  (]o-.  2.— \Vii.ii)i:.\,,w,  .Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  59.— 
Kl  x/i:,  L)i.-  Famikr.,  i..  p.  59,  t.  xxix.,  fi-  3,  f>.-\\v■^^.,  Suppl., 
p.  54;  -Sill.  Journ..  Jul)  1S4S.  p.  82.— I  [uokkr  &  Bakkk,  <yn. 
I'll.,  ]).  445.— Garhkr,  in  Botan.  Gazette,  iii.,  p.  S5. 

Ophioglossum  rpanemensc,  Maktiu.s,  Ic.  Crypt.  Hrasil.,  pp.  59,  130,  t. 
Ix.xiii.,   1. 

Ophioglossum   parv, folium,     H.h.kkk  &  Gukvh.i.k.-Beodome,    Ferns    of 

•So.   inilia.   p.   :;,  1.   Ixxj. 
nphioglossiim  z'u/jratum,  var.  nudicanle,   Faion,.  in   Chapman's    Flora,  p. 

559— (tl  /'/isii/!,,,,,   \i  iTAii,  (K;n.  p.   24,S,  is  probably  a  mix- 


f; 


ii. 


268 


FERNS  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


ture  of  this  ami  O.    trotaloplioroidcs,   as  both  species  are  amon 
his   spcciinciis  of    O.  pusii/uin.    (h  cllipliciim,   Nookick  &  Gkk- 
vii.i.i;,  is  larger  aiul  jjerhajis  distinct.) 
Hab. — Saiuly  honLrs  of  jkiikIs,  rniitiiijj  in   October  and  November. 

South  Carolina  and  Gcoryfia  to  soutiiern  Alabama  and   I'lorida.     Mobile, 

C.    Moiik;     Apalachicola,    Chai'Man  ;     Levy    County,    Morida,     Gakhku. 

Cuba,  WKunrr,  No.    1S17,  referred  to    O.  huHnmtm  by  Grisebach.     South 

America,   Africa,    India,  New  Caledonia,  etc. 

Description: — With  us  this  is  usually  a  smaller  plant 
than  0.  CfofahfihoroiiA's:  It  has  an  indistinctly  tuberous  root- 
stock  with  fascicled  descending  roots.  There  are  from  two  to 
six  or  seven  fronds  from  one  root-stock,  the  part  of  the  stem 
which  is  below  the  sterile  segment  being  buried  in  the  soil. 
Tlie  sterile  segments  are  rarely  over  an  inch  long,  except  in 
some  doubtful  fcircign  forms,  and  are  elliptical,  but  acute  at 
both  base  and  apex.  There  is  a  central  vein,  running  as  far 
as  the  middle  t)f  the  segment,  sometimes  indistinct,  sometimes 
very  plain.  The  .ireoles  are  irregularly  oblong,  and  not  en- 
closed in  larger  ones.  The  spike  of  sporangia  rests  on  a 
slender  peduncle  which  is  commonly  se\eral  times  as  long  as 
the  sterile  .segment.  The  spores  are  sid)-globose,  smooth  and 
trivittate,  as  they  are  also  in    O.  cyotaloplioyoidcs. 

Plate-  I.XXXI. — l"i_!j;.  ,S-io.  ()p/iioo/osstiin  niidicanle.  from  D. 
Cuai'Man's  .Xpalacliicola  specimens.  I'ig.  9  is  an  enlarged  sterile  seg- 
ment.    I'ig.    10  is  a  sijore. 


FERNS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


269 


Pi.ATK  LXXXI.— Fig.  11-14. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM  PALMATUM,  Plumier. 

Palmate  Adder's-tongue. 

Ophioglossum  I'Almatum: — Root-stock  short,  tuberous, 
bearing  around  the  top  a  circle  of  long-ciliate  scales,  and 
producing  one  or  several  fronds  in  a  season ;  fronds  fleshy, 
flaccid  and  somewhat  pendulous,  four  to  twelve  inches  long, 
long-stalked,  cuneate  at  the  base,  sometimes  entire  but  com- 
monly palmately  lobed ;  lol^es  two  to  eleven,  tongue-shaped, 
often  forked  near  the  tip;  veins  anastomosing  in  long  rhom- 
boid or  hexagonal  areolcs ;  fertile  spikes  one  to  several,  borne 
mostly  near  the  edges  of  the  frond  just  where  it  narrows 
into  the  stalk,  or  on  the  ujjper  part  of   the  stalk  itself. 

Ophioglossum   palinalum,    I'i.limiku,    ImI.    Amen,    p.    139,  t.  cl.xiii. I.in- 

N/Eus,  Sp.  I'l..  p.  1518. — .SwAKi/,  .Syn.  I'il..  p.  170. — Wii.i.di-now, 
.Sp.  1'!.,  v.,  p.  61.— HodKiu,  Ic.  I'i.,  t.  iv. —  M.MaKN.s&CAir.orri, 
Syii.  I'll.  M(;.N.,  ]).  14. —  .SiuRM,  "  in  Martins,  FI.  liras.,  !.,  j).  145, 
t.  y."— lludKKk  cS:  JiAKi.k,  Syn.  l''il.,  p.  446.— I'ol'u.viku,  Fl. 
Mex..  Crypt.,  p.  141. —  V.xios,  m  Huilf^tin  of  Torr.  liotan.  Club, 
vi.,  p|).  71,  307.— CiiAi'MAN,  in  15otan.  Ciazctte,  iii.,  p.  20. — 
J.  1).  .Smith,  in  lioian.  Gazette,  iv.,  p.  141. 
Ramondia  palmala,  Mikihi  ,  "  in  Diet.  d.  sc.  fiat.,  ^•A.  Fin-rault." 
Cliciroglosm  palmitla,   I'kr.si.,  Siippl.,  p.  57.— p-|.,|,:,    ||.„e  Mem.,  p.    127. 


270 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Hab.  —  In  the  axils  of  the  okl  leaves  of  the  palmetto,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Caloosahatchie.  South  Florida,  Chapman,  (Jet.,  1875  ;  j. 
DoNNEi.L  Smith,  March,  1878;  Gakbkr,  August,  1.S78.  Forks  of  Turkey 
Creek,  Indian  River,  I'lorida,  1".  A.  Wiirri:,  May  and  July,  1879,  always 
nesting  in  the  old  sheatiis  of  leaves  of  the  iialmetto.  Santo  Domingo, 
Fi.UMiER.  Mauritius,  Meyrien.  Southern  Hrazii,  Tweedik,  "growing  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  a  species  of  palm."  Chinantla,  Mexico,  Gai.koiti. 
"  pendent  on  ilivers  trees,  and  more  rarely  on  moist  schistose  rocks." 
Tovar,  Venezuela,  Moun/,  on  dead  trunks.  Feru,  FuiwiG.  Frazil  ao-ain, 
Si;i.i.ow.     Cuba,  C.  Wkkjiit.      Also  near  Manatee,  Florida,  Gariu'.r. 

Description:  —  The  root-stock  is  not  very  unlike  that  of  a 
Ti'illinm,  being  erect,  a  little  longer  than  thick,  a!x)ut  as  large 
as  a  hazel-nut,  profusely  rooting  along  its  sides,  and  producing 
a  cluster  of  fronds  at  the  top.  Just  below  the  fronds  is  a 
ring  of  woolly  hairs,  which  on  examination  prove  to  be  the 
long  antl  entangled  cilia  of  minute  chaffy  scales.  This  wool 
is  ferruginous  in  dried  specimens,  but  Plumier  says  it  is 
"albissima."  The  roots  are  several  inches  long,  half  a  line 
to  a  line  thick,  and  dichotomously  branched.  Sachs  is  uncer- 
tain whether  the  branching  of  the  roots  of  Opliioghssacccc  is 
monopodial  or  dichotomous.  Here  it  is  certainly  the  latter; — 
in  one  instanc;  a  root   is    four    times    regularly  dichotomous. 

The  number  of  fronds  from  one  root-stock  is  said  by  Dr. 
Garber  to  be  sometimes  more  than  twelve,  but  usually  there 
are  from  tliree  to  six.  The  stalks  are  from  three  to  fifteen 
inches  long,  round,  fleshy  and  rather  tough,  but  gradually 
yielding  to  the  weight   of    the    frond,  which    is    more   or   less 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


271 


pendent  according  to  its  weight.  The  fibro-vascular  bundles 
are  from  six  to  twelve,  slender,  and  placed  in  a  circle  beneath 
the  surface. 

The  frond  is 'sometimes  simple  and  lanceolate,  a  span 
long  or  less,  and  six  to  twelve  lines  wide;  but  more  com- 
monly it  is  fan-shaped,  cuneate  at  the  base,  and  deeply  lobed 
into  a  variable  number  of  tongue-shaped  segments,  oftencst 
from  three  to  six.  Two  examples  have  eleven  segments.  The 
segments  are  from  two  to  eight  inches  long,  nearly  or  quite 
an  inch  broad,  obtuse  or  acute,  and  often  forked  at  the  tip ; 
one  frond  is  forked  at  the  middle  of  the  stalk,  and  each  of 
the  divisions  forked  with  forking  segments.  No  two  fronds 
are  exactly  alike,  and  in  a  large  collection  of  specimens  many 
odd  shapes  appear. 

The  veins  rise  from  the  stalk,  no  one  larger  than  the 
others,  and  anastomose  in  elongated  irregularly  rhomboid  or 
hexagonal  meshes,  which  often  contain  a  simple  or  branched 
veinlet  entering  from  either  the  lower  or  the  upper  end  of 
the  areole.     '■     " 

Ihe  spikes  are  one  or  two  inches  long,  and  have  pedun- 
cles a  little  shorter  than  themselves.  They  arise  mostly  from 
the  incurved  edges  of  the  frond  just  where  it  begins  to  widen 
from  the  common  stalk,  sometimes  from  the  stalk  itself,  and 
rarely  from  the  anterior  or  upper  surface  of  the  frond, 
starting  from  a  vein  some  distance  from  the  margin.  The 
peduncles  contain  one  principal  vein,  and  often  an  addi- 
tional   veinlet  or  two.     Occasionally  a    spike    or    its    peduncle 


272 


FliRNS    OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


is  forked.  The  spikes  arc  manifestly  appendages  of  the  frond, 
as  Hofmeister  considers  the  spike  of  O.  vnlgatttm  to  be,  and 
not  special  fronds  partly  consolidated  with  the  sterile  lamina. 

Dr.  Garber  is  of   the    opinion    that    the    sterile    segments 
continue  to  elongate  after  the  fruit  has  ripened, 

The  number  of   sporangia  in    one   spike   is    usually  from 
twenty  to  forty  on  each  side. 

Another  peculiar  species  of  this  genus  is  O.  pendulum, 
Linn.TUs;  its  range  being  from  the  Mauritius  to  India,  Aus- 
tralia, Polynesia,  and  Ecuador.  In  this  species  the  frond  is 
ribbon-like,  an  inch  broad,  and  sometimes  several  feet  long, 
simple  or  forked,  sometimes  twice  forked  near  the  extremity. 
.The  spike  is  usually  solitary,  and  rises  from  the  middle  of 
the  lamina  not  far  from  the  base:  it  is  much  heaxicr  than 
in  any  other  species,  and  often  several  inches  long.  Presl 
maile  of   this  species  the  genus  Ophiodcnna. 

Pkuc  LX.XXI. —  l-'ig.  11-14.  Opliioglossum  palmatum,  one  of  Dr. 
C;arl)(jr's  spcciiiHJiis.  1-ig.  12  is  a  longitudinal  section  of  a  part  of  a 
fertile  spike.     Fig  13  shows  the   venation,     l-'ig.   14  is  a  spore. 


FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


273 


-:| 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS. 


AsPiDiUM  Okeopteris  : —  Root-stock  short,  assurgent  or 
erect,  chaffy,  covered  with  adherent  stalk-bases ;  stalks  chaffy, 
very  short ;  fronds  firmly  membranaceous,  glandular  beneath, 
one  and  a  half  to  over  three  feet  high,  broadly  lanceolate  in 
outline,  acute,  tapering  from  the  middle  to  a  very  narrow  base, 
pinnate;  lowest  pinnai  very  short,  deltoid;  middle  ones  three 
to  five  inches  long,  lanceolate  from  a  broad  and  nearly  sessile 
base,  pinnatifid  to  within  a  line  of  the  midrib  into  numerous 
broadly  oblong  obtuse  nearly  entire  segments ;  veins  free, 
mostly  forked;  sori  near  the  margin;  indusia  round-reniform, 
toothed  or  glandular,  evanescent  ;  spores  ovoid,  muriculate. — 
Aspidinm  Orcofitcris,  Swartz,  in  Schraders  Journal,  1800,  ii., 
P-  35;  ^yi-  I'il-'  P-  50- — VViLLDKNOW,  Sp.  PI.,  v.,  p.  247. — 
MitTTiiNius,  Fil.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  92. —  Last  yea  Oreoptcyis, 
Prk.si.,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  76. —  Moore,  Nat.  Pr.  Brit.  Ferns,  t. 
xxviii. —  Nephyodium  Oyeoptcyis,  Desvaux. —  Hooker,  Brit. 
Ferns,  t.  14. — ylsphi'ntni  iiioiifnituJii,  Miloi:,  Fil.  Hur.  ct  Atlant., 
p.   115. —  Ncpliyodiiuii  nioiifaiiiiDi,  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.,  p.  27. 

Discovered  on  the  Island  of  Unalaska  by  Mr.  L.  M.  Turner 
in  1878;  "abundant  enough,  grows  four  feet  high  in  patches 
of  many  yards  square  in  the  ravines  and  wet  places."  It  is 
common  in  Hurope,  from  Hngland  to  Spain  and  to  Russia, 
and  occurs  also  in  Madeira  and  in  Asia  Minor;  but  is  not 
found  in  Siberia,  nor  on  the  North  American    continent. 

This  fcMi  is  nearer  to  A.  Ncvadensc  tlian  to  any  other 
species  found  within  our  limits.  It  has  a  similar  root-stock; 
and  the  fronds  in  l)oth  species  arc  narrowed  to  the  base.  But 
A.  Oyeoptcyis  is  a  coarse  heavy-looking  fern  with  broad  pin- 
n;e  and  segments,  while  the  other  is  slender  and  g'  xeful, 
with  narrower  pinnae  and  much  smaller  segments.  In  A.  Neva- 


I 


274 


FERNS   OF    NOKTH   AMERICA. 


dense  the  veins  arc  mostly  simple;  in  ^.  Oycoptcyis  they  are 
mostly  forked,  except  in  very  small  fronds.  Specimens  of 
this  fern  anil  of  several  others,  collected  by  Mr.  Turner  in 
Unalaska,  were  sent  to  me  by  Dr.  J.  Schneck,  of  Mt.  Carmel, 
Illinois,  but  not  until  all  the  plates  for  this  volume  were  al- 
ready in  the  hands  of  the  litho^fraphcrs. 

Vol.  I.  Vas^c  5. —  Lygodiuui  painiiitnm  is  now  known  to 
be  abundant  in  some  parts  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky.  Sec 
Mr.  Williamson's  Ferns  of  Kentucky,  p.  129;  also  Bull.  Torn 
Club,  vi.,  pp.  221   and    232. 

Pat^e  18. — The  locality  is  more  exactly  a  dense  hummock 
neai    Miami,  Dade  County,  S.  R.  Floriila. 

Page  29. — Botrycliiuvi  Lunaiia  has  been  found  in  Con- 
necticut, by  Dr.  F.  \V.  Hall.  There  were  j^ood  specimens  of 
it  in   Mr.  Turner's  collection  made  in   Unalaska. 

Page  45. —  C/icilaiit/ies  Califoriiica  occurs  as  far  north  as 
Sonoma  County,  where  Mr  W.  A.  Stratton  found  it  covering 
an  immense  rock  of  sandstone  in  a  branch  of  Russian  River. 

Page  73. — Aspidimu  Ncvadcnse.  Also  in  Trinity  County, 
Professor  (i.  R.   Kleeberger,   1879. 

Page  <S3. —  Clicihuitlics  visiida. —  White-water  Canon  is  in 
California,  not  Arizona.  The  name  of  the  pass  referred  to 
in  the  next  line  is  San  Gorgonio. 

Page   95,  line   7;  —  for  " /lirsiiia"  read  /lirsiituiii. 

Page  104.  .Iiiciiniti  adiantifolia. —  Some  of  Dr.  Garber's 
later  specimens  are  as  large  anil  fine  as  one  woukl  wish  to 
see. 

Page   139,    line    i6;  —  for 'V//c7///V7/;«" read  Aleuticiim. 

Page  166.  —  ll'oodwaydia  august  i/olia.  —  Arkansas,  Dr. 
Engelmann. 

Page  175.  —  Aspidhtiii  fi'agraiis.  —  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry,  in 
Owen's  (ieoi.  Survey  of  Wisconsin,  etc.,  p.  621,  gives  an  account 
of  tliis  fern,  which  he  discovered  growing  on  trap  rocks  at  the 
Falls  of  St.  Croix,  in  1S48. 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


275 


Plate  XXIV.— For  "SIIIZyHA"  read  SCIIIZ/EA. 

Page  iH^.—  Sc/ihaa  pnsilla.  Add  to  the  synonymy; 
Sclihcca  filifolia,  De  la  Pyiaie,  in  Mem.  Soc.  Linn.,  Paris,  iv. 
(1S25),  p.  424.  -  De  la  Pyiaie  states  that  he  found  it  in  low 
grounds  growing  with  yli'ci/insn,  CnlopOi^oii,  etc.  His  speci- 
mens are  still  preserved,  and  have  been  seen  by  Professor 
Gray.  In  vVugust,  1879,  the  Sc/z/cccn  was  found  by  Miss  Eli- 
zabeth G.  Knight  on  the  shores  of  (irand  Lake,  about  twenty- 
three  miles  from  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia.  The  plants  were  less 
than  two  inches  high,  the  fruit  immature.  They  were  grow- 
ing among  the  rhizomes  of  the  royal-fern.  This  discovery 
confirms  the  authenticity  of  the  Newfoundland  station.  See 
Bulletin  of  Torrey  Botan.  Club,  vi.,  p.  361,  and  Botan.  Gazette, 
v.,  p.  4. 

Plate  XXVI.— The  name  of  the  fern  at  the  left  hand  is 
Polypoiiinm  Scou/cri,  Hooker,  not  /'.  vnlgarc. 

Page  203. —  Pcllcca  amii'omcihcfolia,  van  rubcns,  liaton  in 
Bulletin  of  Torrey  Botan.  Club,  vi.,  p.  360,  is  a  condition, 
rather  than  a  proper  variety,  in  which  the  upper  surface  of 
the  frond,  including  the  revolute  margin,  is  colored  a  deep 
bloiKJ-red.  Mrs.  R.  F.  liingham,  of  Santa  Barbara,  informs  me 
that  from  experiments  she  has  made,  she  is  satisfied  that  the 
coloii  is  wholly  due  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun,  and  that 
when  a  red-fronded  plant  is  removed  to  the  shade  the  new 
frond;  produced  have  not  the  red  color.  In  short  the  color 
is  a  ripening  in  the  sunshine  like  the  color  of  many  autumnal 
leaves  and  fruits. 

Page  20S. —  The  San  Diego  specimens  are  -xW  P.  ancirom- 
edccfolia,  some  of  them  with  larger  pinnules  than  usual. 

Page  247. —  Scolopcndfium  viifgnrc. — Pursh's  original  sta- 
tion on  the  Geddes  farm,  some  five  miles  west  of  Syracuse, 
was  rediscovered  last  September  by  the  ladies  of  the  Syracuse 
Botanical  Club.  Mr.  John  A.  Cheatham  has  found  the  same 
fern  on  the  precipitous  sides  of  a  deep  chasm  in  limcrock  two 
miles  west  of  the  Tennessee  River,  and  near  the  town  of  South 
Pittsl)urg,  Tennessee.  Both  these  discoveries  are  chronicled 
in  the  Bidletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  vi.,  pp.  346-34S. 


276 


FERNS   OF    NORTH    AMF.RICA. 


Page  264.  —  Pten's  aquilina.  \ar.  caudata  is  reported 
occurring  as  lar  north  as  Delaware  and  New  Jersey.  I  have 
seen  only  small  fragment^,  too  scanty  for  certainty  as  to 
whether  they  are  truly  var.  iiuiiinta  or  not.  Mr.  Daxcnport 
reports  tiiat  var.  caiuiata  has  been  sent  to  him  by  Mr.  1'*.  A. 
White,  from  Florida,  thirteen  feet  high!  A  very  fragrant  con- 
dition of  the  bracken  has  been  noticed  in  Illinois  by  Mrs. 
S.  T.  Chapman. 

Page  2S0. —  Asplcnitun  parviilnm. —  Greene  County,  .Mis- 
souri, Professor  li.  M.  Shepanl.  Alleghanies  of  Virginia,  Pro- 
fessor Gray  and  Mr.   Gillett. 

Page  282. —  Adiantmn  Copi/liis-l'i'iicris.  This  has  also 
been  found  in  Missouri  by  Professor  Shepard,  and  in  Wythe 
County,  Virginia,  by  Mr.  II.  Schriver. 

Vol.  II.  Page  Cx—Pclhca  lyiif^litiana. — Specimens  from 
San  Bernardino  Mountain  in  southeastern  Caliiorm'a,  collected 
by  Mr.  Lemmon  and  ?\Ir.  W.  G.  Wright,  are  to  be  referred 
to  this  species.  Mr.  Wright  states  that  the  root-stocks  form 
great  masses  under  rocks,  and  the  fronds  continue  to  unfold 
long  after  P.  Oniif/iofiiis  has  ceased  its  growth  for   the   year. 

Page  9,  line    10,  —For  "oppressed"  read  appresscd. 

Page  16. —  Gyiiinogrniniiic  fn'mi^nhvis  has  been  sent  to 
Halifax  nurseries  from  British  Columbia.  * 

Page  n.).^Gyinnoirraiiiiiie  /lispidd. — Specimens  from  San 
Luis  Potosi,  Mexico,  collected  by  Drs.  Parry  cK:  Palmer,  have 
l)artly  the  veins  free,  and  partly  the  veins  reticulated  as  in  G. 
podophylla.  If  the  two  are  ultimately  united  it  is  probable  that 
they  will  be  found  identical  with  G.  FJirciibcri^iniin  Klotsch,  in 
Linn.X'a,  XX.,  p.  411. —  But   more   materials  are   needed. 

Page  80,  line  7  from  bottom. — For  "  buondary  "  read  bound- 
ary. 

Page  89,  line  12.— For  "inches"  read  lines.  On  the  next 
])age,  for  "  Franklin  County"  substitute  Cumberland  Mts.  This 
[Clicilanthcs  Alabaiiicnsis  and  not  C.  niicfofi/iyl/n,  as  statetl  on  p. 
82)  is  the  plant  that  Dr.  Engelmann  collected  at  the  Hot  Springs 
in  Arkansas,  where  it  still  is  found,  but  now  "principally  along 
iron  pipes   which  convey  the  water  of  the  springs  to   a  hotel.  " 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


277 


Page  95,  line  12  from  bottom.— For  "  Oiioihui"  rcail  Onoclea. 

Page  116.  IVooiiaia  glabella. —  Mr.  L.  II.  Hoysradt  sends 
fine  specimens  from  "The  Clove,"  Catskill  Mts.,   New  York. 

Page  125. —  ^s/)i(liiiiii  acnlcatuui,  var.  Byaunii. —  "  During 
the  summer  of  iSjiS,  Mr.  J.  P.  Crosier  (iriffith  found  this  fern 
growing  freely  in  a  rocky  glen  near  the  southwestern  corner  of 
Sullivan  County,  Pennsylvania." — Pulletin  of  Torrey  Club.  vi. 
p.  291. 

Page  169.  —Specimens  of  Aspidinm  spiiiiilosiini  XMWiilgaye 
with  glandular  indusia  h.ive  been  detected  in  Dutchess  County, 
New  York,  by  Mr.  Hoysradt. 

Phi;goiti:ris  cai.carha  :  —  Root-stock  slender,  cord-like, 
widely  creeping,  stalks  scattered,  slender,  glandular,  chaffy  near 
the  base,  six  to  twelve  inches  !!?gh;  fronds  herbaceous,  rather 
rigid,  minutely  glandular,  deltoid,  four  to  eight  inches  long,  and 
about  as  broad  at  the  base,  ternate;  primary  divisions  stalked, 
pinnate  with  oblong  or  ovate-oblong  pinn.e,  which  are  pinnately 
lobed  or  dividetl ;  lowest  inferior  pinna  of  the  lateral  divisions 
about  equal  to  the  third  pinna  of  the  middle  division  ;  lobes 
oblong,  obtuse,  crenately  toothed,  or  if  very  large,  pinnately 
lobed ;  veins  pinnately  branched,  sori  small,  nearer  the  margin 
than  the  midvein. —  /'//(\iro/>liris  n/lnirca,  Fr.i{,  Gen.  Fil.,  p.  243. 
— Mktthnius,  1m1.  Hort.  Lips.,  p.  '^T^.—Plicgoptcns  Robcrtiaua, 
Al.  Buaun.— Mii.ni-:,  Fil.  Fur.  et.  Atlant.,  p.  of).—  Polypodinm 
Robertiaiiiini,  Hoffman. —  Mooki:,  Nat.  Pr.  Brit.  Ferns,  t.  vi. — 
IIooKFK,   Brit.   F\;rns,  t.   5. — Polypodium  calcarciiin  Smith. — 

VVlLLDENOVV,  Sj).  PI.,  v.,  p.  210. 

Collected  in  Fastern  Minnesota,  growing  on  slaty  rocks 
on  the  bank  of  the  St.  Louis  river,  near  the  crossing  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  Railway,  by  Miss  Fij.hn  W.  Catiicart. 
Formerly  attril)uted  to  America,  but  not  clearly  known  as 
American  till  now.  It  is  rather  common  in  Furope,  and  has 
been  found  in  the  IIimal;iyan  regions  of  Asia.  It  will  prob;i- 
bly  be  found  from  Lake  Superior  to  Idaho.  This  fern  is 
very  closely  related  to  the  common  /'.  Dryopfcris,  and  is  often 
considered  a  variety  of  it.  Milde  maintained  that  it  is  distinct, 
the  principal  differences  being  a  somewhat   thicker   root-stock, 


378 


IM-UNS   OI-    NORTH    AMI-UICA. 


glandular  stalk  ami  Iroiiils.  fronds  more  rij^Mcl  and  erect,  smaller 
pinn.e  on  the  lower  side  ol'  the  primary  divisions,  and  s|)ores 
more  distinctly  vcrrucose;  and  my  own  observations  lead  me 
to  the  same  conclusion. 

I*a^e  17S,  line  9, — before  "at"  insert  or. 

Page  257,  line  2. — for  "antheridoia"  read  anthcridia. 

Pago  262,  line  4, — after  "fleshy"  add  a  comma. 

Page  26S,  line  2, — for  "anion"  read  among. 

AsriDIUM    COMIkMINU.M,    WiLLUICNOW  ?    Root-StOCk    StOUt, 

erect,  often  rising  above  ground,  bearing  a  crown  of  fronds; 
fronds  one  to  four  feet  long,  pubirulent  and  glandular  beneath, 
very  short-stalked,  lanceolate,  c.uidate-acuminate,  much  narrowed 
at  the  base,  somewhat  rigid,  pinnate;  pinn.'o  sessile,  narrowly 
lanceol.'ite  from  a  bro.uler  ba.e,  .icuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid  into 
oblong  obliijuely  sub-falcate  obtuse  segments;  veins  free,  sim- 
ple ;  sori  near  the  margin;  indusium  reniform  ndnute,  glandular 
and  somewhat  pilose,  evanescent.  —  Sp.  PI.  v.,  p.  249. —  Ncpiiro- 
liiinii  coiitcniiiiiniii,  I)i:svai'.\  ;  IIookiik,  Sp.  Fil.,  iv.,  p.  91. 

Abundant  throughout  a  miry  swamp  draining  into  Peace 
Creek,  Polk  Co.,  i'lorida.  Captain  J.  Donnull  Smith,  March, 
iSSo.  .Mexico,  West  Indies  and  South  America,  ("aptain  Smith 
notices  a  small  mamillate  gl.uul  on  the  side  of  the  rachis  at  the 
base  of  each  pinna.  This,  with  the  very  short  stalk,  may  ulti- 
mately separate  the  fern  from  .1.  contcnniuum. 


FliKNS   OF    NORTH    AMliKlCA. 


279 


INDliX. 


Acr(i[)li-iis  sipti'iiliioiMlis,  Link. 

Aciiisticliiini  al|)iiiiiin,  iiuU. 

A.  ;iit'(il,iiuiii,  Linn. 

A.  Ai'uiiiM,    l.iiiii     (I'l.  I.VIIl) 

A.  il:iii;i;il(iliiini,  Liiii;;s(l.  Ifi  I'hdi. 

A.  fi.uiiiiloruim,  R.  llriiwii. 

A.  liis|ii(liMii.  llosc. 

A.  Iiypiihomiin,  Liljebl. 

A.  IImiim'.  Mini. 

A.  in;ii|ua1i',  Willd. 

A.  jn;;l.in(li("linni,  Kaulf. 

A.  (il)li(|nuui,  lllnniL'. 

A.  plalyiR'nnin,  Ijinn. 

A.  iiolvpmlididcs,  I. inn. 

A.  lli.iiiclKpiilis,  I, inn. 

A.  'riiclyplctis,  Linn. 

A.  SL'ptL'ntiion.ilt',  Linn. 

A.  silicpiosnni,  Linn. 

A.  sinn.iunn,  .Swz. 

A.  spci  iosnin,  Willil. 

Adc'iluni  pil()siu->i  iilnin.  Link. 

Adi.niluni  a;liiin[)iiinn.  llakcr. 

A.  .\incrii:,uinni,  I'.nnutns. 

A.  1)1111', di'.  I'rrsl. 

.\.  fapillii-i,  .Swz. 

A.  ('Al'ii.l.rsN'iNKKls,  Linn. 

(IM.  \.\.W1I) 
A.  Cliilfiisf,  loir. 
A.  Clii'fiisf,  var.  Hook, 
A.  C!liili'iisc,  var.  Liibm. 
.\.  ilipLiidfiis.  C'lia|)in. 
A.  dil.it.iliiin,  Nntl. 
A.  iinar;;iiialnin,  llorv. 
A.  i;M.\it(;iN Aii'M,  Hook. 

(IM.  .\.\X\  111) 
A,  frat,'iK',  var.  .M.ut.  .'v:  Oal. 
A.  lii^pidiini,  ll()^(•. 
.\.  Muril/iamini.  Link. 
A.  riLAriM.  Linn.  (I'l.  Will) 
;\.  piliisnin,  I'.alon, 
A.  Ti:Ni;i(f.M,  S«/.  (I'i.  LX.WII) 
A.  Iciicriini,  Toir. 
A.  run  Mill. Ki'is,  I'l-c.    (I'l.  Ll.\) 
A.  vcslilum,  Sprciiy. 


1. 

1 1 1 

11. 

108 

i. 

11)6 

II. 

y.5 

n. 

9-1 

11. 

'J4 

1. 

K^• 

li. 

108. 

II. 

1 12 

u. 

y4- 

n. 

94 

II. 

94 

1. 

■»  1  , 

i. 

.98. 

II. 

25(J. 

i. 

2,H- 

11. 

250. 

1. 

.S9.V 

11. 

9^■ 

1. 

.vw- 

1. 

mil. 

1 

,,,6. 

1. 

.,,6. 

1. 

2iii. 

i. 

2S1. 

1. 

285. 

II. 

io.t. 

11. 

lo.v 

1. 

2S2. 

II. 

lo.v 

1. 

282. 

i. 

285. 

II. 

103. 

1. 

i.V 

1. 

28.;. 

1. 

I,!.';- 

II. 

104. 

II. 

-^'^ 

1. 

280. 

II. 

103. 

1. 

U- 

Aleuritoptcris  Candida,  Vic. 

.Mlosorus  acrosiichoidL's,  Sprcng, 

.\.  aiidrcniudit'foliiis,  Hook. 

A.  androincdiL'folins,  Kaulf. 

.\.  a(|uiliniis,  I'rc^l. 

A.  ali'opurpurcns,  K.nnzu. 

A.  crlspns,  Kaiilf. 

A.  crispns,  var.  iMildc. 

A.  (IcxuoMis,  Ranlf. 

A.  fovi-'olalns,  Riipr. 

.A.  forinosns,  Lirliin. 

A.  gracilis,  I'rcsl. 

A.  ininuliis.  Tun/. 

A.  iniicidiialns,  Kal(M). 

A.  pulcliollns.  Marl.  &  Ual. 

.\.  SitcliL'iisis,  Uiipr. 

A.  Slilk-ri,  Kupr. 

A.  Icrnifoliiis,  Kniizc. 

.Msoplida  I'cnini.ina,  .Sprcii^. 

.Ainblia  jnjjl.indifolia,  I'rosl. 

.\inisiiiiii  SI  iili'nlricin.iU'.  Newni. 

.AiitliistiM  Virt,'inica,  I'lcsl. 

.ANI.IMIA  Alil  vsriKii.iA  Swz. 

(I'l.  XIV) 
A.  as|)li.«iifiilia,  Swz. 
A.  i:aruiloli.i,  I'rcsl. 
A.  Mkxrana.  K1.  (I'l.  XIV) 
A.  spec  iosa,  I'irsl. 
AiK'inirhi/.i  adi.iiilifolia,  J.  Sinltli. 
.\iiti;;iainina  rlii/oph)  lla.  J.  .Sniitli. 
AsPIIMl'M  Ai  llosril  IIOIIlKS,  Swz. 

(I'l.  X.\XIV) 
,\.  ai'rcisliilii)i<Us,  I  look. 
A.  AiriaiAUM,  Swz.  (I'l.  LXII) 
.A.  alprslii'.  Swz. 
.\.  .AniLTicuuiin,  D.ucnp'l. 
.A.  an;^nlari',  Willd. 
A.  aiif;nslniii,  Willd. 
.\spidinni  ar^iilnin,  Kanlf. 
.\.  a.>pli'iiioidis.  .Swz. 
.A.  aloniariiini.  Miilil. 
A.  aiiriinl.iliiin.  Si  lik. 
A.  I!ciurni,l'ii.k.  (I'l.  LXIX) 
A.  Ilr.iunii,  Spi'iin. 


u. 

3t 

II. 

100 

II. 

1 1 

i. 

J03 

1. 

264 

II. 

6  J 

II. 

loo 

II. 

100 

i. 

207 

II. 

100 

i. 

81. 

il. 

6C. 

ii. 

66. 

II. 

12 

1. 

81. 

li. 

100. 

II. 

66. 

II. 

.S9- 

n. 

190. 

11. 

2  -•  2 

1. 

112. 

n. 

46. 

103. 

104. 

104. 

99. 

99. 

55- 

104. 

i. 

2.';7- 

1. 

188. 

II. 

'2,?- 

1. 

171. 

II. 

"''.V 

II. 

124. 

II. 

226. 

11. 

1 . 

11. 

2  2r>. 

II. 

.s'>. 

1. 

-'.S7- 

II. 

'7.';- 

II. 

>-s- 

280                                  F^RNS 

OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 

' 

A.  bulbiferum,  Swz. 

ii. 

56- 

(PI.  XIII) 

i. 

93- 

A.  Ciilifornicuin,  Katoii. 

ii. 

IJ4. 

A-ipidotis  Californica,  Null. 

i. 

45- 

* 

A.  campylopteniin,  Kuiize. 

ii. 

166. 

Asplviiiuin  abscissuiii,  Ikiker. 

ii. 

260. 

A.  CRISTATUM,  Swz.  (Pi.  LXVI) 

ii. 

'S3- 

A.  acrosticlioidfs,  Swz. 

ii. 

34- 

A.  cristntum,  var.  K.ilon. 

ii. 

160. 

A.  Adiantiiin-nigruin,  Michx. 

ii. 

41. 

A.  crislatiim,  var.  MiUlc. 

ii. 

176. 

A.  alpcslrc,  .Melt. 

i. 

i;i. 

A.  (lilatatiim,  Swz. 

ii. 

■  65. 

A.  ancL'ps,  Sol. 

i. 

273. 

A.  (tilatatiiin,  'I'orr. 

ii. 

164. 

A.  ANc.iJsrii-oi.iuM.  Michx. 

A.  Kckloiiii,  Kuiize. 

i. 

9.V 

(I'l.  LVI) 

ii. 

7.1. 

A.  exnitatuin,  Swz. 

ii. 

1.^0. 

A.  Atliyriiim,  Sprciig. 

ii. 

226. 

A.  rilix-fcemina.  Swz. 

ii. 

22(>. 

A.  Hkaki.kvi.  Katoii.  (PI.  LI) 

i 

-  39- 

A.  F1I.IX  MAS,   Swz.  (PI.  XLI) 

i. 

3"- 

A.  castaiRii:i,  Schl.  &  Cham. 

i. 

272. 

A.  Filix-iiias,  I'ursli. 

i. 

30O. 

A.  ciciMAKrUM.  Swz.  (I'l.  lA'I) 

ii. 

77- 

A.  Filix-nias,  v.ir.  llnok. 

ii. 

160. 

A.  crc'iuilaUim,  Prcsl. 

i. 

'7- 

A.  1-LOHiDANUM,  Eat.  (Pi.  LXVII) 

ii. 

r  ;9. 

A.  d<;iis!ini,  Prack. 

i. 

272. 

A.  fr.-»j;il(N  Swz. 

ii. 

>"• 

A.  DKNIATU.M,  Linn.   (PI.  L.XXX) 

ii. 

249. 

A.  I-RACHANS.  Swz.  (PI.  XXI 11) 

i. 

'75- 

A.  dissctluin,  Link. 

ii. 

78. 

A.  go^yylodns,  Sclik. 

i. 

9i- 

A.  i;iii.Ni;rM,  Aiton.   (I'l.  IV) 

i. 

31. 

A.  CJOI.DIANU.M,  Hook.  (PI.  XI.) 

i. 

30$. 

.'\.  ilH'!i(.-iiin,  var.   Hook 

i. 

792. 

A.  goiijjyiodos,  .Mfll. 

i. 

93- 

A.  KIIKNOIDKS,  .Scott.  (!'..  IV) 

i. 

25- 

A.  inti'imucliiim,  Willd. 

ii. 

165. 

,1.  I''ii.ix-i-<KMi\A,  Ut-rnh. 

A.  JUGI.ANDIKol.lUM,  K. 

(I'l.  I.XXVI) 

ii. 

225. 

('•1.  I.XXV) 

ii. 

231. 

A.  iiRMfM,  Kimze.   (PI.  LXXX) 

ii. 

259- 

A.  Lincislrionsc,  Sprung. 

ii. 

■54- 

;\.  iiitcrmt'diuin,  I'ri-sl. 

i. 

270. 

^ 

A.  laiKisiiin,  Mwz. 

i. 

'.3- 

.\.  nu-lanocaiiloii,  >Villil. 

i. 

272. 

A.  Lo.sciirris,  Swz.  (I'l.  XXII) 

i. 

161. 

A.  Michauxii,  Spici;;. 

ii. 

2:6. 

A.  MARi;i\Al.K,  Sw/,   (I'l,   I,\') 

ii 

69. 

A.  MONTANUM,  Willd.    (PI.   LI) 

ii. 

41. 

A.  Moiiiii()li>i;.s,  Itory.  (PI.  I..\XX) 

ii. 

■i.S'- 

.A.  nmr.iH-,  IWrnh. 

i. 

108. 

A.  iiiollf,  Kimzi-. 

ii. 

182. 

A.  inurorum,  Lam. 

i. 

io8. 

A.  monlaiMnn.  Milde. 

ii. 

273- 

A.  MviiioiMivi.UM,  I'rcsl.  (I'l.  LI) 

ii. 

37- 

A.  iiioiii.iniiin,  .Swz. 

ii. 

.S4- 

A.  Nidn>,  Kudili. 

i. 

'7- 

A.  MiNiTi'M,  K.mlf.  (I'l.  XXV) 

i. 

187. 

\.  I'ARVii.i  \i.    .Mart.&CIal. 

A.  Nkvadi-.nsk,  II.iioii.  (I'l.  X) 

i. 

73- 

(I'l.  XXXVI) 

i 

279 

A.  iiobilc.  SililiTJit. 

ii. 

222. 

A.  I'INN.VTIl  MUM,  Nult.  (I'l.  VIII) 

i. 

fji. 

A.  NoVKllDIIAl  lASK.  Swz.  (PI.  VII)  1. 

49. 

.\.  polymorpliinn,  Matl.iVOal. 

ii 

.    20. 

A.  nyiii|iliak'.  Krost.                          ii. 

i8j. 

A.  polypodioidi's,  Swz. 

i. 

31. 

A.  ol'misiiin,    W'iMd.                          ii. 

igo. 

A.  pii.iillum,  Chapni. 

Ii. 

37- 

.•\.  OKi;orri:Ris,  Swz. 

ii. 

273- 

A.  pycnoc.irpoii,  Sprcn;;. 

ii. 

74- 

A.  PATKNS,  Sw/.  (IM.  I.XX) 

181. 

A.  resilifns.  Kinizc. 

i. 

279. 

A.  puinilum,  Maii.&dal. 

ii. 

221. 

A.  rhi/i>phylliini  Linn. 

i. 

SS- 

A.  pinictilobniiim.  Sw/. 

340- 

A.  rhizopliylltnii,  Mnhl. 

1, 

61. 

A.  piiiictiloliiiin,  Wdld. 

34°- 

A.  rhizophylUim,  var.  Hook. 

ii. 

37- 

A.  rliiBliciUH,  Swz. 

172. 

A.  RuTA  Mi'RARiA,  Linn.  (PI.  XV) 

i. 

107. 

A.  ItlCIDI'M,  V.ir.  AUCilMlIM,  IvitOll. 

A.  saliiifolimn,  I'ourn. 

ii. 

360. 

(1*1.  XI.VI) 

ii. 

I. 

A.  Scolopcndrintn,  Linn. 

i. 

247. 

A.  nilidiiliiin  Swz. 

ii. 

1 12. 

A.  sKitUATii.M.  Linn.     (I'l.  Ill) 

i. 

'7- 

A.  Sl'lNtlosLM,  S>'.Z,(I'I.  I, XVIII) 

ii. 

163. 

A.SICITKNTIIIONAI.K,  HolT.d'l.  XV) 

i. 

III. 

A.  spimilosiiiii,  v.ir.  (Jray. 

ii. 

176. 

.\.  Till- l.viTKiK ;s,  Michx.  (I'l.  Dii. 

33- 

A.  sqiiami^itrin.i,  Ft'c. 

i. 

^34- 

A.  TiiiciioMANKs,  Linn. 

A.  lemic,  Sw- . 

ii. 

.so- 

(I'l.  XXXVI)                       i.  2 

7>. 

-7S- 

A.    I'llKI.MTMRIS.  Swz.  (PI.  XXX) 

2.?3- 

A.  tri(  lionianoiilrs,   Knivze. 

i. 

379. 

A.  lliolypK-'iinidrs,  Swz. 

.1»- 

.\.  trichoMi.inoidi'S,  Michx. 

i. 

21. 

A.  'riiilypliris,  Hooker. 

50. 

A.  vi-ri'(  inidnni.  C!h.iprn. 

ii. 

37- 

• 

A.  UNHU.M,  var.  (ii.AUiiUM,  Mctt 

A.  viRiDi:,  Hud-.     (I'l.  XXXVI) 

■!75- 

FERNS   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


281 


Athyrium  alpestre,  Nyl.  i. 

A.  asplt'iiioidos,  Desv.  ii. 

A.  I'ilix-fa-ininn,  Kotli.  ii. 

A.  'I'liclyploroides,  Dcsv.  ii. 
iilc'clino|isis  serriiliita,  Presl.  i. 
Itlccliiuiin  iintjustifoliiini,  Willd.  i. 
H.  lioroalc,  Swz.  i. 
II.  calopliylliiin,  I,iiiins(l,&  Kistli. 
II.  C'aroliniamnii,  Walt. 
U.  radii  ans,  I.inii. 
U.  si-iikii.An:M.  Kiel).  (PI.  XIX) 
H.  SpicanI,  Smith. 
H.  sia;;iiimiin,  Raddi. 
H.  strialiiin,  Itiowii. 
]t.  Virgiiiicuiii,  I.iiin. 
Hotrypiis  lunaroidcs,  Miclix. 
Ilotrycliiiiiii  antliemoides,  I'resl. 
ii.  australc,  K.  llrown, 
n.  llonEALK,  MlldL'.  (I'l.  V) 

1).  cicutariiim,  J.  I).  Hook. 

H.  docomposiliini,  Mart.  &  Gal. 

Bolrycliiiim  disscctiim,  Sptcng. 

H.  fumarioidus,  Willd. 

It.  KaiuieiilRrKii.  Klinsm. 

U.  i.ANi'Koi.ATiiM,  Anns.     (I'l.  V) 

Jl.  LUNAUIA,  Swz.  (J'l.  V) 

H.  I.unaria,  var.  Fr'es. 

J).  Luiiaria,  var.  Kaiilf. 

U.  liinarioidcs,  Torr. 

H.  liinaroidrs,  Sw/. 

B.  MAI'ltK  AIII.V.FOI.IUM, 

nr..un.  (I'l.  XVII) 
B.  matricarioidrs,  Willd. 
B.  ncjjlcctiim,  Wood. 
B.  obliqiiiiin,  Mulil. 
B.  riitaiH'iim,  Moore. 
B.  nitacfiim,  Swz.  i.   130, 

B.  riita;fiiliiim,  .M.  Hraiin. 
B.  silaifoliiiin,  I'rcsl. 
B.  SIMI-I.IX,  IllKli.    (I'l.  XVII) 
B.  simplrv.  var.  Gr.ay. 
B.  siinplcx.  Hook.  &  Gri'v. 
B.  Mill  liiroli.itinn,  Brack. 

B.     TEUNAri'i.l,  Swz. 

(I'l.  XXand  XXa)  i. 

B.  VlRC.INIANI'M,  Swz.(  I'l.  XXXHI)  i. 
B.  Viryiiiiiuini,  H'illd.  i. 

B.  Vir;;iniriiiii,  v.ir  (ir.iy.  i. 
t'aiiiopli'ris  cicul.iria.  Tlmnb.  ii. 
C  myriopliylla,  .Sw/.                          ii. 

C'AMiTKSOKlI.S  IIIII/ol'HVr.l.ItS,  l.iiik. 

(I'l.  VIII)  i. 

C.iiiipylonciiioii  l.iluin,  Moore.  i. 

C.  Morilziaiuiin,  Vce.  i. 
C.  PhyllitidLs,  Presl,  i. 


172. 
226. 
326. 

34- 
142. 
142. 
250. 
142. 

46. 
118. 
141. 
250. 
142. 
142. 

46. 
147. 

254- 
148. 

37- 
148. 
148. 
148. 
148. 
121. 

33- 
29. 

37- 
37- 

148. 

148. 

129. 
148. 
•  30. 
1 48. 

33- 
148. 
148. 
.48. 
121. 

'30. 
'30. 
.48. 

147. 
■!,=3- 
^53- 
121. 

78. 

.17- 

3J-. 
323. 
333. 


Ceratoptcris  Parkcri,  J.  Smith.  ii.  256. 

C.  TIIAI.ICTKUIDKS,  BrODg. 

(I'l.  LXXX).  Ii.  3SS- 

Curoptcris  monosticlia,  Vic.  ii,     22. 

CllEII.ANTIIKS  Al.ABAMKNSI.S,    KuilZC. 

(I'l.  LVII)  ii.  89. 
C.  ak(:i.;mi:a,  Hook.   (PI.  XLIX)  ii.     31. 

C.  aspem,  Hook.  ii.  205. 

C.  Brudbiirii,  Hook.  i.  346. 

C.  Cai.ikornica,  Mett.  (PI.  VI)  i.    45. 

C.  Candida,  Mart.  &  Gal,  Ii.  22. 
C.  Clevki.aniiii,  Katon.  (PI.  XII)    i.     89. 

C.  CoopEit/E,  I'.aton.    (PI.  II)  i.       7. 

C.  dcalbata,  Piirsli.  i.     69. 

C.  liATONi,  ISamck.    (I'l.  XLV)  i.  349. 

C.  c'legans,  Dcsv.  ii.   244. 

C.  flongala,  Willd.  i.  297. 
C.  C.  rKNi.i.KRi,  Ho,  k,(l'l.  LXXIX)   ii.  241. 

C.  gr.icilis,  Mett.  1.  41 . 
C.  uRAi  ii.i.iMA,    ICaton. 

(PI.  LXXIX)  ii.  247. 

C.  lanosa,  Katon.  i.     41. 

C  lanosa,  Watt.  i.     13. 

C,  LANUGINOSA,  Nlltt.  (PI.  VI)  i.      4I. 

C,  l.KUCoroDA,  Link.   (I'l.  XI, IX)  ii.     29. 

C.  LlNDIItilMKUl,  Hook. 

(I'!.  LXXIV)  ii.  213 

C.  Morilzi.ma,  Kiinzc.  ii,     82. 

C.  niii;roiiiera,  Link.  ii.     82. 

C.  Mickornvi.i.A,  Swz.  (I'l.  LVII)  ii.  81. 
C.  MVRioi'iiM.i.A.  Desv. 

(I'l,  LXXIX)  ii.  243. 

C.  paleaiiM,  Marl.  &  Gal.  ii.  244. 

C.  loMKNTosA,  Link.  (I'l.  -XLV)  i.  345. 

C.  VKSTITA,  Sw/,  (PI.  II)  i.      13. 

C.  vestita,  l!r;.ck.  ii.  247. 

C  vestita.  Hooker,  i.     41. 

(".  VISCID.-,  D.ivenp't.  (I'l.  XII)  i.     85. 

C.  Wiiic.HTii,  Hook.  (I'l.  LVi:)  ii.  85. 
( 'lu-iro)jlossa  p.ilinal.i,  I'rcsl. 

C.'lirysodiuni  aureuin.  Melt.  ii.     94. 

Chrysopli'ris  aiirea.  Link.  i.   115. 

Cincinalis  dealbata,  FiSe.  i.     69. 

C.  I'Vndleri,  I'l-e.  i.     65. 

(;.  ferru'^inea,  Desv.  i.   297. 

C.  pulcliella,  J.  Smith.  i.     81. 

C.  tenera.  Ice.  i.  334. 

Crypteris  divaric.ita,  Nutt.  i.  205. 

C  pnbisrins,  Nntl.  i.  204. 
Cryitikirammk  a(rosti<:iioii)e.s, 

R.  llrown.  (I'l,  LIX)  ii.     99. 

C  crisp.i,  var.    Hook.  ii.   100. 

Cteisinni  p.inlculatinn,  Mii|i.\.  i.        1. 

C^tenoptcris  vulgaris,  Newin,  i.  2,18. 

Cyatlica  fragilis,  Smith.  ii.     50. 


282 


FERNS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Cystcpteiis  montann,  Smith. 
Cyrtoiniiim  juglnndifolium,  Moore. 
C.  nobile,  Moore. 
Cyrtophlcbiiim  nitidiim,  Drack. 
C.  Pliyililidis,  J.  Smith. 
Cystca  fi'.igilis,  Smith. 
Cy.stoi'teris  hui-bifkra,  Iluriih, 

(Pl.LIIl) 
C.  Doiiglasii,  Hook. 
C.  KRAOiLis,  Ik-rnh.  (PI.  LIII) 
C.  MONTANA,  Uornh.  (I'l.  Llll) 
C.  myrrhidifolia,  Newm. 
C.  obtusa.  Vresl. 
C.  Perriniaiia  Link. 

C.  Saiidvicensis,  Ur-ack. 
C  tciuiis,  Dcsv. 
Darca  cicutaria,  Sniitli. 
l>otin!>tu:dtia  |ninctilolnila.  Mm.,. 

DiCK.SONIA  PII.OSIUNCUI.A,  Willd. 

(PI.  XLIV) 
r>.  ptibt'sccns,  .Swz. 
I).  putK'tiloi)a,  Hook. 
I),  punclilobula,  Gray. 
Diplaziiiin  thelyptcroides,  Presl. 
Doodia  Virginica,  I'rcsl. 
Dryoptcris  dilatat.i,  (jray. 
I>.  Filix-mas,  Scliolt. 

D.  fragrans,  Schott. 
I).  Goldi.ina,  (Jray. 
D.  interiiiedia,  (Iray. 
I),  iiiarginalis,  Gray. 

I).  N<)vel)or.icfnsis,  Gray. 
I).  'I'hclj     eris,  Gray. 
I),  rigida   viray. 
Kllobocarpus  <'ornmiis,  Kaalf. 
v..  oluracoiis,  Kaidf. 
F.upicris  aquiliiia,  Newm. 
Fili.\  b.iccifera,  ('onu'tus. 
Gisoptcris  p.iliiiala,  Itcrnh. 
(joiiioplilebiiim  incamiiii,  J.  Smith. 
G.  pt'ctinatum,  J.  Smitli. 
{tyinnoi.rpiiiiii  IMu-gopteris,  Nowm. 
Gymnogramnie  acrosliulioitlrs, 

Prosl. 
G.  •lealbata,  Mitt. 
G.  KiMulIci i,  Mt'll. 
G.  iiisPioA,  Mtit.  (IM.  .XI.VIU) 
G.  <  )ri-j;oii,i,  \iiit. 
(i.  pndiiphylla.  Hook. 
G.  pidata,  KatDit. 
(i.  siiiiial.i,  I'resl. 
G.  tciier.a,  Melt. 


II 

S4- 

OVMNOGRAMME  TRIANGULARIS,  Ka 

ul. 

ii 

222. 

(PI.  XLvni) 

ii. 

«S- 

ii 

222. 

Hydroglos.sum  palmatum,  Willd. 

i. 

■  ■ 

i. 

3»»- 

Hypodcmatium  Californiciim,  I'ei 

ii. 

2. 

i. 

3a»- 

Hypolepi.s  Californica,  Fe^. 

i. 

45- 

ii. 

S"- 

Hypope'tis  obtusa,  Torr. 

ii. 

190. 

Lastrea  arniita,  Urack. 

ii. 

2, 

ii. 

55- 

L.  Callipteris,  Newm. 

ii. 

IS4- 

ii. 

S"- 

L.  crislata,  Pre.sl. 

ii. 

«54- 

ii. 

49 

L.  cristata,  var.  Moore, 

ii. 

,76. 

ii. 

Si- 

L.  dilat.ita,  I'resl. 

ii. 

166. 

ii. 

54- 

L.  Fairbankii,  Bcdd. 

i. 

234- 

ii. 

190. 

L.  Filix-mas,  Presl. 

ii. 

3<»- 

ii. 

190. 

L.  Goldiana,  Presl. 

i. 

306. 

i 

.    ro. 

L.  intermedia,  Presl. 

ii. 

165. 

ii 

.^o- 

L.  marginal  is,  Presl. 

ii. 

70. 

i,. 

78. 

L.  Noveboracensis,  Presl. 

i. 

S°- 

i. 

340- 

L.  Orcopteris,  Presl. 

li. 

273- 

I.   p.aten.s,  Presl. 

ii 

182. 

i. 

339- 

1.  rigida,  var.  Moore, 

ii. 

2. 

i. 

340- 

L.  spintilosa,  Moore. 

ii. 

164. 

i. 

340- 

1..   '  '    lypteris,  Presl. 

i. 

234- 

i. 

340. 

ui.„.iiosa,  Newm. 

ii. 

176. 

ii. 

34- 

Lepicystis  incana,  J.  Smith. 

i. 

19J. 

ii. 

46. 

Ix>maria  borealis,  I.ink. 

i. 

249. 

ii. 

166. 

L.  .SPICANT,  IX-sv.  (PI.  XXXII) 

i. 

249- 

i. 

3>2. 

Lopliddiiim  Calliple'is,  Newm. 

ii. 

>S4- 

i. 
i. 

'    iiliginosiim,  Newm. 
,,  (inseria  areolata,  Presl. 

ii. 
i. 

.76. 
166. 

ii. 

,  . 

;   iCOniUM  PAIMATUM.  SwZ.   (PI.  I. 

)  i- 

!. 

ii. 

70. 

.••'arpinaria  Califoriiita,  Presl 

i. 

244. 

i. 

SO- 

M.  pal'.Mcea,  Vic. 

ii. 

244- 

i. 

i»34- 

M.  tomentosa,  F<5e. 

i. 

.^46. 

ii. 

176. 

Nephroditim  acrosliclioides,  Mich. 

ii. 

357- 

ii. 

256. 

N.  asplenioides,  Michx. 

ii. 

226. 

ii. 

256. 

N.  bulbifenim,  Michx. 

ii. 

.S6. 

i. 

264. 

N.  iristalUMi  Michx. 

ii. 

'54- 

ii. 

S6. 

N.  Dryopteiis.  Michx. 

i. 

«.'i7- 

i. 

I. 

N.  cxaltaluni.  I.ink. 

ii. 

1.10. 

i. 

■97- 

N.  Filix  fceinina,  Michx. 

ii. 

226. 

i. 

3>«. 

N.  Kilix  mas,  Richards. 

i. 

3'i- 

ii. 

-•18. 

N.  I'loridaniim,  Hook. 
N.  fr.igrans,  Ricli. 

ii. 

1 60. 
.76. 

ii. 

100. 

N.  (Joldi.mum.  Hook.  &  Grev. 

i. 

3of). 

i. 

69. 

N.  lanosiiiii,  Mirhx. 

i. 

'3. 

i. 

(>s- 

N.  Miarginale,  Miihx.^ 

ii. 

70. 

ii. 

")■ 

N.  montaimni,  llakcr. 

ii. 

273- 

ii. 

i(>. 

N.  Novrl>ora<  iiiM',  Desv. 

i. 

S". 

ii. 

"•>• 

N.  ( )icoplrris,  Dcsv. 

ii. 

273. 

ii. 

")• 

N.  p.iteiis,  Di'sv. 

ii. 

i8j. 

,, 

293- 

N.  1"  miila,  Presl. 

i. 

188. 

i. 

335- 

N.  piinlilobiilum,  Michx. 

i. 

340 

FERNS   C."-    NORTH    AMERICA. 


283 


Nephrodiuin  rigidum,  var.  Hook.  ii.  1. 

N.  rufiduliini,  Miclix.  ii.  112. 

N.  spinulosiiin,  Uesv.  ii.  164. 

N.  tenue,  Miclix.  ii.  50. 

N.  Thelyplt-ris,  Desv.  i.  234. 

N.  tliflyptorioides.  Miclix.            "  i.  50. 

N.  unituin,  var.  liukcr.  i.  93. 

NtPKOI.KIMS  KXAI.TATA,  ScllOtt, 

(Fl.  LXIIl)  ii.  I29- 

N.  hirsutulu,  I'lt-sl.  ii.  130. 

Neurograinriic  pcdata.  Katon,  ii.  19. 

NoTHlll.ieNA  CANDIDA,  Hook. 

(1*1  XLIX)  ii.  21. 

N.  Candida,  var.  Hook.  ii.  35. 

N.  cretacca,  Eaton,  ii.  25. 

K.  cretacca,  Liebin.  ii.  22. 

N.  DKAI-BATA,  KuilZC.   (I'l.  IX)  i.  6q. 

V.  dcnlLata.'l'orr.  i.  61;. 

N.  l''ENi;,.|..Ri,  Knnze.   (I'l.  IX)  i.  65. 

N.  KKHKU<ilNKA,  Desv. (I'l.  X.\XIX)i.  297. 

N.  HooKKHi.  Katon.  (I'l.  XLl.X)  ii.  25. 

N.  la;vis.  Mart.  &  (Jal.  i.  294. 

N.  NiiwBKiiRVi,  Katon,(l'l.  XXXIX)i.  301. 

N.  I'AUKVi.  Katon.  (I'l.  LXXIV)  ii.  209. 

N.  pruino.sa,  Vic.  i.  294. 

N.  pulcliella.  Kunze.  i.  69. 

N.  pulver.icea,  Kunze,  ii.  21. 

N.  rufa,  I'resl.  i.  298. 

N.  siNUATA.  K,aiilf.  (I'l.  XXXIX)  i.  293. 

N.  snlphurca,  J.  Smith.  ii.  21. 

N.  TKNKRA,  Gill.  (I'l.  XLIII)  i.  33S. 

N.  toinentosa,  J.  Smith.  ii.  346. 

Onoclea  Gcrinaiiica,  Hook.  ii.  202. 

().  nodulosa,  Michx.  i.  i(>(>, 

().  nodulos.i,  Schk.  ii.  202. 

O.  <^!)tusilolla.  Link.  ii.  196. 

O.  obt'jsilobata,  Sclik.  ii.  196. 

O.  sr.NsiiiiLis.  Linn.  (I'l.  LXXII)  ii.  19.1;. 

O.  Spicant,  lIolTni.  i.  349. 
O.  Striithioi'tkiii.s,  IIofT. 

(I'l.  LXXIII)  ii.  201. 

Onyc!hii:m  densuin,  Hrack.  i.  77. 

OpIiioglnssuin  bulbnsuin.  Michx.  ii.  265. 

O.  CIKITAI.OI'IIOIIOIDKS,  Walt. 

(IM.  LXXXI)  ii. 
O.  NtiDi.  Atn.K.  Linn.  (I'l.  LXXXI )ii. 

O.  opacnni.  C'arm.  ii. 
fAi.MATiiM,  rinni.  (I'l.  LXXXl)ii. 

|i.irv  if<iliuin.  Honk.  &  Grev.  ii. 

.  tuberosuni  Honk.  &  Arn.  Ii. 


O, 

<). 

0 

().  vui.cJATi'M,  Linn.  (I'l.  LX.X.XI)   ii.   261 

O.  Vp.incincnse,  Mart.  ii.   267 


265. 
267. 

269. 
267. 
265. 


OrnithoptcrLs  adiantilolia,  Bvrnb. 

Osmunda  adiaiitifolia,  Linn. 

O.  alata.  Hook. 

O.  basilaris,  Sprung. 

O.  capunsis,  I'rcsl. 

O.  CINNAMOMM,    (I'l.  .XXIX) 

O.  Claytoniana,  Linn. 

(I'l.  XXIX) 
O.  Claytoniana  Conrad. 
O.  glaucescens.  Link. 
<).  gracilis,  Link. 
O.  Hligelian.1.  Presl. 
O.  imbricata,  Knnze. 
O.  interrnpta,  Michx. 
O.  Japonica,  Thnnib. 
O.  tanceolata,  Gmelin. 
O.  Lunaria,  Linn. 
O.  nionticola.  Wall. 
O.  obtnsifolia.  Willd. 
O.  palusl'is,  Sehrad. 
O.  REOAU.s,  Linn.  (I'l.  XXVIH) 
O.  spcciosa,  Wall. 
O.  s|)eclabilis,  Willd. 
O.  Spicant,  Linn. 
O.  Strulhiopteris,  Linn. 
O.  ternata,  'riiun. 
O.  Virginiana,  Linn. 
Osnuindastruin  cinnainnnieiini,  Presl 
I'arkeria  pteridoides,  Hook. 
I'ullxa  Alabainensis,  Dakcr. 

1'.  ANDKOMKD.CFOLIA,  Vie. 

(I'l.  XXVH) 

p.  A.SPKRA,  IlAXKU,  (PI.  LXXIV) 

P.  AiRoirRiiRKA. Link.  (PI.  LIV) 

P.  bella,  liaktr. 

P.  n»A<  iiYPPKHA,  Ilaker. 

(I'l.  XLVII) 
Pei,i.«a  Drkwkri,  Eaton. 
(PI.  (XLIII) 

Uridc.rsi,  Ho.)k.  (PI.  XLIII) 

cordat.i.  var.  Hook.  &  Maker. 

DKNSA,  Hook.  (PI.  XI) 

ferrnginea,  Necs. 

Fi.KXUosA,  Link.  (PI.  XXVH) 

glaliilla,  Mett. 

cRACii.is,  Hook.  (PI.  LIV) 

intcrnu'dia,  Mett. 

longinuieronata,  Hook. 

niicrophyil.i,  Melt. 

miicroiiaia,  Eaton.  11 

nuuronata.  Vic. 

myrli'difolia,  Mett. 


1.  103. 
i.  103. 
i.  328. 
i.  220. 
i.  211. 
i.  227. 

219. 

228. 
210. 
3IO. 
210. 
22H. 
320. 
310. 

33- 
29. 

210. 

210. 

210. 

209. 

211. 

3IO. 
349. 

302. 
147. 

254. 

22S. 

356. 

90. 

203. 
305. 

61. 

10. 


i. 

3.^' 

i. 

3^7 

208 

1. 

77 

1. 

297 

1. 
ii. 

207 
62 

II. 
i. 

65 
108 

ii. 
i. 

8? 

.  6 

.  12 

II. 

62 

1. 

204 

284 


FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


1'ki.l^-a  Ornithopus,  Hook. 

(PI.  XLVII). 
P.  Ornithopus,  var  Katon. 
P.  PUI-CHKI.IA,  l-iie  (PI.  XI) 
P.  TKRNllOUA,  Link.  (PI.  LIV) 
P.  Weddclliana,  Kt!f. 
P.Wkiohtiana,  Hook. (PI.  XLVlI)ii 
Fhancrophlebia  ju,clandi(ulia, 

J.  Smith.  ii. 

P.  nobilis,  Presl.  ii, 

P.  pumila,  ite.  ii, 

Phec.opticiiis  ai.pestris,  Mett. 

(PI.  XXlll)  i, 

CAl.CAKKA,  Ft'e.  ii, 

Dhyoi'TKUIS,  I'cc    (PI.  X.XI)        i 

HK.XAC.ONCIPTEUA,  I'tV'.  (  PI.  LXV)ii 

poi.vpouioi!)i:s,  F(5e.(l'l.  LXXV)ii 


Kobortiana,  Al.  Uraiin.  11. 

vulgaris,  Mett.  ii 

I'li!tbocliiim  aureum,  lirown.  i. 

Phorobohis  acroslit^hoides,  Fi5e.        ii. 
PliysL-matiiiiii  obtusuni,  Hook.  ii. 

P.  Porriniammi,  I'lcsl.  ii. 

Platyloina  androm(.'dxfoliuin, 

J.  Sinitli.  ii. 

P.  alropurpirreiim,  J.  Smith.  ii. 

P.  bollum,  Moore.  ii. 

P.  brachypterum,  Moore.  ii. 

P.  tlexuosiim,  J.  Smith.  i. 

P.  tcriiifdlium,  J.  Smith.  ii. 

Plena>.iiiiii  Claytoiiiamim,  Prcsl.         i. 
Plcopellis  aurca,  Presl.  i. 

Polypodiiim  alpcstre,  Hoppe.  i. 

P.  arvoiiictim.  Smith.  ii. 

P.  At-HKIM,  l.iim.  (PI.  XVI)  i. 

P.  aiiriitilalum,  I.imi.  i. 

P.  aiislralc.  Pee.  i. 

P.  bulbiferiini,  Limi.  ii. 

P.  calcarcuiii.  I'lirsli.  i. 

P.  calcaieum,  .Sniilh.  ii. 

P.  Callipteris,  Khr.  ii. 

P.  CaTnl)riciiiii.   Limi.  i. 

P.  ceteracxiiuim,  Micliv.  i. 

P.  Cai.tkoknh  iM,Kaulf.(l'l.  \XXI)i. 

i. 

ii. 
i. 

ii. 

i. 

i. 

ii. 

ii. 
XXVI)       i. 

ii. 


carnosum.  Kill, 
coiiiiectile,  .Mil  Iix. 
ciinsimile,  Mi^lt. 
crislaliim.  I, inn. 
Dryoptcris,  Linn, 
I''.ckli)ni,  Ktnize. 
ilaslidini,  Kirli. 
cxaltalnm.  I, inn. 
I  AIAATIM,   Kell.  (PI, 
Pilix-fa'mina,  Linn. 


232. 

222. 

171. 
277- 
'S7- 
'47- 
217. 

277- 

2lg. 

116. 

100. 
190. 

190. 

204. 
62. 

10. 

9- 
208. 

59- 
2/0 

>'5- 
171. 
108. 

21. 

238. 

158. 

277- 
'54- 

2.,8. 

107. 

243- 

>9.^ 

2 1 8. 

'54- 

■54- 
198. 

i3f>. 
i,?o. 
201. 
226. 


Polypodiiim  fi.igile,  Linn. 

P.  fragrans,  Linn. 

P.  (Jljcyrrhiza,  Katon. 

P.  luxa;;onopleriim,  .Michx. 

P.  hypcrborenm,  Swz. 

1'.  inc.moides,  Pee. 

P.  I.VIANIM.  Swz.  (PI.  XXVI) 

P.  internu'dinm,  Hook.  tVc  Arm. 

P.  jnglandifolimii,  II.  Ii.  K. 

P.  lanosum,  Michx. 

P.  Lunchitis,  Linn, 

P.  inarginale,  Linn. 

P.  inontanmn,  Lam. 

P.  myrrhidifoliuni,  Vill. 

P.  Noviboracense,  Linn. 

P.  ohtnsnm,  Spreng. 

P.  Otites.  Lini,. 

P.  patl.yphyllu'ii,  Eato'i. 

1'.  i'aradiseic,  i.angsd.  &  Piscli. 

P.  |)alens,  Ait. 

1'.  I'lXTiNATUM.  Linn. (PI.  XLIl) 

P.  I'hegopteris,  var.  Hook. 

P.  I'hegopteris,  Linn. 

P.  Pilvi.i.iTiDis.  Linn.    (PI.  XLIl) 

P.  pilosinsculnni.  Midd. 

P.  Pi.UMli.A.  Ii.  H.  K.(l'l.  LXIU) 

P.  piilchrum.  .Mart.  CW  (Jiil. 

P.  repens,  Mett. 

P.  rlnvticmn,  Linn. 

P.  Koberlianum.  Hoffin. 

P.  Scotu.KKi,   Hook.  &  (!rev. 

(PI.  XXVI) 
P.  'I'lielypteris,  Linn. 
P.  Virginianuin,   Linn, 
P.  vtu.cAiiK.  Linn.  (PI.  XXXI) 
P.  viilg.ire,  v.ir.  llook. 
Polyslichnm  aculeatnm.  Moore. 
P.  acrosiichoides,  .Schott. 
P.  angulare,  Presl. 
P.  crist.iturn,  Koth. 
P.  Dryopleris,  Kolh 
P.  I'ilix-mas,  Roth. 
P.  fragrans.  Ledeb. 
P.  falcinilluni.  var.  Moore. 
P.  Lonchitis,  Roth. 
P.  mohrioiiles,   P;  -l. 
P,  tniniitMni,  Prc-I. 
P.  PiRgopteris,  Roth. 
P.  Phnnula,  Presl. 
P.  splnidosiini,  Koch. 
P.  'rhelypleris.  Roth. 
Psend.ilhyrinnt  alnestre,  Newm. 
Pteris  .Mabaniensis,  linck. 
P.  androined.Thilia,  Kaidf. 


fi. 

SO- 

i. 

'75- 

i* 

20  !■ 

ii. 

148. 

ii. 

io8- 

i. 

11)8. 

i. 

197- 

i. 

243- 

ii. 

2J2. 

i. 

'3- 

i. 

161. 

i. 

70. 

ii. 

54- 

ii. 

54- 

i. 

49. 

ii. 

190. 

i. 

3>8- 

i. 

'93- 

i. 

3'8- 

ii. 

r82. 

i. 

3'7- 

ii. 

148. 

ii. 

218. 

i. 

32'- 

i. 

3.V>- 

ii. 

'35- 

ii. 

,36. 

i. 

322. 

i. 

17:. 

ii. 

277- 

i. 

193- 

i. 

234- 

i. 

238. 

i. 

2.^7- 

i 

2.58. 

ii 

224. 

i. 

257- 

Ii. 

124. 

ii. 

154- 

i. 

'.';7- 

i. 

3 '2. 

i. 

'75- 

i. 

188. 

i. 

161. 

ii 

2S*- 

i 

187. 

ii 

.'18. 

i. 

188, 

ii. 

i64. 

i 

234- 

i 

171. 

ii 

90. 

i 

203. 

FERNS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


285 


Pteris  AQUiLiNA,  Linn.(Pl.  XXXV)  i 

I',  atropiirpure;!.  Linn. 

1'.  costala,  Willd. 

P.  conliita,  Linn. 

I'.  Ckktica,  Linn,  (PI.  LXIV) 

P.  ensifolia,  Swz. 

P.  flexuosa,  Kaulf. 

P.  gracilis,  Miclix. 

1*.  gracilis,  Riigel. 

1*.  lanuginosa,  Bory. 

P.  lincata,  Linn. 

P   i.oN.;iKOLiA,Linn.(Pl.  LXXVIII)  ii. 

P.  septentrion.ilis,  .Sniitli.  i. 

P.  sKiiuiii.ArA,Linn.(Pl.  LXXVIII)  ii. 

I*,  spiciilata.  Schk. 

P.  .StclUri.  (Jmelin. 

P.  subvcriicillata,  Swz, 

P.  snlpliurta,  Cav. 

P.  toniiifolia.  Brack. 

P.  tlialictroitlcs,  Swz.     * 

P.  tr^foiiata,  Vic. 

P.  triphylla,  Mart.  &  Gal. 

Kainondia  p.   .nata,  Mirb. 

SCHIZ.«A  I'UMl.i.A,  I'ursli. 

(PI.  XXIV) 
S.  tortuosa.  Mulil. 
Scolopendriiini  olFicinarum,  Swz. 
S.  rliizopliylluni,  Endl. 
S.  Ruta-nuirari.i,  Roih. 
.S.  septcntrionalc,  Roth. 
S.  VUI.OAHE,  Smith.  (PI.  XXXII) 
Sitolobiuin   pilosiusculuni,  Desv.        i, 
S.  punclilobiiin,  J.  Smith.  i 

Spicanta  boroalis,  Presl.  i. 

Stegania  borcalis,  Brown.  i, 

Stnilhioptcris  ciniiamamea,  Ucrnh.    i. 
.S.  C'layloni.iiia,  licrnli.  i. 

S.  Gcrnianic.i,  Willd.  ii. 


II 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 

i. 
i. 
i. 
i. 

i. 

i. 


392. 
26. 
^36. 
264. 
141. 
236. 
207. 

65  • 
90. 

264. 

29a. 

III. 

239- 

62. 

66. 

60. 

22. 
236. 
256. 
142. 
I  42. 
269. 

iSj. 
185. 
247. 

S6. 
108. 
1 1 1. 
247. 

34°- 

250. 
250. 
228. 

220. 
202. 


S.  Pennsylvanica,  Willd. 
Txniopsis  li:ienta,  J.  Smith. 
Tarachia  Ruta-muraria,  Presl. 
Tcloozonia  thaliclroities,  R.  Brown, 
Thflypteris  palustris,  Schott. 
Triclioinancs  Boschianum,  Sturm. 
T.  Petkhsii,  Gr.ay.  (I'l.  XXIV) 
T.  iiAiJicANs,  Swz.  (PI.  XXIV) 
T.  sca"dci)S,   lledw. 
Vittariaangustifrons,  Michx. 
V.  1.INEATA,  Swz.  (PI.  XXXVIII) 
V.  .Schkuhrii,  Raddi. 
Woodsia  alpina,  S.  1'".  Gray. 
VV.  alpina  var.  Kiton. 
W.  ci.AHKM.A,  R.  Brown.  (PI.  LX)  ii. 
W.  iivi'ia  .xjRKA,  R.  Brown. 

(PI.LX) 
W.  hyperbore.i,  Pursh. 
W.  hvperborea,  var.  Koch.        ii. 
W.   I'lvensis,   R.  Brown.  (PI.  LX)  ii 
W.  IlvcMsis,  var.  Bcnth. 
VV.  oiirusA,  'lorr.  (PI.  LXXI) 
W.  obtiisa,  var.   Hook. 
W.  Oiii:(^\N.v  Katon.  (PI.  LXXI) 
W.  Pcrriniana,  Hook.  &  Grev. 
W.  scopuLlNA,  Katon.  (I'l.  LXXI) 
WooDWARDiA  ANi;i'sTiKoi.iA,  Smith 

(PI.  XXII) 
W.  .ireolata,  Moore. 
W.  Banisteriana,  Michx. 
W    Jhamissoi,  Urack. 
W.  I'Moridana,  Schk. 
W.  onocleoidc'',  Willd. 
W.  RADICANS,  .Smit!i.  (PI.  LXI) 
W.  spimilosa,  >'art.  &  Gal. 
W.  sians,  Swz. 
W.  iliolyptcrioides,  Pnrsli. 
W.  VinciNiCA,  Smith.  (PI.  Lll) 


11 

202. 

1 

i. 

290. 
108. 

II. 

256. 

1. 

»34- 

1. 
i. 

179. 
183. 

1. 

179. 
289. 

i. 
i. 
i. 

179. 
289. 
2S9. 

11. 

107. 

II. 

".■;• 

II. 

"S- 

ii. 

107. 

II. 

112. 

58. 

112. 

II. 

1 II. 

II. 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 

107. 
189. 
185. 
.85. 

II. 

190. 

II. 

'93- 

i. 

165. 
166. 

II. 

46. 

II. 

liH. 

1. 

.65. 
165. 

II. 
ii. 

118. 

II. 

118. 

11. 

46. 

II. 

45- 

